I believe the original development system for the Mac was in Pascal, but the very first may have been 68000 assembly language.
Have you considered using a microcontroller system? Some of the Freescale 9S12 development boards are very nice.
http://www.technologicalarts.ca/catalog/index.php?cPath=50&osCsid=623a6ebbcf863be1fabe316d5ee7b4d7
There are SCSI to ethernet adapters. I forgot to mention those. They're usually slower than a PDS ethernet card. I'm not sure one would be any less expensive than a PDS ethernet card. As far as I know there was no serial to ethernet adapter, but the LocalTalk to Ethernet bridges I mentioned in an earlier post are effectively the same thing. They connect to the serial port (when it is configured as a LocalTalk port) and translate LocalTalk packets to ethernet. Unfortunately, I don't think they translate TCP/IP, although I think there are some bridges that will.
The specs for the LaserJet 4 says it has an RS-422 port
http://h20000.www2.hp.com/bizsupport/TechSupport/Document.jsp?objectID=bpl02076&locale=en_US&taskId=101&prodSeriesId=25487&prodTypeId=18972
I'm not sure if that port is a mini-DIN8 or a DB9. It really is nice to get one with a JetDirect card. I think the HP LaserJet 2100 also supports the older Macs. Ah, yes, the 2100 has a LocalTalk port built in and one can add ethernet via the EIO slot.
http://h20000.www2.hp.com/bizsupport/TechSupport/Document.jsp?objectID=bpl06416&locale=en_US&prodSeriesId=25469&prodTypeId=18972#A1
The HP 2100 has the advantage of being a much newer model than the 4, 4 Plus and 5, but it is probably not as well built as those ancient work horses.
The Mac boots nicely with a good "Bong" and the screen comes on, and it settles to a little icon of a floppy disk in the center of a gray screen with a flashing question mark in the middle of the disk icon. This comes up if there's no bootable disk connected. If there's a bootable floppy inserted then it will just boot from the floppy.
It's not a processor swap. It involves adding an accelerator card. The 68040 accelerator isn't horribly rare, but can be pricey. However, the SE/30 needs an adapter to connect the 68040 accelerator and that adapter for the sE/30 is rather rare and pricey.