Text content (OCR)
a THE BEST OF
concacc 78
the user group newsletters @orpic computer inc:
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@oppic computer inc.
faNia\
LOCAL USER
GROUPS
Apple's still
springing up
Many APPLE user groups
have sprung up during 1978, and
more are in the germination
stage. Following is a list of those
we knew about at the end of the
year. If there is no group in
ARKANSAS
3. DATABITS
C. Johnson
C/O DATACOPE
5706A W. 12th Street
Little Rock
AR.
72204
(501) 666-8588
CALIFORNIA
4. L.A. APPLE USERS
GROUP
11911 Wilshire Blvd.
CA.
90025
5. ABACUS USERS GROUP
BYTE SHOP
1122 B St.
Hayward
CA.
94541
your area and you want to start
one, talk to your APPLE dealer.
Chances are he knows most of
the local APPLE II owners, and
can help bring them together for
your kickoff meeting. He might
even want to host the meetings
on a continuing basis. Ask him.
If you have formed (or want
(415) 886-2980
. THE APPLE PICKERS
SANTA ROSA COM-
PUTER CENTER
604 Seventh Street
Santa Rosa
CA.
95404
to form) a local user group,
let us know. We can publicize
your efforts and help you get
off to a good start.
ALASKA
1. APPLE-HOLICS
G. K. Inman
SRA Box 1313
Anchorage
AK.
99502
(907) 344-1300
ALABAMA
2. APPLE CORPS
Terry Woodward
Computer Center, Inc.
433 Valley Avenue Plaza
Birmingham
AL.
35209
(205) 942-8567
7. APPLE USERS GROUP
SCOTT STARKWEATHER
11074 San Pablo Avenue
EI Cerrito
CA.
94530
(415) 233-5010
8. APPLE BYTE USERS
GROUP
LOY SPURLOCK
APPLE BYTE
PROGRAMMERS
COMPUTER FORUM
14052 E. Firestone Blvd.
Santa Fe Springs
CA.
90670
(213) 921-2111 & (714)
739-0711
9. APPLE CORE
Marion A. Clarke
COMPUTERLAND OF
THOUSAND OAKS
15.
El Cid Plaza - 171 E.
Thousand Oaks Blvd.
Thousand Oaks
CA.
91360
(805) 495-3554
. APPLE-BIZ
Melvin Wong
301 Balboa
San Francisco
CA.
94118
(415) 221-8500
. APPLE CORE AVIDD
ELECTRONICS
2210 Bellflower Rd.
Long Beach
CA.
90815
(213) 598-0444
. APPLE CORE
Scott Kamins
Box 4816
San Francisco
CA.
94101
. APPLE USERS GROUP
Mark Wozniak
COMPUTERS PLUS
1324 S. Mary
Sunnyvale
CA.
94087
(408) 735-1199
. COMPUTERLAND OF
LOS ALTOS
Sarkis Kouzoujian
4546 El Camino Real
Los Altos
CA.
94022
(415) 941-8154
NORTH ORANGE
COUNTY COMPUTER
CLUB
David Smith
607 North Twilight
Placentia
CA.
92670
(714) 993-9939
—=4
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@oppic computer inc.
16. SILICON APPLE
PROGRAMMING
SOCIETY
2485 Rossotto Dr.
San Jose
CA.
95130
(408) 354-6120
17. VIDEO GAMES &
COMPUTERS
301 Balboa
San Francisco
CA.
94118
(415) 221-8500
CONNECTICUT
18. APPLE USER GROUP
Glen Brennan
COMPUTERLAND OF
FAIRFIELD
2475 Blackbrook Turnpike
Fairfield
CT.
06430
(208) 374-2227
DELAWARE
19. COMPUTERLAND OF
NEWARK
James H. Higgins
Astro Shopping Center.
Kirkwood Highway
Newark
DE.
19711
(302) 738-9656
FLORIDA
20. Victor Steeb
SOUTHERN
MICROCOMPUTER CO.
5901E Northwest 151st St.
Miami Lakes
FL.
33160
(305) 821-7401
21. APPLE USER GROUP
Pat Fiorentino
2201 Ponce De Leon Blvd.
Coral Gables
FL.
33134
FRANCE
22. APPLE OEDIP
Schraen Dominique
8 - Place Ste-Opportune -
75001
Paris
FRANCE
508-46-21 - 508-47-71.
GEORGIA
23. APPLE USER GROUP
Preston Love
DATAMART INC.
3001 N. Fulton Dr.
Atlanta
GA.
30305
(404) 266-0336
HAWAII
24. APPLE USER GROUP
Dennis Nyhagen
7110 C Ohana-Nui Circle
Honolulu
HI.
96818
IOWA
25. Earl Keyser
22 Clover Lane
Mason City
TA.
50428
IDAHO
26. Larry Bugbee
2874 Ithaca
Boise
ID.
83705
(208) 362-9132 (Home) &
(208) 384-6100 (Work)
ILLINOIS
27. APPLE PIE
Jerry Feil
17318 S. Locust
Tinley Park
ILL.
60477
(312) 532-8244 (Home)
28. NORTHWEST SUBURBAN
APPLE USERS GROUP
Ken Rose & Steve Uhl
C/O COMPUTERLAND OF
ARLINGTON HTS.
Arlington Hts.
ILL.
60004
(312) 359-6723 & (312)
882-4567
INDIANA
29. INDY APPLE PICKERS
Doug McIntosh
C/O HOME COMPUTER
CENTER
2115 E. 62 Street
Indianapolis
IN.
46220
30. Joe Torzewski
51625 Chestnut Rd.
Granger
IN.
46530
LOUISIANA
31. SOUTHEASTERN
SOFTWARE
7270 Culpepper Dr.
New Orleans
LA.
70126
MASSACHUSETTS
32. APPLESEED
Donald M. Isaac
17 Saxon Rd.
Worcester
MA.
01602
MARYLAND
33. MARYLAND APPLE
CORPS.
Kevin Parks
COMPUTERS ETC.
13A Allegheny Avenue
Towson
MD.
21264
(301) 296-0520
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@orpic computer inc.
37,
MINNESOTA
34.
MINI‘APP’LES
Dan Buchler
13516 Grand Avenue South
Burnsville
MN.
55337
(612) 890-5051
MISSOURI
35.
APPLE JACKS
Creighton Calfee
P.O. Box 8452
St. Louis
MO.
63132
NEW JERSEY
36.
APPLE GROUP—NEW
JERSEY
Steve Toth
1411 Greenwood Dr.
(201) 968-7498
COMPUTER LAB OF
NEW JERSEY
Dan Fischler
141 Route 46
Budd Lake
NJ.
07828
(201) 691-1984
NORTH CAROLINA
38.
APPLE CORE COMPUTER
CLUB
Alex Popper
3915 E. Independence Blvd.
Charlotte
NC.
28205
(704) 523-5107
NEBRASKA
39.
APPLESAUCE OF
LINCOLN/OMAHA
Russ Genzmer
C/O TEAM
ELECTRONICS
2055 ‘O’ Street
Lincoln
NE.
68510
NEW MEXICO
40.
THE APPLE CORPS
Earl J. Nielsen
PERSONALIZED
COMPUTER SERVICES
1803 Corte Del Ranchero
Alamogordo
NM.
88310
(505) 437-8447
NEW YORK
41.
NYC USERS GROUP
Neil Shapiro
C/O COMPUTER/MART
OF NEW YORK
118 Madison Avenue
New York
NY.
10016
(212) 686-7923
. Charles Kollett
32 N. Brewster Lane
Bellport—LI.
NY.
11713
(516) 286-0198
OHIO
43.
APPLE-SIDER
John Anderson
5707 Chesapeake Way
Fairfield
OH.
45014
(513) 829-1340
OKLAHOMA
44. APPLE Il USERS GROUP
Jerry Henshaw -
PRESIDENT
C/O THE TULSA
COMPUTER SOCIETY
P.O. Box 1133
Tulsa
OK.
74101
(918) 836-7364
OREGON
45.
APPLE PORTLAND
PROGRAM LIBRARY
EXCHANGE
Ken Hoggatt - PRESIDENT
9195 S.W. Elrose Court
Tigard
OR.
97223
(503) 639-5505 (Home) &
(503) 644-0161 - X6136
(Work)
PENNSYLVANIA
46.
47.
COMPUTERLAND OF
HARRISBURG
4644 Carlisle Pike
Mechanicsburg
PA.
17055
APPLE USERS GROUP
Neil Lipson
PHILADELPHIA AREA
COMPUTER SOCIETY
29 S. New Ardmore Avenue
Broomall
PA.
19008
(215) 825-3800 - X278
(Work) & (215) 356-6183
(Home)
TENNESSEE
48.
APPLE PI
Richard C. Secrist
(FORMERLY
APPLEACHIAN USERS
GROUP)
RT. #12 - Cherokee Hills
Sevierville
TN.
37862
TEXAS +
49.
50.
APPLE BARREL
R. V. Collins
12502 Bexley
Houston
TX.
77099
THE APPLE CORPS.
Bobbie Ferrell
Greenhill School
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@orpic computer inc.
14255 Midway Rd. - Fulton
Bldg.
Dallas
TX.
75240
(214) 661-1211 (Work) &
(214) 243-6347 (Home)
51. APPLE CORPS.
COMPUTERLAND OF
AUSTIN
3300 Anderson Land
Austin
TX.
78757
(412) 452-5701
52. APPLE SEED
Bill Hyde
THE COMPUTER SHOP
6812 San Pedro
San Antonio
TX.
78216
($12) 828-0553
53. PHILIP W. JACKSON
C/O COMPUTER
SOLUTIONS
Suite 124A - 9200
Broadway
San Antonio
TEX
78217
(512) 828-1455 & (800)
292-7652 (TOLL FREE)
WASHINGTON
54. APPLE PUGET SOUND
PROGRAM LIBRARY
EXCHANGE
Val Golding
6708 39th Ave. Southwest
Scattle
WASH.
98136
(206) 937-6588 (Home) &
(206) 623-7966
WISCONSIN
55. WISCONSIN APPLE
USERS
Ken Blochowick
C/O Cybernetic Mechanism
P.O. Box 11463
Milwaukee
WI.
53211
(414) 964-6645
TN
|
LOOKING
AHEAD
...to how your
Apple will grow
In case you are itchy to add
to your Apple II system (or even
just to learn more about it), here’s
what’s coming up.
BASIC PROGRAMMING
MANUAL-~This is a beginner’s
guide to Apple BASIC, complete
with lots of examples and illus-
trations. It will be mailed to all
users who have warranty cards
on file with us, starting late this
month.
COMMUNICATIONS CARD
—A card that lets your APPLE II
talk over the phone with other
computers will become available
in April. For $180, this intelli-
gent interface will allow the
computer to control any 110 or
300 baud serial device through
an industry standard RS-232C
interface port. Look for a data-
sheet in the next newsletter.
NEW APPLESOFT ~It’s com-
ing, and it’s going to be great!
The new APPLESOFT fixes bugs
in the existing version, and adds
features such as data save/load,
high-resolution plotting capabil-
ity, ON ERR GOTO capability,
and much more. It will be avail-
able on cassette in May, at $10.
The ROM version, on a plug-in
card (for slot #0), will be out in
June at $99. The card will have a
switch to allow you to choose
between Apple BASIC and
APPLESOFT.
FLOPPY DISK~—The new
mini-floppy should be on dealers’
shelves by early July, at a price
of less than $700 for the con-
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@eppic computer inc.
troller card and one drive. (Each
card will handle up to two drives.)
The software, which works with
either version of BASIC, will be
able to load and store named
files and provide disk directory
lists. Look for more details two
issues from now.
SERIAL INTERFACE
CARD-This is a high-speed (to
9600 baud), programmable serial
interface; designed to connect
fast, half-duplex devices (printers,
plotters, etc.) to the APPLE II.
More details will be available two
issues from now, and the device
itself will be out in July. No
price has been set.
EDITORIAL
by Phil Roybal,Marketing Mor.
And now
it's your turn
As we enter 1979, it is re-
warding to look back and see
how far we’ve come in these last
twelve months. If you’ve joined
our Apple family recently, ’'d
like to welcome you and share a
little historical perspective with
you.
At the start of 1977, personal
computers sold largely to hobby-
ists. Most products were S-100
bus systems without the reliabil-
ity, packaging, or software re-
quired to address other markets.
Integrated systems (like APPLE
II) were still a new idea. Indeed,
some trade publications actually
stated that such products were
toys because they didn’t have the
expansion capability of the old
S-100 systems! A year later,
integrated systems dominate
retail sales; and Apple has
emerged as the premiere manu-
facturer in the quality-oriented
segment of the market.
While that was happening,
the market itself was changing
character. Today there are more
hobbyists than ever; but now
they share the computer stores
with businessmen, educators, and
industrial users. This change has
resulted in demands for useful
application software that has put
considerable pressure on our in-
dustry. While few programs actu-
ally emerged during 1978, a great
number of them were specified
and contracted for.
On the manufacturing side,
the free ride was over. Poor
product design, erratic quality,
and inadequate financial strength
took their toll. Some vendors fell
prey to acquisition or reorganiza-
tion, and ceased to be factors in
the market. But the combined
efforts of the industry sold
around 180,000 systems. Apple
Computer expanded production
dramatically while building up
an order backlog that reached 12
weeks during the Christmas buy-
ing spree. We grew rapidly; and
profits were reinvested to finance
production expansions, new
product development, and better
customer support.
The product line matured
too. In January, we offered only
the APPLE II system, at $1695
(16K RAM). By the end of the
year we had introduced new
manuals, modems, and printers;
the Applesoft ROM Card; and
our most popular peripheral, the
floppy disk. Declining compo-
nent costs and manufacturing
economies of scale let us keep
profit margins stable while we
brought the price of a 16K sys-
tem down to $1195. And most
important, we were able to start
several major software efforts
that will yield dividends to every
Apple user in ‘79.
What lies ahead? Throughout
the industry, 1979 should be the
Year of Software. More than two
dozen companies presently mar-
ket APPLE programs, and that
number should swell to 100 dur-
ing ‘79. We are planning several
major announcements that span
the gamut from languages and
operating systems to business
and education packages supplied
ready-to-run. And those packages
will be accompanied by docu-
mentation that sets the industry
standard for completeness and
clarity.
It’s been a good year; and we
owe a great deal to you, our cus-
tomers. We plan to grow substan-
tially during 1979 by bringing
you products that will enhance
the usefulness of your Apple in-
vestment. We thank you, and
hope to continue earning your
support.
A FUNNY THING HAPPENED
ON THE WAY HERE.....
This is the first of an irregu-
larly published series of news-
letters aimed at filling you in on
what’s happening at Apple; and
at soliciting the feedback, prod-
uct ideas, and people we need to
service you, our customer base.
In the past, we occasionally let
our enthusiasm carry us away.
It is often easy to forget how dif-
ficult it is to actually bring qual-
ity products into production.
(And that’s especially true when
you're doubling in size every few
months and still can’t hire people
fast enough to do everything that
needs doing.) But on the way
here, we’ve learned a bit. And we
realize success hinges upon meet-
ing commitments. So from now
on, you'll see more conservative
schedules from us; and we’ll
usually beat them.
This newsletter marks the
start of an official APPLE II
User Group: one that we trust
will grow strong and healthy this
year. But there’s a lot of work
yet to do. A major portion of it
has to do with classifying and
documenting all the software we
have received over the past
months. It really hasn’t been lost.
All 200 tapes are sitting in a box,
waiting for us to look at them.
While our goal was to publish a
software list, description of the
Software Bank, and Contributor’s
Form with this newsletter, we
started too late. Instead, it'll be
in the next newsletter. For sure.
Apple Computer has grown
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@opric computer inc.
from two men in a garage to 40
people in a modern 20,000 sq. ft.
building, in less than two years.
You made that possible, and we
thank you. In the coming year
we will continue to earn your
support; and to actively solicit
your inputs so that our efforts
stay on target. It’s important to
us. We learned that on the way
here.
PATCHES
AND
PROGRESS
... wherein program
bugs are stomped
upon
If (in the DOS) you try to
load a program that had been
saved under RAM APPLESOFT
II, but you are now using the
ROM card version, your program
will not run correctly. To get
around this problem, load your
program and then type
CALL 54514
and your program will be cor-
rect.
Similarly, a program that was
saved onto diskette from the
ROM card version and later load-
ed under RAM APPLESOFT II
will also cause problems. Simply
type
CALL 3314
and your program will be correct.
You can now save it onto tape.
The earliest production DOS
had a problem: when in APPLE-
SOFT II, any Read or Write state-
ments with line numbers of 256
or higher would be ignored. To
solve this problem on any disks
you create from the DOS, bring
up the DOS, remove the Write
Protect sticker from your sys-
tem’s master diskette, and then
type:
>PR#n (boot your system)
>BLOAD RAWDOS
>(hit Reset)
* 25D6:4C DS 3F
* 2SDC:2E
* 3FD5:E8 FO 1 60 4C DD 25
* 3D0G
>BSAVE RAWDOS,
A$1B00, L$2500
Any new masters created
from this original master diskette
will now work properly.
Cockpit errors and DOS
A high percentage — 75 per
cent, to be precise — of disk
errors found so far are due to
users trying to run APPLESOFT
II by typing ““RUN APPLE-
SOFT.” This seems reasonable,
but APPLE II doesn’t see it quite
that way. As a result (among
other things) you cannot reload
programs saved on disk.
To get things to come out
right — all pointers where they
should be, etc.—, from Integer
BASIC simply type
FP (Carriage Return)
and you'll bring in APPLE-
SOFT II, pointers and all.
To get back to Integer
BASIC simply type INT.
Making life easier in
APPLESOFT II
If you use APPLESOFT II
and enter a statement such as
IF X =A THEN PRINT T,
APPLE won’t do what you want
it to do. That’s because APPLE-
SOFT II’s parsing action causes
the statement to be read as if
you entered IF X = AT HEN
PRINT T;a syntax error will
appear and you won’t know why.
To prevent this, simply en-
close the A in parentheses, which
stops APPLESOFT II’s parsing
of the letter combination. Thus,
enter the statement as IF X =
(A) THEN PRINT T, and all will
be right with the world.
Had some printer card problems?
Here’s why, and the fix.
The original printer-card
firmware uses the screen window
width as the controlling param-
eter to set the margin for BASIC
listings and TAB functions. This
means that when your printer’s
line length is set at 132 columns,
for example, the system display
is set at 132 characters/line. We
didn’t think that this would cause
a problem, because printer mar-
gins greater than 40 characters
and screen displays are not
allowed to co-exist.
But there’s a catch when any
screen clear functions are exe-
cuted. The system uses window
width to bound the clearing oper-
ations, which is a direct com-
mand not detectable by the print-
er card. But the keyboard input
routine executes a “clear to end
of line” when it gets a carriage
return. Since the window width
can be at well beyond the 40
columns, memory from the cur-
rent cursor position to well past
the normal boundary will be set
to “space”’ (SAO). If the cursor
is at the bottom of the screen,
this can cause addresses from
$800-up to be set to $A0. Sim-
ply setting the printer width on
the keyboard with IC 132 N
(CR), with the cursor at the bot-
tom of the screen will cause these
locations to be bombed because
the window width gets set be-
fore the (CR) is executed. Since
APPLESOFT starts at $800 and
Integer BASIC variables start at
$800, bad things will happen for
sure.
So... to reduce the possibil-
ity of problems with APPLE’s
Parallel Printer card, do these
things:
1—Home the cursor (ESC@,
or CALL -936, in BASIC)
prior to typing printer
control sequences that set
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
8
@opple computer inc.
the column width past 40
columns.
2—Do not use any screen or
line clear operations when
using the printer with the
column width set past 40
columns. Then be sure to
return the line length to
40 columns before turning
off the printer card with
PR#0.
If you’re using the revised
printer card with PROM P1-02,
add this:
3—To perform the vertical
tab in Integer or APPLE-
SOFT BASIC on the
printer, the command
POKE 36, (Tab distance)
should be used in place of
the TAB or VTAB com-
mand.
HIRES demo tape type
Somehow we managed to ship
a number of HIRES GRAPHICS
demonstration tapes that carry a
typographical error on the cas-
sette labels. The error is in the
brief loading instructions printed
on the label: *80Q.FFFR. This
should read: *CQ@.FFER. Note
that the numeral “8” should be
the letter ‘“C”’. Programs on the
tape will run correctly when you
follow the proper loading instruc-
tions.
From time to time, we turn
up a program bug. Although the
fixes are incorporated into future
versions of the program, often
they are simple enough that users
can “patch” their present pro-
grams to get improved perform-
ance. Here are patches for a
popular program.
APPLESOFT CHANGES
The following patches to APPLE-
SOFT will fix problems associat-
ed with the FRE, END, and DIM
statements: and will allow the
language to handle long program
lines. The changes are made with
a series of POKEs. They can be
done from the command mode,
or incorporated right into your
program.
CHANGES
ARRAY INDEXING PROBLEM
FIX:
POKE
6331,32:POKE6332,150:POKE
6333,41:POKE6334,234
POKE
19646,133:POKE19647,177:POKE
10648,162:POKE19649,5:POKE
10650,165:POKE10651,132:POKE
10652,96
LONG LINE FIX:
POKE 3050,234
POKE 3054, 136
POKE 3055, 145
POKE 3056, 158
POKE 3057, 208
POKE 3952, 251
‘END’ STATEMENT FIX:
POKE 2048,210
FRE( ) FUNCTION FIX:
POKE 6143,5
APPLESOFT MANUAL
CORRECTION~—A small type-
setting disaster left us with an in-
comprehensible example on page
22 of the APPLESOFT Manual.
The example should read as
shown here.
100 DIM As(15)
110 FOR I = 1 TO 15: READ AS(T)
NEXT I
120 LET F =O:1=1
130 IF AS(I) < = AS(I + 1) THEN
180
140 LET T$ = As(I + 1)
150 LET AS(I + 1) = AS(T)
160 LET AS(I) = TS
170 LETF=1
180 LET I+ 1: IF I < 15 GOTO
130
190 IF F = 1 THEN 120
200 FOR I = 1 TO 15; PRINT AS(I)
NEXT I
220 DATA APPLE, DOG, CAT, RANDOM, CO
MPUTER, BASIC
230 DATA MONDAY, "###ANSWER ##"
Foo
240 DATA COMPUTER, FOO, ELP, MILWAU
KEE, SEATTLE, ALBUQUERQUE
BITS AND
PIECES
... things about Apple,
handy to know
Document, document, docu-
ment. It would be difficult for
you to give us too much informa-
tion about a program that you
send up — we need to know as
much (and sometimes more)
about your program contribution
as you can tell us. And never as-
sume that potential users of your
program are as clever as you; in-
stead, assume that they know
nothing — not even when to hit
RETURN! Remember: The care
you take in explaining your pro-
gram is the only guarantee that
it will be usable by anyone else.
SAVE, then SAVE again.
SAVE your program twice, one
recording after the other, on the
same cassette. By doing this you
give yourself, and us, a safety
factor in that if our computer
cannot read the first SAVE, per-
haps it will be able to read the
second. (As you know, not all
recorders are created equal.)
By the way, please add your
name and address to the pro-
gram listing with REM state-
ments before you save it, so that
there will be no question as to
whose program we’re running
when we try it out.
LOAD, check, then give
yourself credit. After you SAVE
your program, turn OFF the
Apple to clear the memory space
you've been using, then power it
up and LOAD the program to be
sure that it does in fact load and
run.
C
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@oppic computer inc.
Finally, protect. After saving
your program, make sure that it
cannot be erased. Every cassette
includes a write/protect feature
in the form of two small plastic
tabs on the edge of the cassette
opposite its business end. When
these tabs are pushed in, pulled
out, or otherwise gotten out of
the way, the cassette can no
longer be written into.
Clearing the air. We make no
profit from your contributions
to the user portion of the APPLE
software bank. We set up this
portion of the bank simply to en-
courage and to ease the exchange
of programs among APPLE users.
The honorarium that we pay for
contributions to this portion of
the bank is merely our way of
encouraging such contributions.
From time to time, of course,
APPLE does purchase software,
and does so at the fair market
value. Such purchases are nego-
tiated individually, based upon
market conditions, applicability
of the product, etc.
The good earth
APPLE II must be grounded
~either via its three-wire power
cord inserted into a properly
grounded three-wire outlet, or by
awire inserted between APPLE’s
metal base plate and one of the
plate’s mounting screws. In the
latter case, you must run the
ground wire to a (preferably very
close) ground — a long, long
metal rod driven into the earth,
and connected to APPLE viaa
heavy wire, or a wire connection
to the cold-water system (but
make sure you have metal pip-
ing). Grounding eliminates any
possibility of the existence of a
floating potential, which can be
detrimental to you, to APPLE,
and to proper tape cassette
operation.
Get your head straight
Cassette tape recorders -
whether expensive or inexpen-
sive — often suffer a misalign-
ment of their playback head dur-
ing shipping and other handling.
Such misalignment causes azi-
muth error, which is death to
the high-frequency response
(particularly on units without
a tone control) so necessary to
accurately transfer data. But any
audio shop technician can re-
adjust the azimuth alignment; a
skilled ear alone is often suffi-
cient to do the job. Your original
APPLE prerecorded tapes are
excellent alignment references,
because they are recorded with
professional equipment main-
tained to the highest profes-
sional standards.
The colon as a listing formatter
for Applesoft
The basic description of the
colon’s action is that it can be
used to separate BASIC state-
ments. But with the colon you
can structure your listing in any
way you desire, whether you
need vertical spacing or horizon-
tal spacing—or both, as in tabu-
lating data into blocks of rows
and columns.
To do it, enter the line num-
ber, then the colon. If there is no
information following the colon
on the line, then the display will
step vertically. If information
does follow the colon, then that
information will be spaced to the
right of the colon, allowing the
interior code of FOR... NEXT
loops, etc., to be neatly indented.
You can see how the colon is
used for this purpose in this is-
sue’s How To section. Note the
neat appearance of the listing.
Apple and Education
Apple Computer, Inc., an-
nounces the appointment of
Roger Cutler as Education Spe-
cialist for the company. Roger is
organizing an educators’ user
group. If you would like to be on
his mailing list, please write him
at Apple. Our plans include an
educational software bank and
advice on writing computer as-
sisted instruction programs.
Watch CONTACT for further
information about educational
applications of the Apple II.
CALLING ALL INTERFACE
CARD DESIGNERS
Now that several other com-
panies have begun to market
interfaces for the APPLE II, a
word on our design philosophy
is in order.
We are very interested in any
devices that plug into APPLE II,
and are generally happy to pro-
vide information to prospective
manufacturers. (Just write and
ask for our Prototyping Board
Write-up.) Our own philosophy is
to build devices that are intelli-
gent (have all control routines in
on-board ROM) and are slot in-
dependent. However, we must
sometimes compromise because
of design considerations in the
system. Therefore, we have made
the following restrictions on slot
assignments:
SLOT # ASSIGNMENT
0 APPLESOFT BASIC
ROM Card
5 Second Disk Control-
ler Card
6 First Disk Controller
Card
In addition, slots 4 and 5 are
tentatively reserved for products
that may have to be slot-depend-
ent. Therefore, other manufac-
turers should design peripherals
which are either completely in-
dependent of slot number, or
will work in slots 1-3. In this way
they will avoid possible conflicts
with existing or proposed Apple
Computer products.
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@erpic computer inc.
OUT OF
THE MIST....
... Clearing up things
thought already clear
Occasionally we document
some wonderful feature in such
a way that nobody understands
it. As we identify those areas
(recognizable by the stack of
associated phone messages), this
column will attempt to clarify
them.
24K SYSTEM PROGRAM
LOADING
Normally, entering BASIC
with the BC command resets the
pointers to high and low memory
(HIMEM & LOMEM), so that
the monitor knows where to
begin loading programs. How-
ever, 24K systems need a little
human help to set the HIMEM
pointer. Therefore, before load-
ing or keying in programs, enter
BASIC in the command mode
HIMEM: 24576
When this step is omitted,
the system believes it has a 32K
memory to work in. Since BASIC
programs are loaded starting from
the top of memory, they tend to
fall into the bit bucket and dis-
appear forever. .
PROGRAM LISTING WITH
THE TTY PRINTER ROUTINE
The hardware/software TTY
interface described on page 114
of the APPLE Il REFERENCE
MANUAL provides an inexpen-
sive method of printing on a
TTY (output only). The example
on page 116 shows how com-
mands can be incorporated into a
10
BASIC program to produce hard
copy output.
Unfortunately, we left out an
example of how to LIST a pro-
gram on the TTY. Here’s how.
Just enter the command mode of
BASIC and type:
CALL 880
LIST
PR#0
That sequence will enable the
TTY, list the program, and then
return output to the TV screen.
USING THE HI-RES
ROUTINES
A section of the new REFER-
ENCE MANUAL describes the
HI-RES plotting routines and
mentions that they are available
in ROM and on tape. Although
the ROM’s aren’t available yet,
many people don’t know that
they have the routines on tape
already. These programs are the
machine language load at the
start of the HI-RES DEMO tape.
If you load the machine language
part and then skip loading the
BASIC demo program, you will
have the routines in memory to
work with.
While use of most of the pro-
grams is straightforward, the
SHAPE routine gives some peo-
ple problems because they don’t
see how to build and use a shape
table. Here’s an explanation.
The SHAPE routine repro-
duces a figure from a set of in-
structions (the shape table) stored
somewhere in memory. But it
has to know where to find that
table. It has been written to as-
sume that the shape table begins
at an address which is pointed to
by memory locations 804 and
805. What you insert in those
locations depends upon where
you built your shape table.
Let’s use the table example
given in the REFERENCE MAN-
UAL (page 53) to illustrate how
to build an use the table. Here
are the steps to follow:
1. Load the HI-RES routines
into memory (COO.FFFR).
2. Build the shape table in mem-
ory, using the monitor. Let’s
arbitrarily start at address 900
hex, and fill in the data se-
quentially, just as shown in
the manual: *900:12 3F 20
64 2D 15 36 1E 07 00 This
will put the table above
BASIC’s variable space and
below the bottom of a BASIC
program.
3. Insert the shape table starting
address into memory loca-
tions 804 and 805, as shown
in line 10 of the sample pro-
gram that follows (For more
details, see the explanation in
the HOW TO section under
LOADING MACHINE LAN-
GUAGE PROGRAMS....).
Then insert information on
color, scale, rotation, etc.
into the other memory loca-
tions specified in the REFER-
ENCE MANUAL.
The following table presents
decimal-number equivalents and
APPLE keyboard equivalents to
ASCH (American Standard Code
for Information Interchange)
characters. That is, if you were
to scan the keyboard directly in
BASIC, these are the characters
that you would read; or, if you
were to go into memory, these
characters would appear as
string-variable values.
In the APPLE keyboard
column, read SMC as a SHIFT/
CONTROL-M BC as CONTROL
-B, etc. The decimal numbers
listed are those before clearing of
the keyboard strobe; after clear-
ing of the strobe, the number is
the listed value minus 128 (e.g.,
after clearing of the strobe, 145
becomes 17). If an APPLE key-
board equivalent doesn’t exist, or
if there is no decimal equivalent,
then the table shows a double
dash (--); if the keyboard equiv-
alent is identical to the ASCII
character itself, then the table
shows “‘sa.””.
Such information can make
your programming life much
easier, because it lets you get
keyboard data directly into a
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@oppic computer inc.
BASIC program without the use off the keyboard then you — the issue’s HOW TO section. In this
of an INPUT statement. ‘As you programmer — are in command Multiple Precision Arithmetic
know, INPUT statements can be every step of the way; you make listing, statements 2500 2610 in-
limiting as, for example, when the decisions as to what goes and put data directly from the key-
you type in a line and the screen what does not, and in a way that board; they tell you exactly
yells SYNTAX ERROR at you. tells you exactly what’s wrong as what’s happening, the nature of
Well, what is the error? It may you go wrong. any error you may have com-
take a long time to find. You can see one way in mitted, etc. — and all by making
If, on the other hand, the which this idea is applied in ““Be- use of the equivalence in the
keystrokes are picked directly ing Precise in INTEGER,” in this table presented here.
TABLE OF ASCII CHARACTER VALUES FOR INTEGER BASIC
(FOR APPLESOFT VALUES, SEE APPLESOFT MANUAL, APPENDIX K)
ASCII APPLE DEC ASCIL APPLE DEC ASCII APPLE DEC ASCII APPLE DEC
CHAR KYBD EQUIV CHAR KYBD EQUIV CHAR KYBD EQUIV CHAR KYBD EQUIV
NuL SpC_ 128 sP 160 @ sa. 192 es 224
SOH ac 129 ! 161 A 193 a 225
STX BC 130 e 162 B 194 b 226
ETX ce 131 # 163 G 195 ic 227
EOT po 132 $ 164 D 196 d 228
ENQ EC 133 % 165 E 197 e 229
ACK FC 134 & 166 F 198 f 230
BEL cc 135 167 G 199 g 231
BS oat 136 ( 168 H 200 h 232
HT 1c 137 ) 169 1 201 i 233)
LF 138 * 170 J 202 ij 234
VT KC 139 + 171 K 203 k 235
FF uc 140 172 L 204 1 236
CR mc 141 173 M 205 m 2377
so. NC 142 . 174 N 206 n 238
SI of 143 / 175 oO 207 ° 239
DLE pc 144 0 176 E 208 P 240
DCI fog 145 1 177 Q 209 q 241
DCc2 RC 146 2 178 R 210 r 242
DC3 sC 147 3 179 Ss 211 s 243
DCc4 re 148 4 180 T 212 t 244
NAK uC 149 5 181 uU 213 u 245
syN vO 150 6 182 v 214 v 246
ETB we 151 7 183 W 215 w 247
CAN x¢ 152 8 184 x 216 x 248
EM ve 153 9 185 Y 217 y 249
SUB ze 154 i 186 Z v 218 Z 250
ESE sa. 155 ; 187 [ 2 219. 251
FS = 156 < 188 \ = 220 252
cs Smf 157 = 189 } SM 221 ALT -- 253
Rs SNC 158 > 190 t 7 222 bE. = 254
US 159 2 v 191 me 223 RUBOUT 255
LF = Line Feed; CR = Carriage Return; SP = SPace; ESC = ESCape; sa. = Keyboard character same as ASCII character.
ah)
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@oppice computer inc.
HOW
TO
... things your
manual never
told you
LISTINGS—A LITTLE AT A
TIME
There is a way to stop
APPLE II’s LIST operation. You
must go into the MONITOR and
enter the following bytes of hex:
3DA:A9 E3 85 36 A9 03 85
37 60 RETURN
:48 AD 01 CO 10 08 AD 11
CO AD RETURN
:01 CO 10 FB AD 11 CO 68
4C FO RETURN
:FD 4C DA 03 RETURN
After loading the hex code, press
CONTROL Y to activate this
StopList routine.
Now we try listing memory
by entering 0.FFF RETURN.
Let some lines go by, then press
any key. If you’ve done every-
thing correctly, the scrolling will
halt. Now press any other key
and the lines will again scroll.
This routine will still work when
you go back into BASIC. But if
for any reason you press RESET,
you must reactivate the routine
by going back into the MONI-
TOR and pressing CONTROL Y.
How does it work? Well, to
print a character on the screen,
APPLE II uses a routine located
in MONITOR. APPLE goes to
the routine by finding its address
in locations 54 and 55 (36 and
37 in hex). But entering a CON-
TROL Y replaces this address
with the address of the Stop List
routine. You catch APPLE be-
cause it always checks for a Stop
List command before printing
any character. Software
engineers call such a feature a
hook, and use it to make pro-
gramming just a bit more handy.
Tony Hughes
THE APPLE CORE
San Francisco, Calif.
AN APPLESOFT CONVERT -
PROGRAM
Programs written in APPLE-
SOFT BASIC and saved on tape
cannot be LOADed and RUN
with APPLESOFT II. But there
is a way to use them without
retyping—by means of our CON-
VERT program, which we list
below.
The CONVERT program
runs in Integer BASIC, accepts a
tape in APPLESOFT BASIC,
and produces a new tape in
APPLESOFT II BASIC. To use
CONVERT, LOAD the CON-
VERT tape. It will ask you if
the old program (written in
APPLESOFT BASIC) used OP-
TION 1 or OPTION 2.
OPTION 1 was
GRAPHICS COM-
MANDS WITHOUT
LET OR REM STATE-
MENTS
— OPTION 2 was LET OR
STATEMENTS, BUT
NO GRAPHICS
After you answer you will be
prompted to play the old pro-
gram tape. After CONVERT has
finished reading and processing
the old tape, it will ask you to
record a second tape. This
second tape will be your original
program converted into APPLE-
SOFT II. If any errors are dis-
covered during the conversion
process, you will be given self-
explanatory messages.
CONVERT
© TEXT CALL -936 TAB 9 PRINT “APPLESOFT CONVERSION PROGRAM: *
2 PRINT“
CONVERTS OLD APPLESOFT PROGRAMS TO”
3 PRINT
COPYRIGHT 1978 APPLE COMPUTER, INC
PRINT "APPLESOFT 1¢ FORMAT"
4 PRINT *
"PUKE 94,10
5 PRINT “WAS PROGRAM WRITTEN IN OPTION 1 OR”
PRINT “OPTION 1. GRAPHICS COMM
ANDS WITHOUT"
& PRINT" LET OR REM STATEMENTS"
OPTION 2° LET AND REM STATEMENTS BUT NO
PRINT “OPTION 2?
PRINT *
GRAPHICS
7 INPUT "OPTION #*,0° IF O<>1 AND O<2 THEN 7
10 CALL -936. PRINT "PUT APPLESOFT PROGRAM TAPE IN RECORDER, "
2. POKE 63,7 F=1536 B=4098
20 INPUT "PRESS THE PLAY BUTTON, THEN HIT RETURN". AS: CALL -259
25 IF PEEK (1)<128 THEN 30: PRINT
POKE 60.2: POKE 41,2) POKE 62
TAPE READ ERROR!”
TAPEPLAYER, THEN RE-RUN THIS PROGRAM”
30 POKE 60,2) POKE 61. 16°E= PEEX (2)+ PEEK (1)#256-6657: POKE 62,€ MOD 256: POKE 63,£/256
CALL -259
35 CALL -996 PRINT
PRINT “TRY RE-ADJUSTING VOLUME CONTROLS ON
CONVERTING
40 IF BD=E THEN 1000. A= PEEK (2)+F MOD 256 POKE B.A MOD 256 POKE B+i, PEEK (B+1)4F/296+(A>
255)
50 FOR B=B+4 TO B+999 T= PEEK (B): IF T¢199 THEN 250: IF T<>195 AND T<>142 OR O=2 THEN 200.
5 IF T<>142 THEN 60: T=137: GoTo 250
60 C=C+1'U= PEEK (C) IF U=2 THEN 60. IF U=67 OR U=71 OR U=72 OR U=80 OR U=86 THEN GOTO U
PRINT "BAD STATEMENT IN PROGRAM” GOTO 250
67 T=160: GOTO 90
71 T=136: GOTO 90
72 T=1a2: GOTO 87
80 T=141; GOTO 90
6 T=143
87 CC=2.D=B
8B D=Dri1) IF PEEK (D)<>44 AND PEEK (D)<258 AND PEEK (D) THEN 88. IF PEEK (D)=44 THEN 89
PRINT "BAD STATEMENT IN PROGRAM!” GOTO 250
89 CO=CC+1. IF CC=1 THEN G8: POKE 0,197
90 POKE C,32. GOTO 250
199 REM -MAP OLD TOKENS TO NEW
200 IF T2195 THEN 250: T=T+1+(T>196)#94+(T5199)+(T2160)+(TD177) 42
250 POKE B.T: IF B/S00*500=2 THEN PRINT "STILL CONVERTING'”
251 IF T<O THEN NEXT B D=B+1 IF BCE THEN 40
078 cc=z Dec
1000 CALL -936 POKE 60.7
INPUT “START RECORDING.
THEN HIT ‘RETURN’ ", AS
1001 POKE E-2. 2° POKE E-1,72 POKE £.7
1008 D=E-s096: POKE 7,D MOD 256 POKE 1,D/256: POKE 2.2 CALL ~307
010 POKE 60,2. POKE 61,16 POKE 62, MOD 256 POKE 63,£/256 CALL -307
1020 PRINT "OK
POKE 61,7 POKE 62.2 POKE 83.2) PRINT "DONE!
PRINT “THE TAPE JUST RECORDED CAN NOW BE LOADED INTO APPLESOFT 1." END
12
ws
=
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@oppic computer inc.
STRING + STRING =
CONCATENATION
A string is a series of charac-
ters, zero to 255 characters in
length. To symbolize that it is a
string being operated upon, a
string-variable name ends with
the $ symbol. APPLE can
operate on string variables, in
whole or in part, just as it
operates on numeric variables.
And this ability to manipulate
strings—to reformat them, etc.—
is a powerful tool.
Concatenation is an impor-
tant facet of string manipula-
tions. To concatenate strings
means to append one to another,
to “series connect” hitherto
independent character sets in
order to operate upon them as a
single entity. The concatenation
function does exist in APPLE-
SOFT and APPLESOFT II
BASICs but, unfortunately, not
in Integer BASIC.
There is, however, a simple
routine that will let you concate-
nate strings with Integer BASIC.
It’s listed below, and operates by
defining each string, finding the
length of the first, and telling
APPLE to tack the start of the
second string to the end of the
first string, and so on down the
line. The example shown here is
for two strings only; the maxi-
mum length of any concatenated
string is, of course, limited to
255 characters.
HOW TO GIVE A NUMBER
SOME CHARACTER
Both APPLESOFT and
APPLESOFT II contain the func-
tions ASC and CHRS. These are
opposites—complementary func-
tions, if you will—in that ASC
returns the decimal ASCII num-
ber equivalent of its designated
string-variable argument, while
CHRS returns a single character
equivalent of its designated deci-
mal-ASCII number argument.
Examples: Say, M$="‘M” is
some string variable of interest to
us in APPLESOFT. When you
tell APPLE to PRINT ASC
(M$), APPLE responds with a
“77° on its screen. (Remember,
first character only; decimal 77
in ASCII corresponds to the
letter “M”’.) On the other hand,
tell APPLE to PRINT CHR$
(77), and you get the letter “M”.
A rather simpleminded
example of the use of this pair of
functions could be to associate
them with the RaNDom function
in a program to generate random
alphanumeric sequences, except
that you cannot do it in Integer
BASIC because, alas, Integer con-
tains only the ASC function. But
don’t despair, for all is not lost.
Below we give you a very short
routine that gives Integer BASIC
the equivalent of a CHR$ func-
tion. /nsert it in your programs
wherever you wish to and—
presto!—you can convert decimal
numbers to their ASCH character
equivalents.
HOW TO SET LOMEM WITH-
OUT HARDLY TRYING
LOMEM is the start of the
Integer BASIC variables store-
house; HIMEM marks the top of
the program store. Between the
two is your working space. En-
tering BASIC with BC will set
LOMEM to 2048, the normal
default value. But there are times
(when using the Heuristics
Speechlab™ for instance) when
LOMEM must be set to a dif-
ferent value. The pro will incor-
porate such an operation right
into his programs, rather than
leaving it to chance.
Well, then, is there an easy
way to reset LOMEM inside a
program? The answer is yes, and
we guarantee that your life will
be simpler as a result. The
example below will set a new
LOMEM within an existing
BASIC program. Of course,
doing so will destroy existing
variables, so do it before any are
defined in the program. You can,
in fact, insert this little routine
at the start of your program so
that it conveniently does the
whole job for you.
1. Pick new LOMEM, |
2. a=l MOD 256: b=1/256
3. POKE 204,a: POKE 205,b—
resets variable pointer
4. POKE 74,a: POKE 75,b—
resets LOMEM pointer
EXAMPLE
1. New LOMEM: 1-3000
2. a=184, b=11
3. POKE 204, 184: POKE 205,
11
4. POKE 74, 184: POKE 75, 11
Part of a personal computer’s
charm lies in the fact that it is a
creative tool. Each person uses it
13
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@orpic computer inc.
14
differently, to accomplish dif-
ferent goals. Unfortunately, this
makes it difficult to write a
manual that adequately covers
everything a person might want
to do with his system. The HOW
TO section is therefore devoted
to answering questions the manu-
als missed.
LOADING MACHINE
LANGUAGE AS PART OF A
BASIC PROGRAM
Often we want to include
machine language data inside a
BASIC program. A great many
Apple tapes are made up this
way to simplify the loading pro-
cess. Here’s a recipe for doing it
yourself with programs written
in Apple BASIC.
Apple BASIC loads programs
into memory with the highest
program line at the highest RAM
location (HIMEM). Preceeding
lines are located lower and lower
in RAM. The beginning of the
program is PP, an address which
is held in memory locations CA
and CB (hexadecimal), or 202
and 203, decimal. When you
type SAVE, the computer trans-
fers to tape everything between
PP and HIMEM. Thus, to tuck
machine language into your pro-
gram so that it can later be
loaded like BASIC, it is merely
necessary to move the PP pointer
down below the beginning of the
extra code, put in two POKES
to reset the pointer before run-
ning the program, and type
SAVE. Later, you will be able to
LOAD the whole thing just as if
it were all BASIC. Just follow
these steps:
1. Get the BASIC program into
memory, just the way you
want it. If you make any
changes, you must re-do steps
2 and 6.
. In the command mode, type:
Nv
3. Load your machine language
code into memory using the
monitor load capability
(xxxx.yyyyR). This will put
the machine language program
into memory below the begin-
ning of the BASIC program,
starting at hexidecimal
address xxxx.
. Take the starting address of
the machine language pro-
gram and divide it into two
parts: xx xx. Convert each
pair of digits from hex to
decimal values: a & b; cor-
responding to the left and
right xx pairs, respectively.
Write them down.
. Now enter the BASIC com-
mand mode and type:
POKE 202, b-1 (value b from
step 4, above)
POKE 203, a (value a from
step 4, above)
POKE 204, 00
POKE 205, 8
. You have now moved the
pointers down below your
machine language program,
and must insert code to move
them back again when the
program is run. To do that,
type:
0 POKE 202,m: POKE 203,
n:GOTO q
where m and n are the values
from Step 2, and q is the first
line number in your BASIC
program. That line number
can be 0—it will not be erased
by the above entry.
. Now you're done! Don’t try
to list your program before
running it, because all you’ll
see is a meaningless set of
numbers and symbols. Just
type SAVE (before running
the program), and it will all
go onto tape. Later a LOAD
command will bring it all
back in.
CAUTION!
Once you have RUN such a
PRINT PEEK(202), PEEK
(203)
and write down the results.
Let’s call them m and n, re-
spectively.
program, you cannot SAVE it,
for the pointers will have been
moved. You can only save or
copy a program like this before
it has been RUN
... A Moving Experience
On occasion it is handy to
know how to move large blocks
of data from one area of memory
to another. While this is simple
to do from the monitor (using
the M command), it is a little
more complex in BASIC. Below
are some handles on the monitor
routines that will let you use
them within your BASIC
programs.
When would you use them?
Well, they come in handy for
copying images from page |
(normal) to page 2 in standard-
resolution graphics. With two
slightly-different images on the
two pages, it is possible to do
simple animations by switching
rapidly back and forth between
pages. (NOTE: Be sure to set
LOMEM to 3072 or higher
before using page two of
graphics, or your variable table
will be destroyed.) Here’s how.
POKE 60, (old starting
address mod 256)
POKE 61, (old starting
address / 256)
POKE 62, (old ending
address mod 256)
POKE 63, (old ending
address / 256)
POKE 66, (new starting
address mod 256)
POKE 67, (new starting
address / 256)
CALL —468 (the actual
move command)
Now, to use Page 2 (remem-
ber to set LOMEM to 3072 or
higher):
10 POKE 60,0:POKE 61,4:
POKE 62,255:POKE 63,7:
POKE 66,0:POKE 67,8:
CALL -468: POKE
-16299,0
To switch back and forth
between Pages 1 and 2:
POKE —16299,0 (displays Page
2)
POKE -16300,0 (displays Page
1)
e
w
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@oppic computer inc.
If both pages contain similar
graphics figures, then switching
between the pages will yield
simple animation; further effects
may be gleaned from an inspec-
tion of the list of POKEs on page
30 of the APPLE II Reference
Manual. (NOTE: Don’t try this
with APPLESOFT in RAM. It
starts at hex 800—the second
page of graphic space. A block
move into that area will send
your APPLESOFT BASIC into
the bit bucket!)
PRINTING LOWER-CASE
LETTERS WITH APPLE II
APPLE II cannot presently
display lower-case characters on
the screen, but it has no trouble
printing them on most printers.
To create a string of lower-case
characters, simply generate the
string in upper case at a known
memory location; and then go
through and add 32 to the ASCII
value of each upper-case letter.
10 DIM As(80)
RAM
IN AS
70 NEXT I
80 CALL -936
90 PR#L
SYSTEMS
110 PRINT AS
SYSTEMS
140 END
50 IF C<193 THEN 70: REM
A NON-ALPHA CHARACTER
DO NOTHING
60 POKE 2052+1,C+32: REM
ETTER TO LOWER CASE AND INSERT B
ACK INTO AS
100 PRINT "SON"
R 80 CHARACTERS
120 PRINT "40N"
TO 40 CHARACTERS
130 PR#0: REM SEE LINE 90 FOR DISK
That will produce the lower-case
ASCII equivalent. If you then
shove the modified code back
into the string variable in place
of the old value and print the
string, you will print lower case
characters.
As you convert the string,
you must test each character to
see that it is not a numeral
punctuation, etc. Obviously,
only alphabetic characters can be
converted to lower-case. Here’s a
sample program that does the
job.
This program works because,
by defining A$ first, we know its
absolute address in memory. Its
first letter is stored in address
2053. (If this program were to be
converted to APPLESOFT, we
would have to manipulate our
characters entirely through the
string routines, since we cannot
accurately locate the string in
memory.)
REM BUFFER... MUST B
— FIRST VARIABLE DEFINED IN PROG
20 INPUT "ENTER DATA: ", As
30 FOR I=1 TO LEN(AS)
40 C= PEEK (2052+I): REM
II VALUE OF THE "ITH" CHARACTER
SET C=asc
TEST FOR
IF FOUND,
CONVERT L.
REM CLEAR SCREEN
REM TURN PRINTER ON (REME
MBER, "PRINT D$;"PR#1" FOR DISK
REM SET PRINTER FO
REM RESET PRINTER
15
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@oppic computer inc.
THE NAME OF THE GAME
IS THE SAVING OF THE
NAME
If you’re an APPLESOFT II
user working with, say, an inven-
tory list with names, then you’re
in a bit of trouble if you want to
SAVE the complete list to
cassette tape, names and all:
APPLESOFT II will save the
numbers but not the names
(strings). (Of course, the nicest
way to SAVE such a list is to
disk.)
If you need to save strings to
tape however, the following
program will do the job very
nicely. Note that statement 10
creates space for the strings;
1010 gives you information
about free memory space and
how far up the variables are;
1050 writes out the length of the
tape’s string area; and 1070
writes all the desired information
to tape.
Strings can also be created by
establishing string pointers that
point to the string definitions
within the program itself rather
than copying the string defini-
tion to high memory and point-
ing to it there. Strings created in
this way are not saved by this
technique and if the saved strings
and pointers are used by a dif-
ferent program, these pointers
will point to meaningless por-
tions of the new program. This
problem can be overcome by
forcing the interpreter to copy
the string item definitions to
PRHO
5)
°SYNTAX ERROR
WAST
2 REM
2 REM PROGRAM TO SAVE STRINGS
3 REM TO CASSETTE TAPE.
4 REM BY R.WIGGINTON (4/78)
5 REM
10 DIM A$(10)
20 PRINT "TYPE IN NINE STRINGS, SEPARATED BY"
NEXT K
39 FOR K = 1 TO 9: INPUT AS(K)
40 REM NOW SAVE A$ TO TAPE.
50 GOSUB 1000
55 PRINT “STRINGS ARE NOW ON TAPE
AND START TAPE, AND PRESS ‘RTN’
TO RECALL,
PRINT "CARRIAGE RETURNS. "
TYPE ‘GOTO 100’, REWIND
57 PRINT “LET TAPE RUN UNTIL CURSOR RETURNS. "
60 END
100 REM THIS PART RECALLS THE
101 REM STRINGS FROM TAPE
102 REM
110 DIM B$(10)
120 GOSUB 2000
130 FOR K = 1 TO %
140 END
REM STORE A$ TO TAPE
PRINT BS(K)
1010 X = FRE (0): STORE AS
1030 X = PEEK (115) +
GOSUB 2100
POKE 30,X -
INT (X / 256) * 256: POKE 31,X / 256
NEXT h
PRINT "INSERT CLEAN TAPE, START RECORDING. "
PRINT “HIT ANY KEY WHEN READY"
REM STORE A$ REALLY STORES POINTERS
REM IN ORDER FOR THIS PROGRAM TO WORK, HIMEM MUST BE AT THE SAME
REM VALUE WHEN THE STRINGS ARE RECALLED AS WHEN THEY ARE STORED.
PEEK (116) # 256 —
GET Zs
PEEK (111) - PEEK (112) * 256
CALL - 307: REM
PUT (X) INTO LOCS 30%31, AND WROTE IT TO TAPE.
POKE 60, PEEK (111)
63, PEEK (116): CALL - 307
1020 REM HAVE NOW WRITTEN EVERYTHING
POKE 41,
REM (X) IS THE LENGTH OF THE STRING AREA.
PEEK (112)
POKE 42, PEEK (115): POKE
1090 PRINT "O.K.": RETURN
2090 RECALL BS: REM GOT POINTERS BACK.
2010 GOSUB 2100: CALL - 259: REM GOT LENGTH OF STRING AREA
2020 X = PEEK (30) + PEEK (31) * 256: REM XISLENGTH OF AREA TO READ IN
2030 X = PEEK (115) + PEEK (116) * 256 - x
2040 POKE 60,xX - INT (X / 256) * 256: POKE 61,X / 256
2050 POKE 62, PEEK (115): POKE 63, PEEK (116): CALL - 259
2060 RETURN
2100 POKE 60,30: POKE 61,0: POKE 42,31: POKE 43,0; RETURN: REM SET CASS
ETTE ROUTINE POINTERS
high memory. One way is to use
concatenation:
20 AS(I) = AS() + “”
These two fixes should clear
up all the problems in the pro-
gram.
Lining things up, point by point
Since most BASICs justify
(i.e., line up) the left-most
column, a display of multi-digit,
decimal-pointed numbers can be
awkward to read and somewhat
unattractive.
A solution to this problem
would be to use a tabulation
routine that ‘‘justifies (or lines
up) on the decimal point.’’ Such
a routine would position the
numbers in a column so that the
decimal points are vertically
aligned. The short program
listed below does exactly that.
Statements 10 through 50
are merely a demonstration rou-
tine that yields the sample run
shown at the end of the listing.
Statements 2000 through 2140
contain the routine that actually
does the work. In effect, the
routine aligns the numbers by
right-justifying to the digit left
of the decimal point, then tacks
on the decimal point and the
remaining digits to the right of
the decimal point.
10 F=-10: B=9: Deg
15 ASF
20 GOSUB 2000: PRINT “. "iD
30 IF A>3000 THEN 1000
40 F=108F: D=D+A
SO GOTO 15
1000 END
2000 REM RIGHT-JUSTIFICATION ROUTINE
FOR APPLE BASIC
2010 REM INPUT IS ASSUMED TO BE IN
VARIABLE "A"
2020 REM THE RIGHTMOST CHARACTER WILL
APPEAR IN COLUMN CONTAINED IN
VARIABLE “B"
2100 AS=" ") IF ACO THEN AS="—") REM
GET SIGN OF NUMBER
2110 A= ABS (A): REM CONVERT A TO POS
2120 C=(A>10)+(A>100)+(A>1000 )+(A>10000)
REM DETERMINE HOW FAR TO
LEFT-SHIFT PRINTOUT
2130 TAB (B-C-1): PRINT AS Ai
REM RIGHT-JUSTIFY PRINTOUT
2140 RETURN
RUN
-10.9
-100.19
1000. 119
-10000..1119
Being precise in INTEGER
The use of INTEGER BASIC
limits you to the range of num-
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@oppic computer inc.
bers between —32767 and
+32767. Such a limitation is, at
its best, frustrating, and, at its
worst, infuriating. Consider, for
example, the businessman who
daily deals with foreign curren-
cies, for which the basic mone-
tary unit may be very, very
small. What’s a fella’ to do?
Well, what he has to do is to
go to multiple-precision arith-
metic by means of a routine such
as we present here. While this
example is for addition only, it
is readily adaptable to subtrac-
tion, multiplication, and division
by changes in statements 3000
through 3080. The program does
its job on large numbers in the
same way as we do it by long-
hand arithmetic; that is, it
operates on one digit at a time,
then carries to the next, and so
on.
This particular listing is long
and slow, because we wanted to
make it clear and easy to read so
that you could see what’s hap-
pening. You may modify it to
run much faster.
Incidentally, you can get a
better understanding of the pro-
gram’s operation by relating
certain of its statements to the
ASCII conversion table that is
in this issue’s OUT OF THE
MIST section. Statements 2500
through 2520, for example,
result in the keyboard being read
directly. 2540 refers to CHAR =
3070 WexT 1
30e0 RETURN
2980 IF C(1)€20 THEN 4100 T#I+1 GOTO 4090 REM IGNORE LEADING ZEROS
Tey “FOR Jol To 91. PRINT "=o", NEXT vs PRINT
NEXT J
5100 PRINT. TAB
311s BRIN PRINT
3120 PRINT PRINT "sees:
Inrur & va7asezai0
S110 TAB [68 FOR Jel TO90 PRINT CV),
sa760e2010
=0P
mF DPTRCaI THEN 2570 PRINT “INPUT TOO LONG--START OVER” POP POP
10 CHANSO. GOTO 2530 REM WAIT FOR NEXT MEYSTROKE
e
50 Cli vSTERP CARVINGCARVOUT. REM FINISHED ADUUSTING CARRY FIGURES
<9 THEN 4od0 Ia1*1. GOTO 4090, REM, 1ONORE LEADING ZEROS
1#8 POR Ust T0.20. PRINT ACW)
r
$20 TF’ 9.1)<30 THEN 4070 In1+1_ GOTO 4060. REM LONORE LEADING ZEROS
S070 print! “Tap is8 “FOR Jet To 30. PRINT Btu), 'NEX
PRINT
141; reference to the table tells
you that decimal 141 is actually
the Carriage Return. Similarly,
2545 excludes all characters
except for the digits 0 through
9 (176 through 185). Again,
statement 2550 converts the
ASCII characters to the numbers
themselves (i.e., if CHAR = 181,
then 181 - 176 = 5).
The final Disk Operating
System manual is in the works,
and it’s going to contain a lot of
information. But like all good
things, it will take some time.
Meanwhile, we have produced
some examples that show how to
handle the most asked-about
situations.
DATA FORMAT
The first thing to understand
about the disk is its information
format. Data can be written as
fixed-length records or random-
length records. All data is written
in ASCIL. Fixed-length records
are written when you OPEN the
file with an “L” parameter.
OPEN DAN, L40 will create a
file named DAN, whose records
are all 40 bytes long. If you only
put 20 bytes of information into
each, you will waste 20 bytes per
record of disk space.
Random-length records are
actually one byte each, but are
grouped together into blocks
(logical records) which can be up
to 32K bytes long. Each logical
record ends with a carriage
return. Note that this means the
number “1” will require 2 bytes
(number followed by a
RETURN), and the number 10
will require 3 bytes. If you forget
this and later replace ‘‘1”’ with
“10”, you will destroy part of
the following record (poor pro-
gramming practice).
USING RANDOM-LENGTH
RECORDS
Example number one illus-
trates the writing of random-
7
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@eppic computer inc.
length records. We simply open
the file, then start printing. Each
PRINT statement creates one
logical record, ending with a car-
riage return. Thus, to put items
into separate records, we must
print them with separate PRINT
statements. Each record is just
long enough to hold the data you
put in it.
Now run this program, using
strings of less than 20 characters.
It produces files called FILE and
FILE.PTR, which are used in the
following examples.
Example two reads the files
created by example one. It first
reads FILE.PTR, which tells it
how long the data file will be.
Then (in lines 90-100) it reads in
that many records from FILE.
This is a sequential read, where
each INPUT statement brings in
the next record.
Lines 210-220 are random
access reads (this has nothing to
to with random record length),
where we read a particular record
from the middle of the file. To
do random reads, we specify the
5 REM THIS PROGRAM SHOWS HOW TO
WRITE RANDOM-LENGTH RECORDS
10 HOME : DIM A$(20), B$(20),
A(20):N = 1
20 LET D$ = "": REM CTRL D
3O PRINT “ENTER ‘END’ TO QUIT”
PRINT “ENTER STRING #"; Ni
INPUT AS(N): IF
A$(N) = "END" THEN 60
40 PRINT “ENTER ANOTHER STRING":
INPUT B$(N): PRINT “ENTER A
NUMBER "i: INPUT A(N)
50 PRINT :N = N+ 1. GOTO 30
40 PRINT D$"OPEN FILE”
70 PRINT D$"WRITE FILE"
go FOR X =1TON-1
90 PRINT A$(X): PRINT BS(X)
PRINT A(X): NEXT
100 PRINT D$"CLOSE FILE"
110 PRINT D$"OPEN FILE. PTR"
120 PRINT D$"WRITE FILE. PTR"
130 PRINT N- 1
140 PRINT D$"CLOSE FILE. PTR"
150 END
5 REM THIS PROGRAM SHOWS HOW TO
READ BACK RANDOM-LENGTH RECORDS
10 LET D$ = "": REM CTRL D
20 HOME : DIM C$(20), D$(20),C(20)
30 PRINT D$"OPEN FILE. PTR"
40 PRINT D$"READ FILE. PTR"
50 INPUT PTR
60 PRINT D$"CLOSE FILE. PTR"
70 PRINT D$"OPEN FILE"
80 PRINT D$"READ FILE"
90 FOR X = 1 TO PTR
100 INPUT C$(X): INPUT D8(X)
INPUT C(X): NEXT
210 PRINT D$"READ FILE, R3"
220 INPUT C$(1),D$(1),C(1)
230 PRINT D$"CLOSE"
235 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT
240 PRINT C$(1),D$(1),C(1)
1000 END
a
IRUN RNDREADER
OPEN FILE. PTR
READ FILE. PTR
23
CLOSE FILE. PTR
OPEN FILE
READ FILE
?THIS IS
2AN EXAMPLE
4
20F RANDOM
?RECORD
22
2USAGE
23
READ FILE, R3
2s IS
2?AN EXAMPLE
274
CLOSE
S IS AN EXAMPLE 1
desired record, minus 1. Note
however that the computer
doesn’t know how long each
logical record is. (They’re ran-
dom length, remember?)
Therefore, it uses the
physical record size, which is one
byte long. (All records are
physically one byte long, unless
specified otherwise in an OPEN
statement.) This means that if
we say “READ FILE, R3,” the
next INPUT statement will start
reading at the fourth character
of the file. Try it and see.
USING FIXED-LENGTH
RECORDS
Fixed-length records are all
of the same size and format.
They offer the advantage of ease
of use, since they always present
information the same way. On
the other hand, they are inflexi-
ble. You must know when you
start a file how big the largest
record will be. Then, any smaller
records will waste disk space
(since all records are as long as
the longest one). Example three
shows the use of fixed-length
records in both sequential and
random access. Note that when
writing into such a file (lines
120-150), we must specify each
record number in a WRITE
statement. Once the file is
10 REM THIS PROGRAM PROVIDES AN
EXAMPLE OF RANDOM RECORD ACCESS
40
60 REM INITIALIZATION
70° DIM A$(40)-D$ = CHRS (4)
80 PRINT DS; "NOMON C"
90 REM CREATE FILE OF FIXED
LENGTH. 30-BYTE RECORDS, EACH
CONTAINING SIMILAR
100 REM ASCII STRINGS
110 : PRINT D$; "OPEN TEST2,L30"
120. FOR I =0 TO 5
190 <> PRINT D$; "WRITE TEST2,R"
140 :: PRINT "NAME ADDRESS "iI
150 © NEXT I
160 REM NOW CHANGE ONE RECORD
170 > PRINT D$; “WRITE TEST2,R3"
180 _ PRINT "APPLE DOS VER 3.1"
200 REM NOW READ THE FILE,
LOOKING FOR THE CHANGE
PRINT SOMETHING WHEN IT
210 REM IS FOUND
220. FOR J = 0 TO 5
230 ©. PRINT D$; "READ TEST2,R";J
240 INPUT AS
250 IF LEFT$ (A$,5) = "APPLE"
THEN PRINT "THIS RECORD WAS
CHANGED"
260 - NEXT J
270 REM NOW CLOSE THE FILE, SO
YOU WONT GET AN ‘OUT OF DATA’
ERROR WHEN
THE
280 REM PROGRAM TERMINATES
290 : PRINT D$; "CLOSE"
300 END
RUN
NOMON
NAME ADDRESS.
NAME ADDRESS
NAME ADDRESS.
NAME ADDRESS:
NAME ADDRESS:
NAME ADDRESS:
APPLE DOS VER 3.1
2NAME ADDRESS O
2NAME ADDRESS 1
?NAME ADDRESS 2
2APPLE DOS VER 3.1
THIS RECORD WAS CHANGED
7NAME ADDRESS 4
2NAME ADDRESS 5
wrONnHo
.
*
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@oppic computer inc.
written, we can replace a random
record with another that con-
tains more characters (lines 160-
180), so long as the new data
does not exceed our 30-byte
record length.
After a change is made, we
can scan the whole file (lines
200-260) to find the change,
read it, and do something about
it.
EXECUTE FILES
The last example concerns
itself with EXEC files. Unlike
other files that contain pro-
grams or data, EXEC files con-
tain commands, just exactly as
they would by typed on the key-
board by a computer operator.
Thus, commands in this file are
not preceeded by a CTRL/D,
since that’s not what you would
type on the keyboard. An EXEC
file is created by a program made
up for the purpose. It simply
opens a file, and then PRINTs
each command into it, just as
you would have typed i
Example 4 shows a typical
EXEC-builder program, which
creates a file called COM-
MANDS. While most operations
are straightforward, putting
quotes into the file (for string
printing, etc.) is tricky. Lines
70-90 show how to do it.
After this program has run,
you will have an EXEC file on
your disk. If you then say EXEC
COMMANDS, it will take control
of the system, do the specified
operations, and return command
to the keyboard when finished.
10 REM THIS PROGRAM SHOWS HOW
TO BUILD AN EXEC FILE
20 LET D$ = CHR$ (4): REM CTRL
D
30 PRINT D$; "OPEN COMMANDS)
40 PRINT D$i "WRITE COMMANDS"
50 PRINT "FP
60 PRINT "FOR I=0 TO 10: PRINT I
NEXT I"
70 PRINT "RUN RNDREADER"
@0 LET Z$ = "THIS IS THE END OF
THE EXEC FILE."
90 LET @$ = CHR$ (34): REM HOW
TQ INSERT QUOTES
100 PRINT "PRINT"; Q$; Z$; GS
110 PRINT D$; "CLOSE"
120 END
Example 5 illustrates the use
of the APPEND command. This
command will open a file
without “rewinding” it back to
the beginning. Thus it allows you
to build onto an existing file.
The first item added to a file
after it is appended will appear
immediately following the last
item of old data in the file. Try
the following example to see
how it works.
JLIST
1CO REM APPEND FILE
110 HOME :D$ = "": REM CTRL D
120 INPUT "ENTER A STRING: “i AS
130 IF A$ = “" THEN 200
140 PRINT D$"APPEND TEST"
150 PRINT D$"WRITE TEST"
160 PRINT A$: PRINT D$"CLOSE”
170 COTO 120
180
190
200 REM GET IT BACK OUT
210 ONERR GOTO 250
220 PRINT D$"OPEN TEST"
230 PRINT D$"READ TEST"
240 INPUT A$: GOTO 240
250 POKE 216,0: REM RESET FLAG
260 PRINT D$"CLOSE"
270 :
280 :
300 REM THIS PROGRAM DEMON-
310 REM STRATES THE USE OF
320 REM THE ‘APPEND’ COMMAND
330
320 REM IT WILL CONTINUE TO
350 REM APPEND THE ‘TEST’
350 REM FILE UNTIL A NULL
370 REM STRING IS ENTERED.
330 :
390 REM AT THAT POINT IT WILL
400 REM READ THE RECORDS BACK
410 REM FROM THE FILE.
1
a
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@eppic computer inc.
Z
OUTSIDE
THE
ORCHARD
NEW PRODUCTS
... of interest to
Apple users
This column is written as a
service to Apple customers, and
contains information on
products that we feel to be of
interest to the user community.
Apple Computer Company does
not in any way recommend these
products, or warrant their suita-
bility for use with the APPLE II
computer.
NEW MODULATORS MEAN
NO MORE WAVY LINES
Some APPLE II users have
noticed wavy lines or color
patches on their TV screens
caused by radiation from air-
planes, motors, or the computer
itself. A UHF modulators seem
to solve these problems neatly.
One new device, called the
Sup-R-Mod II, is available at
$29.95, from
M&R ENTERPRISES
P.O. Box 1011
Sunnyvale, CA 94088
The new modulator comes
completely assembled, ready to
plug into the APPLE II.
Another modulator unit, this
one from ATV Research, is avail-
able to transform APPLE II’s
video output to a video-modu-
lated UHF signal. For B/W or
color, the unit—called the Micro-
Verter model MVX-500—outputs
a signal tunable to one of four
channels above television channel
14. It does not require direct
connection to your television
receiver’s antenna terminals, and
it is powered by four AA cells,
which the manufacturer claims
will last in excess of 1000 hours.
Suggested price: $35, from
dealers or factory direct. ATV
Research, 13th and Broadway,
Dakota City, NE 68731; (402)
987-3771.
HARDO-COPY GRAPHICS
TERMINAL
The Panographic-84 is a pre-
cision x-y plotter with 100-step
resolution in both directions; it
is driven by zero-drift, adjust-
ment-free stepping motors.
Plotter programs can be written
in BASIC or machine-language.
Interface to APPLE is via our
Parallel Printer card. Soon to be
available is a chart reader that
will allow you to use the plotter
as an input device. The
assembled plotter, with com-
puter-operated pen lifter and
molded cover, sells for $1400
(delivery 60 days ARO); as a kit,
without lifter and cover ($995
(90-days delivery)); the pen lifter
kit is $85; the cover, also $85.
Pan Dynamics, Inc., 2950
Nebraska Ave., Santa Monica,
CA 90404; (213) 829-2332.
TAPE RECORDER CONTROL
ROR and Candex Pacific
have announced a relay activator
to start and stop audio tape
recorders via the REMOTE jack.
The activator plugs into the
GAME I/O connector on the
Apple II, and is controlled with
PEEK and POKE commands.
Its connector allows the game
controls to plug into it so that
both devices can be used simul-
taneously.
Retail price is $24.95, and
quantity discounts are available.
Delivery is 30 days ARO. Tech-
nical questions should be
addressed to Candex Pacific, 693
Veterans Blvd., Redwood City,
CA 94063.
JOYSTICK UNIT
According to its manufac-
turer, this new full-range joystick
has been designed to plug direct-
ly into APPLE’s game I/O con-
nector. With each joystick are
two switches and two trimpots
for adjusting to any APPLE II
and any application. Compietely
assembled, the single joystick
sells for $39.95; a double joy-
stick is available at $79.95.
Quantity discounts are available,
and delivery is 30 days ARO.
Microproducts Company, 1128
19th St., Santa Monica, CA
90403. (213) 393-8371.
Protect your investment
from dust, coffee spills, and idle
fingers with a heavy duty beige
vinyl cover, custom fitted to
your Apple I] Computer. For
only $6.95 (includes shipping)
you can help to insure a long and
useful life for your investment.
TO ORDER send check or
money order to
Henwood Enterprises, Inc.
1833 E. Crabtree Dr.
Arlington Heights, Ill. 60004
OR call TOLL FREE 800-323-
7360 and use your Master
Charge, VISA, or American
Express credit card.
ANALOG INPUT CARD
The AI-02 is a single-card,
16-channel, analog data acquisi
tion system for APPLE II. Each
channel is individually addressa-
ble through software. The analog-
to-digital conversion takes
70ys (8-bit resolution), after
which an interrupt or a comple-
tion flag is activated and the
converted value can be acquired
by APPLE. Contact the manu-
facturer for more information on
the AI-02, as well as for informa-
tion on other of the firm’s prod-
ucts for APPLE, such as a video
input interface, and inventory
and remote data entry software
packages. Interactive Structures
20
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@orpic computer inc.
Inc., Suite 204, Science Center,
3401 Market St., Philadelphia,
PA 19104. (215) 382-8296.
INTERFACE BOARD
A newly announced peri-
pheral interface board contains
two 2716 PROMs, 20-mA and
RS232 interfaces, a real-time
clock, and a parallel output port.
The board also has two 16-pin
DIP sockets, which may be used
to connect the board to an
external source. Contact the
manufacturer for pricing
information on the complete
board. A bare board—without
components, but with assembly
instructions, diagrams, and pro-
grams—is available for $29.
Delivery, 3-4 weeks ARO.
Peripheral Interface, 173-1128
McKercher Dr., Saskatoon,
Sask. Canada S7H 4Y7.
THE GANG OUTSIDE THE
ORCHARD
Here is a list of over 50 com-
panies or groups that market soft-
ware, hardware, or newsletters
for APPLE II owners.
ARIZONA
1. PROGRAMMERS SOFT-
WARE EXCHANGE
2110 North 2nd St.
Cabot
AR.
72023
CALIFORNIA
2. AJA SOFTWARE
P.O. Box 2528
Orange
CA.
(714) 774-1270
3. APPLE CORE
Scott Kamins
P.O. Box 4816
San Francisco
CA.
94101
4. ASTRO GRAPHICS
SOFTWARE
140 Willow Ave. #2
Fairfax
CA.
94930
5.
CANDEX PACIFIC
693 Veterans Blvd.
Redwood City
CA.
94063
(415) 364-8427
. CHARLES MANN &
ASSOCIATES
1926 South Veteran Ave.
Los Angeles
CA.
90025
(213) 473-0244
. COMPUTER
COMPONENTS INC.
6791 Westminster Ave.
Westminster
CA.
92683
. DAVID GORDON
David Gordon
16956 Tupper St.
Sepulveda
CA.
91343
- ED AVELAR
Ed Avelar
2850 Jennifer Dr.
Castro Valley
CA.
94546
(415) 538-1235 (9-5)
. G2 PROGRAM LIBRARY -
GRT CORP.
1286 North Lawrence
Station Rd.
Sunnyvale
CA.
94086
. GEORGE W. LEE
George W. Lee
18803 S. Christina Ave.
Cerritos
CA.
90701
(213) 865-1639
. HEURISTICS INC.
900 North San Antonio Rd.
Los Altos
CA.
. INNOVATIVE COMPUTER
PROGRAMS
20.
Ron Graff
P.O. Box 622
El Toro
CA.
92630
(714) 586-2246
. M& R ENTERPRISES
P.O. Box 1011
Sunnyvale
CA.
94088
. MICROPRODUCTS
1024 - 17th St.
Hermosa Beach
CA.
90254
(213) 374-1673
. MOUNTAIN HARDWARE
INC.
§523 Scotts Valley Dr.
Scotts Valley
CA.
95066
(408) 438-4734
. PROGRAMMA
CONSULTANTS
3400 Wilshire Blvd.
Los Angeles
CA.
90010
- QUALITY SOFTWARE
10051 Odessa Ave.
Sepulveda
CA.
91343
- RAINBOW COMPUTING
INC.
10723 White Oak Ave.
Granada Hills
CA.
91344
(213) 360-2171
SOFTAPE SOFTWARE
EXCHANGE
10756 Vanowen St.
North Hollywood
CA.
91605
(213) 985-5763
21
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@orpic computer inc.
21. STRICTLY SOFTWARE
16720 Hawthorne Blvd.
Lawndale
CA.
90260
(213) 371-7144
22. WISE OWL WORKSHOP
Clifford T. Schafer
1168 Avenida De Las Palmas
Livervore
CA.
94550
CANADA
23. SPEAKEASY SOFTWARE
LTD.
P.O. Box 1220
Kemptville - Ontario
Canada
KOG 130
(613) 258-2451
CONNECTICUT
24. PROGRAM DESIGN INC.
Carol Klitzner
11 Idar Court
Greenwich
cr.
06830
FLORIDA
25. DR. GEORGE L. HALLER
Dr. George L. Haller
1500 Galleon Dr.
Naples
FL,
33490
26. TRANS-DATA CORP.
161 Almeria Ave. - Dept.
B-118
Coral Gables
FL:
33134
(305) 576-7666
ILLINOIS
27. ELECTRIC KEYBOARD
LTD.
1920 N. Lincoln Ave.
Chicago
ILL.
60614
(312) 751-1555
28. HENWOOD ENTERPRISES
INC.
1833 E. Crabtree Dr.
Arlington Hts.
ILL.
60004
(800) 323-7360
29. WALLACE ELECTRONICS
INC.
4921 N. Sheridan Rd.
Peoria
ILL.
61614
(309) 692-2616
IOWA
30. EARL KEYSER
Earl Keyser
22 Clover Lane
Mason City
IA.
50401
LOUISIANA
31. SOUTHEASTERN
SOFTWARE
7270 Culpepper Dr.
New Orleans
LA.
70126
MARYLAND
32. COMPUTERS ETC.
9330 Georgia Ave.
Silver Spring
MD.
20910
(310) 588-3748
33. MICRO USERS -
SOFTWARE EXCHANGE
INC.
7112 Darlington Dr.
Baltimore
MD.
21234
(301) 661-8531
34. U ASKED 4 IT
Stuart Frager
P.O. Box 13331
Baltimore
MD.
21203
MASSACHUSETTS
35. ERIC ROSENFELD
Eric Rosenfeld
70 Lancaster Rd.
Arlington
MA.
02174
36. PERSONAL SOFTWARE
P.O. Box 136
Cambridge
MA.
02138
(617) 783-0694
MICHIGAN
37. SYMETEC INC.
P.O. Box 462
Farmington
MI.
48024
MINNESOTA
38. NELSON R. CAPES
Nelson R. Capes
586 Kent Lane
Shoreview
MN.
55112
MISSOURI
39. MILLIKEN COMMUNI-
CATIONS CORP.
Bodie Marx
1100 Research Blvd.
St. Louis
MO.
63132
(800) 325-4136
NEBRASKA
40. ATV RESEARCH
13th and Broadway
Dakota City
NE.
68731
(402) 987-3771
NEVADA
41. 6502 PROGRAM
EXCHANGE
2920 Moana
Reno
NV.
89509
a =
22
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@oppic computer inc.
NEW JERSEY
42. CREATIVE COMPUTING
SOFTWARE
P.O. Box 789-M
Morristown
NJ.
07960
(800) 631-8112 -in NJ.
(201) 540-0445
NEW YORK
43. EBC
P.O. Box 138
Freeville
NY.
13068
44. PRS. THE PROGRAM OF
THE MONTH CORP.
257 Central Park West
New York
NY.
10024
PENNSYLVANIA
45. ARESCO - THE RAINBOW
MAGAZINE
P.O. Box 43 - Dept.
RP-1178
Audubon
PA.
19407
46. INTERACTIVE STRUC-
TURES INC.
3401 Market St. - Suite 204
Science Center
Philadelphia
PA.
19104
(215) 381-8296
47. MICROTRONIX
P.O. Box Q- Dept. S
Philadelphia
PA.
19105
(800) 523-4550
TEXAS
48. B& G INTERFACE
P.O. Box 59364
Northhaven Station
Dallas
TX.
75229
49. DALLAS APPLE CORP.
- THE GREENHILL
SCHOOL
Bob Matzinger
P.O. Box 13446
Arlington
TX:
76013
50. S-C SOFTWARE
P.O. Box 5537
Richardson
TX.
75080
UTAH
51. BASIC BUSINESS
SOFTWARE CO.
P.O. Box 2032
Salt Lake City
UTAH
84110
VIRGINIA
52. CH GALFO
602 Orange St.
Charlotteville
VA.
22901
(804) 296-4832
53. HOME COMPUTER
CENTER INC.
2927 Virginia Beach Blvd.
Virginia Beach
VA.
23452
(804) 340-1977
WASHINGTON
54. APPLE PUGET SOUND
PROGRAM LIBRARY
EXCHANGE
Val Golding
6708 39th Ave. S.W.
Seattle
WA.
98136
(206) 937-6588 (Eves.)
(206) 623-7966 (Days)
55. DARRELL’S APPLEWARE
HOUSE
17638 - 157th Ave. S.E.
Renton
WA.
98055
56. PUGETSOUND PROGRAM
LIBRARY EXCHANGE
6708 - 39th Ave. S.W.
WA.
98136
(206) 932-6588
23
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978 @eppic computer inc.
DIRECTORY
Here is the start of what we
hope will become a comprehen-
sive list of APPLE software
available from outside sources.
If you know about a product
that should be on this list and
isn’t, please tell us about it.
These are the ones we knew
about in December, 1978.
EDUCATION
PROGRAM MEMORY MEDIA PRICE SOURCE
BASIC TUTORIAL TAPE $ 9.95 AJA SOFTWARE
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 IN PILOT TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 2 IN PILOT TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 3 IN PILOT TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 4 IN PILOT TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 5 IN PILOT TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 6 IN PILOT TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 7 IN PILOT TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 8 IN PILOT TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 9 IN PILOT TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 10 IN PILOT TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
GRADING ROUTINE 16k TAPE $ 7.95 Innovative Computer
GARDENING TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
1Q BUILDER: VOCABULARY TAPE $ 12.50 Program Design
1Q BUILDER: Number Series TAPE $ 9.50 Program Design
1Q BUILDER: Analogies TAPE $ 9.50 Program Design
INTEGER BASIC TUTORIAL TAPE $ 17.50 Puget Sound Program
LEARNING BASIC 16k TAPE $ 19.95 Innovative Computer
MORSE CODE TRAINER TAPE $ 10.00 Rainbow Computing
Matching Quiz 8k TAPE $ 6.95 Innovative Computer
Memory Aid 8k TAPE $ 6.95 Innovative Computer
Preschool IQ Builder TAPE $ 9.95 Program Design
Step-by-Step BASIC TAPE $ 29.95 Program Design
Story Builder/Word Master TAPE $ 9.50 Program Design
Study Aid 8k TAPE $ 6.95 Innovative Computer
Sell-3 Economic Simulators TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
Vocabulary Word Games (10) TAPE $ 15.00 Earl Keyser
Workshop Cassette TAPE $ 5.00 Puget Sound Program
Wordsmith, Wumpus TAPE $ 9.95 U ASKED 4 IT
24
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@opric computer inc.
FINANCIAL CALCULATIONS & DATA HANDLING
PROGRAM
Apple Disk Business Systems
Apartment Building Cost Analysis
(needs Applesoft)
Asset Record Program
Apartment Billing
Amortization Schedule
Business Inventory *
Business Inventory Package
Banking & Financial (20 programs)
Budget Plan
Billings Management
Check Verification Program
Check Book
Check Book
Check Book
Data Management Program
Expense Account Records
Executive Management Overview
Financial Tutorial
Filing System Cross-Reference
File
File Use Tutorial
File Use Tutorial
Finances
Finances
Home Improvement Records
Home Inventory Records
Home Financial Record Program
Inventory of Goods
Inventory
Invoicing Program
Income Tax-1040, A & B
Inventory
Inventory Package (Sort/POS/
Recorder)
Ledger Record System
Label Print
Label Print
Mailing List System
Mailing List Management
Professional Secretary Package
Personal Secretary Package
Professional Time Management
Program 200 Maintain Inventory
File
MEDIA
DISK
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
DISK
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
DISK
TAPE
DISK
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
DISK
TAPE
TAPE
PRICE
“
35.00
15.00
49.95
50.00
24.00
AAAS
$ 40.00
$160.00
$ 19.95
$ 5.95
$ 89.95
$ 49.95
$ 20.00
$ 28.00
$ 20.00
$ 24.98
$ 50.00
$ 49.95
$ 24.00
50.00
15.00
23.00
15.00
23.00
PAHHS
50.00
50.00
20.00
PAS
20.00
89.95
59.95
25.00
35.00
FARAH
$125.00
59.95
10.00
18.00
AAW
50.00
79.95
ne
89.95
59.95
59.95
PAS
$ 50.00
SOURCE
AJA SOFTWARE
Rainbow Computing
Charles Mann
Darrell’s Appleware
Programmer Software
Computing Components
Darrell’s Appelware
Ed Avelar
AJA Software
Charles Mann
Charles Mann
Trans-data
Trans-data
Rainbow Computing
Charles Mann
Darrell’s Appleware
Charles Mann
Speakeasy Software
Darrell’s Appleware
Trans-data
Trans-data
Trans-data
Trans-data
Darrell’s Appleware
Darrell’s Appleware
Computer Components
Earl Keyser
Charles Mann
Charles Mann
Rainbow Computing
Rainbow Computing
Darrell’s Appleware
Charles Mann
Trans-data
Trans-data
Trans-data
Charles Mann
Charles Mann
Charles Mann
Charles Mann
Darrell’s Appleware
25
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978 @orpic computer inc.
FINANCIAL CALCULATIONS & DATA HANDLING
PROGRAM MEMORY MEDIA PRICE SOURCE
Program 205 Sort on Part Number TAPE $ 20.00 Darrell’s Appleware
Program 210 Print Sales Slips &
Updates TAPE $ 50.00 Darrell’s Appleware
Program 220 Generates Recorders
Report TAPE $ 50.00 Darrell’s Appleware
Retail Management System $ 59.95 Charles Mann
Software Pac #3 Statistics DISK $ 30.00 Basic Business
Software Pac #4 Finance
Calculator TAPE $ 15.00 Basic Business
Soft II, Financial Pkg & Golf
Handicap TAPE $ 10.00 Dr. George L. Haller
Stock Market Anlysis TAPE $ 9.95 AJA Software
Tax Planning Program $ 89.95 Charles Mann
Tax Planning TAPE $ 7.95 Ed Avelar
Universal Database TAPE $ 60.00 Darrell’s Appleware
Vendor File TAPE $ 50.00 Darrell’s Appleware
SCIENTIFIC CALCULATION & MATHEMATICS
PROGRAM MEMORY MEDIA PRICE SOURCE
METRIC Conversion TAPE $ 20.00 Trans-data
METRIC Conversion DISK $ 28.00 Trans-data
Math Practice TAPE $ 5.00 Programmer Software
Number Converter Bases TAPE $ 5.00 Astro Graphics
Number Cruncher $ 9.95 Micro Users
Super Math TAPE $ 18.00 Trans-data
Super Math DISK $ 25.00 Trans-data
Super Math 16k TAPE $ 7.95 Innovative Computer
Talking Calculator TAPE $ 12.95 Softape Software
LANGUAGES
PROGRAM MEMORY MEDIA PRICE SOURCE
Apple FORTH TAPE $ 37.00 Programma Consultants
Co-resident Assembler Microproducts
FOCAL TAPE $ 25.00 The 6502 Program Exc
MICRO PRODUCTS Apple
Assembler TAPE $ 20.00 Rainbow Computing
PILOT Interpreter TAPE $ 20.00 Earl Keyser
6k Assembler/Text Editor TAPE $ 29.95 ARESCO
ae _
26
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978 @oppic computer inc.
ENTERTAINMENT
PROGRAM MEMORY MEDIA PRICE SOURCE
Appletalker TAPE $ 15.95 Softape Software
Appledian—Irish Jig TAPE $ 10.00 Rainbow Computing
Applevision—HIRES GRAPHIC/
MUSIC DEMO TAPE $ 15.00 Rainbow Computing
Astrology (Emphemer is needed) TAPE $ 10.00 ASTRO Graphics
Artillery Duel TAPE $ 10.00 Programmer Software
APPLEODIAN--5 OCTAVES
& 12 VOICES TAPE $ 2.00 *SOFTAPE SOFTWARE
AWARI, TOWER OF HANOI,
HEXPAWN TAPE $ 2.00 *SOFTAPE SOFTWARE
Bridge Challenger 16k TAPE $ 14.95 Personal Software
Bowling TAPE $ 5.95 AJA Software
Bingo TAPE $ 5.95 AJA Software
Blackjack TAPE $ 10.00 Rainbow Computing
Blackjack TAPE $ 2.00 *Softape Software
Bob Bishop’s Hires Starwars TAPE $ 15.00 COMPUTER COMPONENTS
Bob Bishop’s Hires Rocket
Lander TAPE $ 15.00 COMPUTER COMPONENTS
Bob Bishop’s Hires Saucer
Invasion TAPE $ 15.00 COMPUTER COMPONENTS
Bingo for a Printer TAPE $ 10.00 Darrell’s Appleware
Beat the House TAPE $ 14.95 G2 Program Library
Biorhythm TAPE $ 10.00 Programmer Software
Bomber TAPE $ 9.95 Softape Software
Battleship/3D Tic-Tac-Toe TAPE $ 12.00 U-ASKED 4 IT
Blackjack TAPE $ 10.00 George W. Lee
Bull & Bears TAPE $ 12.00 Softape Software
Battleship TAPE $ 7.50 Earl Keyser
Color Graphics Game TAPE $ 20.00 Programmer Software
Casino Royale TAPE $ 12.00 U ASKED 4 IT
Code Breaker, Secret Writing TAPE $ 11.95 U ASKED 4 IT
Christmas Carol 8k $ 12.95 Micro Users.
Car Race Hires Graphics TAPE $ 7.50 Darrell’s Appleware
Clinic TAPE $ 14.95 G2 Program Library
Devils Dungeon TAPE $ 10.00 Rainbow Computing
Dollars & Sense TAPE $ 14.95 G2 Program Library
Dr. Apple—ELIZA TAPE $ 5.00 Earl Keyser
Drawing 8k TAPE $ 6.95 Innovative Computer
DOJOWO TAPE $ 10.00 Programmer Software
Desert/Arctic Survival TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
Don’t Fall 8k TAPE $ 6.95 Innovative Computer
Dragon Maze, Digital Derby,
Saucer War TAPE $ 2.00 *Softape Software
Electric Crayon 8k $ 17.95 Micro Users
Escape 16k $ 12.95 Micro Users
Fast Gammon TAPE $ 20.00 Quality Software
Foreign Legion Commando TAPE $ 9.95 U ASKED 4 IT
Funonyms TAPE $ 12.00 Speakeasy Software
Fly-Reaction Game TAPE $ 5.00 Earl Keyser
*Membership required to obtain these programs
5 a SR SEE EE STS
27
‘4
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978 @oppic computer inc.
ENTERTAINMENT
PROGRAM MEMORY MEDIA PRICE SOURCE
Graphics Package TAPE $ 3.00 ASTRO Graphics
Hangman/Concentration TAPE $ 12.00 U ASKED 4 IT
Horse Race DISK $ 25.00 Trans Data
Hires Life TAPE $ 10.00 Rainbow Computing
Hires Paddle Drawing Routine TAPE $ 20.00 Computer Components
Ham Radio (Send/Receive) TAPE $ 18.00 CH Galfo
Hot Air Balloon TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
Hyper-Life, & Graphic Demo TAPE $ 2.00 Softape Software
King TAPE $ 10.00 Programer Software
Keyboard Organ TAPE $ 18.00 Trans-Data
Keyboard Organ DISK $ 25.00 Trans-Data
Keyboard Organ 4k TAPE $ 6.95 Innovative Computer
Life TAPE $ 5.00 Earl Keyser
Life TAPE $ 6.50 ASTRO Graphics
Life (high speed, variable size) TAPE $ 12.00 CH Galfo
Maze Game 16k TAPE $ 12.95 Muse
Music Kaleidoscope TAPE 5 9:95 Softape Software
Microchess 2.0 16k TAPE $ 19.95 Personal Software
Microchess 2.0 TAPE $ 15.00 Rainbow Computing
Modeler TAPE $ 10.00 Programmer Software
Music Box 8k TAPE $ 12.95 Micro Users
Music (3 Octaves) TAPE $ 20.00 Computer Components
Microtriva TAPE $ 12.00 Softape Software
Othello Game TAPE $ 10.00 Computer Components
Oregon Trail TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
Othello, Mastermind, Seven
(card game) TAPE $ 2.000 *Softape Software
Pinball TAPE $ 10.00 Earl Keyser
Quiz Baseball 16k TAPE $ 7.95 Innovative Computer
Robots Game TAPE $ 7.50 ASTRO Graphics
Rocket Pilot, Saucer Invasion TAPE $ 12.95 Softape Software
Road Race, Space War TAPE $ 9.95 Softape Software
Save-a-Sketch 8k TAPE $ 6.95 Innovative Computer
Save-a-Story 8k TAPE $ 7.95 Innovative Computer
Star Wars, Space Maze TAPE $ 12.95 Softape Software
SIDE Shows 4k TAPE $ 12.95 Muse
Star Trek/Star Wars TAPE $ 10.00 Rainbow Computing
Stimulating Simulations—
Applesoft IL TAPE $ 14.95 Personal Software
Tank War 16k TAPE $ 12.95 Micro Users
Trap & Chase (with special
hardware) TAPE $ 49.95 B & G Interfaces
Tic-Tac-Talker, Spectrum
Analysis TAPE $ 19.95 Softape Software
*Membership required to obtain these programs
28
contact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978 @orpic computer inc.
ENTERTAINMENT
PROGRAM
U-Draw
UFO, Clean Sweep, Star Wars,
Lunar Lander
Warlords
10-4 Good Buddy
21
UTILITY & MISCELLANEOUS
PROGRAM
Apple-Lis’ner
Apple Box Mini-Modem
Automatic Disk-to-Tape
Back-up Copy
Best of Bishop
Common BASIC Programs
(Applesoft)
Circuit Logic Development Aid
(255 gates)
Common BASIC Programs
Demos & Newsletter
Diet Planning
Drug Store’s Patient/Drug File
Daily Calendar
Demo Cassette with Speechlab
Model 20A
Data Save to Cassette
Disk-Compatible Author-Title
Index Program
HIRES Drawing Program
HIRES Graphics for F.P. Basic
Introl Super-Voice Control/
graphics response
Instant Library
Instant Library
Library Pak 1
Library Pak 2
Library Pak 3
Library Pak 4
Menu
Memory Verify
Memory Aide
Memory Aide
MEMORY
16k
MEMORY
24k
MEDIA
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
MEDIA
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
DISK
DISK
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
DISK
DISK
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
TAPE
DISK
PRICE SOURCE
$ 17.95 Micro-Users
$ 2.00 *Softape Software
$ 12.00 Softape Software
$ 10.00 Earl Keyser
$ 9.95 Softape Software
PRICE SOURCE
$ 19.95 Softape Software
$ 18.50 Puget Sound Program Lib
$ 5.00 George W. Lee
$ 39.95 Softape Software
$ 22.00 Basic Business
10.00 Rainbow Computing
50.00 Programmer Software
ne
6.45 Southeastern Software
RAS Ed Avelar
50.00 Darrell’s Appleware
50.00 Darrell’s Appleware
ARAK
$189.00 Heuristics, Inc.
$ 20.00 Computer Components
w
10.00 George W. Lee
12.00 ASTRO Graphics
30.00 Computer Components
nan
Mountain Hardware
39.95 Softape Software
39.95 Softape Software
ae
5.00 Puget Sound Program Lib
5.00 Puget Sound Program Lib
5.00 Puget Sound Program Lib
5.00 Puget Sound Program Lib
AAAS
10.00 Earl Keyser
5.00 Rainbow Computing
18.00 Trans-Data
25.00 Trans-Data
*Membership required to obtain these programs
AABH
29
4
conzact 78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978 @eppic computer inc.
UTILITY & MISCELLANEOUS
PROGRAM MEMORY MEDIA PRICE SOURCE
No-RES Introl Demo-Voice
Control of 6 Devices TAPE/DISK Mountain Hardware
Rainbow’s Pot-of-Gold (49
BASIC Programs) TAPE $ 49.00 Rainbow Computing
Programmed Exercise Program $ 19.95 Charles Mann
Super-Talker-Voice Control/
Response TAPE/DISK Mountain Hardware
Slow Scan TV Receiver (no
hardware required) TAPE $ 18.00 CH Galfo
Text Pak #1 (including
typesetting) TAPE $ 4.95 Ed Avelar
Trade Pak (6 for 6) TAPE Trade Ed Avelar
Things To Do $ 24.95 Charles Mann
Utility Sort TAPE $ 20.00 Darrell’s Appleware
Utility Pak #1 TAPE $ 5.95 Ed Avelar
Variable Message 8k TAPE $ 6.95 Innovative Computer
Word Processor 20k TAPE $ 50.00 Computer Components
Word Processor—Apple Editor TAPE $ 50.00 Darrell’s Appleware
3-D Plot, Etch-a-Sketch,
Star Burst TAPE $ 2.00 *Softape Software
APPLE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Courtesy of: MICRO
MICRO IS PUBLISHED
MONTHLY BY:
The COMPUTERIST, Inc
P.O. Box 3
Chelmsford, MA. 08124
$12.00 for 12 issues
Compiled by: William R. Dial
MOS Technology, Inc., 950 Rit-
tenhouse Rd., Norristown, PA
19401 ‘6502 Programming
Manual”
MOS Technology, Inc., 950 Rit-
tenhouse Rd., Norristown, PA
19401 “6502 Hardware Manual”
Rankin, Roy and Wozniak, Steve,
“Floating Point Routines for the
6502” Dr. Dobbs Journal 1,
No. 7, pp. 17-19 (August 1976)
Baum, Allen and Wozniak, Ste-
phen, ‘‘A 6502 Dissembler”
*Membership required to obtain these programs
Interface Age 1, No. 10, pp. 14-
23 (September 1976)
Rankin, Roy and Wozniak, Ste-
phen, “Floating Point Routines
for 6502” Interface Age 1, No.
12, pp. 103-111 (November
1976) See also DDJ 1, No. 7,
pp. 17-19 (August 1976)
Apple Computer Inc., 20863
Stevens Creek Blvd., Cupertino,
CA 95014, Byte 2, No. 11, p 252
(Nov, 1977)
Ferruzzi, Arthur, “Inside the
Apple II’, MICRO, No. 1, pp 9-
10 (Oct-Nov 1977)
Schwartz, Marc, “Ludwig von
Apple II’, MICRO, No. 2, p 19
(Dec 77-Jan 78).
Wozniak, Stephen, “Sweet 16:
The 6502 Dream Machine”,
Byte 2, No. 11, pp 150-159
(Nov. 1977)
Feagans, John, ‘‘A Slightly Sour
SWEET 16”, Byte 3, No. 2, p 93
(Feb. 1978). Correction of a
slight bug in the Wozniak article
in Byte, Nov. 1977.
Electronics Warehouse Inc.,
1603 Aviation Blvd., Redondo
Beach, CA 90278, New Product
Announcement.
Scogin, Tom, “AppleSOFT
Benchmarks: Fast!”’, Kilobaud,
No. 15, p 12 (Mar 78)
Carpenter, C.R., “Machine Lan-
guage used in ‘Ludwig von Apple
I’, MICRO, No. 3, p 8 (Feb -
Mar. 1978)
Notes on an assembled ver-
sion of the machine language
used by Schwartz, MICRO,
No. 2, p 19 in his music
program.
Carpenter, C.R., “Printing with
the Apple II”, MICRO, No. 3,
pp 13-16, (Feb-Mar, 1978)
30
w
contact ‘78 /the best of the user group newsletters for 1978
@erpic computer inc.
Holt, Rod, “The Apple II Power
Supply Revisited”, MICRO, No.
3, p 28 (Feb-Mar. 1978)
Bishop, Robert J. “Star Wars”
Kilobaud No. 14 pp 52-56 (Feb.
1978)
Helmers, Carl “An Apple to
Byte”, BYTE 3, No. 3, p. 18-46
(Mar. 1978)
Anon., “Byte’s Bits”, BYTE 3,
No. 4, p 166 (April 1978)
Bishop, Robert J. “Rocket
Pilot’, Kilobaud No. 13, pg 90
(Jan. 1978)
Peoples Computers 6, No. 6
(May/June 1978)
Cole, Phyllis “Apple IT’’.
MICRO, Issue 4 (April/May
1978)
Carpenter, C.R. “Variables
Chart”.
Carpenter, C.R. “Apple II
Printing Update”.
Rowe, Mike “A Worm in
the Apple’’.
Auricchio, Rick “An Apple
II Programmer’s Guide”’.
Creative Computing 4, No. 4
(July/August 1978).
North, Steve “Apple II
Computer”.
Dawkins, Gary D. “High-
Resolution Graphics for the
Apple II’.
MICRO, Issue 5 (June/July 1978)
Rowe, Mike “Half a Worm in
the Apple”. See also EDN
May 20, 1978.
Suitor, Richard F. ““Applayer
Music Interpreter”.
Carpenter, Chuck “‘Apple II
Accessories and Software”.
People’s Computers 7 No. 2
(Sept/Oct., 1978)
Gaines John “Apple Math”.
Conway, John “‘A Tape-to-
Microcomputer-Hardware Inter-
face Requires a Wealth of Micro-
techniques”. EDN 23 No. 6
pg. 101-110 (March 20, 1978).
Hemenway, Jack E. “Add
Floppies to Your Microcomputer
to Form a Real Microcomputer
System”. EDN 23 No. 12 pg 98-
107 (June 20, 1978)
Kilobaud Issue 23 (Oct., 1978)
Bishop, Robert J. “The
Remarkable Apple II’’.
MICRO, No. 7 (Oct./Nov., 1978)
Auricchio, Rick “Breaker:
An Apple II Debugging Aid”.
Watson, Allen III “MOS 16K
RAM for the Apple II.
Shryock, William H., Jr.,
“Improved Star Battle Sound
Effects”.
Schwartz, Marc, “Apple Calls
and Hex-Decimal Conver-
sion”.
Eliason, Andrew H. “Apple
II High Resolution Graphics
Memory Organization’.
Anon, “Tone Routine for Apple
II’. Southeastern Software
Newsletter Issue No. 3 pg. 6
(Oct., 1978)
Haller, George, “Storing and Re-
covering Data in Applesoft II”.
Southeastern Software News-
letter Issue No. 2 pg. 4 (Sept,
1978)
Call - APPLE 1 No. 6
Williams, Don “Key Klicker
Routine”.
Anon, “‘Routine to Find
Page Length”.
Anon, “Printer Driver Fixes”’.
Anon, “Apple II Mini-
Assembler”.
Aldrich, Darrell “Use of
Color Mask Byte in HIRES’’.
Anon, “Memory Map-Apple
II with Applesoft Basic
Loaded”.
Anon, “‘List of Handy
Calls”.
Apple Computer Staff
“System Monitor’’.
Huelsdonk, Bob “Memory
Test”.
Call - APPLE 1 No. 7 (August,
1978)
Golding, Val J. “A Disk
Utility Program’’.
Backman, J.A. “‘Poor Man’s
HEX-DECIMAL-HEX Con-
verter’.
Thyng, Mike “Basic File
Handling”.
Apple Computer Staff
“System Monitor”.
Anon “‘Applesoft Zero Page
Usage”’.
Huelsdonk, Bob “Routine to
Print Free Bytes’’.
Huelsdonk, Bob “A Patch for
Double Loops”’.
Apple Computer Staff
“Loading Machine Language
as Part of a Basic Program”.
Reprinted from Contact No.
1, May 1978.
Call - APPLE 1 No. 8 (Sept.,
1978)
Aldrich, Ron ‘“‘Convert”’.
Thyng, Mike “‘Arrays”’.
Chapman, Dan “Video Dis-
play Organization”.
Anon “Routine to Save an
Array”. (reprinted from
Apple Stems Vol. 1 No. 2
July, 1978)
Lam, S.H. ‘Monitor Com-
mands from Basic”’.
Williams, Don “Linkage
Routines for the Apple II
Integer Basic Floating Point
Package”’.
Hill, Alan G. ‘“‘Return to
TEXT from Graphics”.
Anon “Integral Data IP 125-
225 Driver’’.
Huelsdonk, Bob ‘‘Printer
Driver Fixes”.
Call - APPLE 1 No. 9 (Oct.,
1978)
Cook, John B. ‘“‘Applesoft
Tone Routines”.
Scott, Michael M. ‘‘A Brief
History of Apple”’.
Anon, ‘Some Basic Entry
Points”.
Huelsdonk, Bob ‘‘Sample
File Handler”.
Golding, Val and Williams,
Don “Apple II Integer Basic:
Interpretation of Memory”’.
Golding, Val “‘Applesoft II
Tokens”.
31
@orpic computer inc:
10260 Bandley Drive
Cupertino, California 95014
(408) 996-4010
THIRD CLASS
US. Postage Paid
Permit No.
3440
San Francisco, CA