The short answer is, not easily.
The long answer is this:
case label__________Serial Number to Serial Number ______________Logic board rev.
macintosh__________F35xxxxxM0001 to F4xxxxxxxxxxx__________820-0086-C/F (630-0101)
macintosh 128k__________F4xxxxxxM0001 to F5xxxxxxxxxxx__________820-0141-A (630-0101)
macintosh 512k/e__________F44xxxxxM0001 to F7xxxxxxxxxxx__________820-0141-A (630-0118)
The original Macintosh released in January 1984 came with 820-0086-C. I have several very early stock 128K Macs with these original boards. It may have been upgraded to the "F" revision prior to being discontinued sometime in October 1984. However, I have never seen any hard evidence of this board's existence, other than references. ALthough I have never seen any physical evidence, it is entirely possible the board configuration was upgraded from 630-0101, to 630-0101-"x".
In October 1984, this board was replaced with the 512K hybrid board. This board is identical in both the 128K & 512K/e. Again it is possible that late versions of these boards included a new revision letter for both the logic board (820) as well as the board configuration (630). But the first versions would have been as indicated. I have early examples of 512K and Ke Macs all of which came stock with these boards. As far as I know these boards were used until the last 512Ke was produced sometime in 1987, though I have never personally seen any 512Ke's manufactured that late.
There is no easy way to tell which serial number belongs to the "Macintosh" versus the "Macintosh 128K" since as far as I know there is no documentation as to exactly when the new badging appeared. Given the late manufacturing date of some of the original 128K labels, we know it did not happen at the same time the 512K was released but sometime after that, probably in 1985.
You may find some more detailed information in the M0001 Registry database.
THE BOTTOM LINE: If you are trying to obtain an original stock 128K logic board, an unmodified 820-0086-C/630-0101 is what you are looking for. The RAM chips should be labeled 64, NOT 256. Someone else may correct me, but I do not believe the earliest boards would not have Apple logos on the RAM chips either. There should be nothing at location E3 except 7 solder points. Also: to be truly stock and original it will NOT have a resister array added onto the 6522 VIA IC at D-15, added during most repairs to prevent a type of lock-up, which I believe Apple actually began adding at the factory in late '84. Also, note there was a ROM upgrade in late '84, sometime after the 512K was released as all of my '85 512Ks have the original ROM. So to be truly stock your ROMs should be 342-0220/1-A ©1983 variety, NOT 342-0220/1-B ©1984.