Well that's different. Do you need actual interaction with AppleShare clients?
I have long searched for a copy of AppleShare Server 1.0 released in January '87 to test. My understanding is that it should work with a 512Ke & HD20, in which case it should also work with a 512K and HD20. It does require a hard drive. v1.1 released with the SE & II may have upped the limit to 1MB RAM as that may have been when they added the print server.
If you do not need AppleShare compatibility, then there were several file sharing options from 1985 that will obviously work on a 512K Mac. However, I sense you are looking for a way to access your 512K from your iPhone. Admittedly a cool trick if you can pull it off.