80-pin drives usually have no ID jumpers... ID is set via jumpers on the adapter itself. I believe there's no way to activate termination on a 80-pin drive, other than connecting an external terminator. Some high quality adapters include termination, though.

I've been successful using large, 68 and 80-pin drives on vintage Macs. It would be helpful to know the exact model of your drives, in order to investigate their capabilities. Drives adhering to the Ultra-320 SCSI interface may or may not support the "narrow" transfers required by our old Macs.

On the other hand, narrow transfer support is mandatory for Ultra-160 drives and older; but some of them need to be "enabled" or "forced" into narrow mode, usually via jumpers. One of my 80-pin drives (without any jumpers) does not work with the "regular" adapters, but is fine with a terminated adapter.

Another issue to consider is power requirements: some of those "big" drives draw a lot of power, especially on the +12 V rail, which the already loaded CC PSU might be unable to supply... but since you tried your drives on an external enclosure too, we probably could rule out this.

BTW, did you try the external enclosure with and without an external terminator?