Apple 2000 Souvenir Edition 1980 1990 1990 BASUG GB

JANUARY 1881 VISICALC hard core £1 BRITISH APPLE USER GROUP HE JOURNAL OF THE SYSTEMS VOLUME ‘1 N21 Edition 1980-1990 uvenir SO In the beginning ... There were two men and a garage ... Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs had an idea ... and the Apple computer was born The rest of the story is now history Their vision has changed the world and the world is still changing .... Apple2000 presents a celebration of ten years of service to the Apple community Souvenir Issue Apple2000 1980 - 1990 iS 1 Contents Page Introduction from our Chairman The British Apple Systems User Group Minutes of SGM 22nd September 1981 The Apple2000 Committees Our first Introductory Disk Enter Macintosh Inside Macintosh Macintosh Review John Sharp recollects What's in a Buffer User Group Round-Up John Molloy reflects The Apple Prunings Retail Price List Advertisements The Last One Motorola 68000 review Advertisement Who Invented What Endpiece Ewen Wannop John Sharp Derek Meakin Max Parrott February 1984 John Sharp Norah Arnold Windfall - July 1981 John Molloy Jane Oros Microsense - July 1981 Windfall - July 1981 Windfall - 1982 Windfall - January 1982 Windfall - 1981 Jane Oros Bryn Jones CONAUEW 10 12 13 14 16 17 21 31 32 We are indebted to MacUser for their permission to use the articles from Windfall and AppleUser reproduced on pages 8, 9, 10, 13 and 29 F Appie2000 1980 - 1990 Souvenir Issue Introduction from our Chairman It does not seem so long ago that I bought my first Apple computer. In fact it was ten years ago, it was an Apple II and it came without disk drives or monitor! I almost £1000 for a 48k Integer Basic computer. The first thing I had to do was go and buy a cassette player and a monitor in order to use it. Atabout the same timeasI was hooking up my first Apple, a group of enthusiasts met together and decided to form the British Apple Systems User Group later to become Ap- ple2000. The group has grown from strength to strength and throughout its history has encompassed all of the many Apple computers that have been launched. The strength of the group has been the continuity that this experience has given its members. Collectively we hold probably the greatest fount of Apple knowledge in the UK outside of Apple HQ. We wanted tomark the tenth birthday of the groupinsome dramatic way. Wecould not bakea cake largeenough for you all to eat or even manage to get you all together in one place at the same time. We thought long and hard and finally decided that the only way we could really let you all sharein this experience was to produce this small souvenir from the last ten years. Amongst the pages you will find reminiscences, facts, nostalgia and for those new to Apple computing incredulity when reading the old advertisements. We start ovrieaf with the first announcement of the fledg- ling APPLE/ITT2020 GROUP. It was from this small be- pinning thet the group was formed anda lar magazine, Hard Core made its first appearance. John Sharp the then Chairman introduced ate and the magazine in its first issue. The group grew so fast that in September of the next year it was suggested that it should become a limited com- pany. The company has survived till today with only a change of its trading name to Apple2000. For those of you who have been involved with the group over the years, and who will recognise the names of all those involved, we publish a full list of the committees that have served over these years. Many of these people have now moved on to other things, but some you will see have survived in the Apple: fold for most of these years. Of course in those early days we did not have four or five different disk formats to consider, and so only one introduc- tory disk was needed. But games I suppose have always been an interest to dedicated and serious computer experts! Souvenir Issue Apple2000 In 1984 the Macintosh was born. As you will see when reading the Prunings’, it had started life nearly five years before,almostassoonas the Apple II had been launched! The Lisa was the first32 bit computer to be launched from Apple. The Lisa wasnota success, and it was not till the launch of the Macintosh proper that the project really began to bear fruit. Marking that occasion we publish a facsimile of the reviews from Apple User announcing the new and exciting com- puter from Apple. Some of the original members of the group have given us their accounts of how it all began and what they have been Shing ance John Sharp is no longer active in the group, but Norah Amold is still our secretary after all these years! John Molloy is probably better know for his articles in Computer Shopper and Bryn Jones has been providing us with support and material both in the magazine and on TABBS. A great deal has happened over the ten years, not least of all the things that Apple themselves have got up to. I hope you will beas intrigued as I was with the fascinating account of Apple’s history in the pages devoted to the Apple Prunings. Amongst these pages you will find advertise- ments taken from Windfall (later to become Apple User). Imagine, a 5mb Winchester hard drive for £1450! We would expect at least 600mb for that price today. In the next ten years we can expect even bigger changes than we have seen so far. After all, when we started out all those years ago, the ie omer was printed ona daisy wheel printer with all its quirks and smudges. There was no Fax and almost no data networking. Today we produce our magazine using full desktop publishing techniques, trans- mita Fax from our home and regularly call up Compuserve in the States. What new technology will beinvented by then? Perhaps we shall all carry a pocket Apple computer with a paper white LCD screen hooked in by satellite to a global data network. We will be able to do all our data processing while sunbathing on the beach! What is sure is that the Macintosh will either be obsolete or be a very different animal indeed. I hope you will enjoy reading the articles in this special issue as muchas I have done putting the collection together. I wish you all well over the next ten years and hope you stay with Apple2000, and your Apple computer, till we meet again at our next anniversary. Ewen Wannop - Chairman Apple2000 1989-91 ine 1980 - 1990 The British Apple Systems User Group 1980 - 1990 APPLE/ITT2020 GROUP NOTICE OF INAUGURAL MEETING SUNDAY NOVEMBER 9TH AT 230 PM To bring together Apple and ITT2020 owners a user's group is to be set up with its first meeting on the afternoon of Sunday Nov 9 at 2.30 at 1 Branch Road, Park Street, St. Albans. If you are having problems programming or knowing how to use your machine, then someone else has probably had the same problems and solved them. If not then two (or more) heads are better than one. If you have solved dome sticky problems then there are others want to know how you did it. Unless you are working with an Apple 24 hours of theday you can’t know all the ins and outs of the machine or how to program everything you might want to. By pooling infor- mation, when it is necessary to find out, there is usually an expert. Most people tend to specialise when computing is their hobby, or would like to find out how to use the computer in other ways at home when it is a business machine. When you wantto move toanother activity or have aproblemitisa great help to have someone to put you on the right track. In return you can pass on your expertise. Ifyou are a beginner (and we all were once) you can learn much faster and have someone to turn to when you run into a comer, if you have a group to call on. There are many listings in magazines which it would be nice to type in if only there was the time. A group can share the effort, and there is much more chance of ironing out the bugs. Help spread the effort around. Groupsalso have much more muscle with manufacturers. Joining up with other groups helps widen the net. We intend to join the International Apple Core. We need to know what your interests are. If you want courses, or have other ideas for meetings you must let us know. Please do so by filling in the formand sending itback, before the mecting if possible. “ This is especially important if you are not able to meet that date. For more details contact: John Sharp Contributed by Norah Arnold “J Apple2000 1980 - 1990 Introduction from the Chairman - Hard Core January 1981 The Story So Far The British Apple Systems User Group was formed on 9th November 1980, when some forty Apple and ITT 2020 users met at The Old School, Branch Road, Park Street, St. Albans. ‘The name and aims of the group were discussed and decided upon, and a steering committee was elected, charged with thetask of preparing a constitution to be put before a General Meeting of the group in the spring of 1981. It was decided that meetings would be held on one Tuesday evening andl one Sunday afternoon a month, and subjects covered so far have been the Alf Music Synthesiser Card and Speech Synthesis, as well as a ‘Workshop Session’. Attendance has al- ready grown considerably, and larger premises will probably have to be found in the very near future. I have mentioned above that the Journal itself will primarily consist of original material contributed by members. This is be- cause we will be exchanging newsletters with a large number of other user groups throughout the world, and to airmail to these groups copies of our journal padded out with their own material doesn’t make sense. As a general rule, therefore, these newsletters will go into the club library with an index published in ‘HARD CORE’, and all the material of a general interest from these newsletters, as well as general interest items from the IAC’s LAPNOTES’ and other outside sources, will be published under the title ‘APFILE’, usu- ally issued as a supplement to HARD CORE’. Having said this, there will of course be occasions where material from outside sources for various reasons appears in ‘HARD CORE’ itself. Mail All mall should be addressed to the group's Post Office Box address, but to ease the problem of sorting please indicate on the envelope the subject of your letter. Patience The group has only been established a very short time, and is gowing fast. There is no paid administrative staff all the work is lone voluntarily. So if at first you have to wait a few days for a response- be it concerning membership, software library, Apnotes, or whatever- please be patient. ‘One of the declared aims of the group is to set up local groups as soon as possible. In the meantime the committee are conscious of the problems of those members living too far from North London toattend meetings, and will ensure that youaren’t treated as ‘Second Class Citizens’. If you would be willing to act as an ‘Area Coordinator’ please write in. Another of the aims of setting up the group was to act as a ‘pressure group’ on manufacturers, distributors, and dealers if necessary. Ifany member hasa problem where he feels we could be of help lease say so. Conversely, if you feel someone deserves mention for particularly good service, use the Journal as a platform. Souvenir Issue Minutes of the SGM held at the Hatfield Polytechnic, Hatfield, Herts, Sunday 22 Sept 1981 The meeting was opened at 2.45 pm with Frank Kay, BASUG Chairman, in the chair.There were 29 members present in person and 40 proxies. The Chairman explained that the meeting had been set up to enable BASUG to continue, since no subscription had been decided at the AGM. Item 1(a) on the Agenda was then discussed, namely:- “That the annual subscription for 1982 be TEN POUNDS for renewing members, and TWELVE POUNDS FIFTY PENCE for new members.” Warren Avery suggested that, since the only difference between the £10 and £12.50 for new members was to get the Introductory disk, that a fee of £10 be charged for membership, but that £5 be added as a joining fee. There was much discussion over whether there ought to be a separate joining fee. It was pointed out that the new member would get a revamped introductory disk, but that it would not be substantially changed. The member joining for 1982 would only get issues of HARDCORE for that year, but could get back issues by paying for them. As to whether the amount was right, it was pointed out that the Committee had obviously discussed the matter and deemed it to be adequate. The Committee have discre- tionary powers regarding late joining subscriptions, and this had, been set at £6 for 1981 for those joining after 1 October, but this only entitled the receipt of issues 5 & 6 of HARDCORE, with the option to pay the full £10 and receive all back copies. It was proposed and seconded to amend the motion to read:- “The annual subscription for 1982 be £10 and there shall be a one-time joining fee of £2.50.” The amendment to the motion having been carried unanimously, the amended motion was voted upon. The vote was unanimously for the motion. In declaring the motion carried, the Chairman cast 27 proxies in favour of the motion. Item 1(aii):- “That all persons submitting subscriptions postmarked later than 31 JANUARY 1982 be deemed new members.” was discussed at some length. There were some objec- tions as to its validity. Chester Kemp pointed out that the motion was unclear, all members subscriptions having lapsed on 31 December, all those joining in 1982 would be new members. The period was questioned, as was the difficulty in meeting January 31 for some people. It was pointed out that even if you paid the joining fee as well, you were only not paying £2.50 but getting a disk as well. Ona point of order lan Trackman stated that it should be at the Committee’s discretion to decide, since it would require an amendment to the constitution to define a new member. A vote was taken that the motion not be put to the meeting. There were 26 for, 2 against, with 1 abstention. The motion having been withdrawn, the views ex- pressed were that it should be referred back to the Com- Souvenir Issue Apple2000 mittee for decision. Discussion took place as to whether there should be rolling membership. No decision was made; the Commit- tee’s view in previous discussion was that this is unde- sirable. It would require an amendment to the constitu- tion. The point of membership cards was also brought up, and the Committee stated their intention to bring themin. Item 1(b) on the agenda was then discussed, namely:- “That the committee take steps to establish a company intended to be known as ‘BASUG LTD’, subject to the approval of its constituting documentation at a further General meeting. Richard Zawadzski pointed out that a limited company would have advantages such as being VAT registered, but that problems with directorships would arise. Frank Kay said that the main reason the Committee had decided to go this way was to ease the burden of admin- istration. Bruce Snyder asked about shareholders, and Ian Trackman said it could be set up with Trustees to hold the shares on behalf of members of the club. There then ensued a long discussion regarding the wording of the motion. The crux of the argument was whether the Committee should “take steps to establish” or whether they should investigate the establishment of a company and report back. Vernon Quaintance pointed out thecompany would involve heavy expense on legal docu- ments to set it up, as well as expenses such as auditors fees. There would bea need to have two AGMs, one for BASUG and one for BASUG LTD. On the other hand it would be a means of reducing the liability of the committee. The local groups could take over a great deal of the adminis- trative burden. He therefore suggested a vote against the motion. The point about local groups was answered by John Sharp; it was difficult to get them off the ground. Only the Raynes Park one was going, as a BASUG initiative. The group at Leicester was now affiliated, but had set them- selves up asa group because they had seen BASUGasaST Albans area group. The motion was amended to read:- “That the Committee take steps to investigate and pro- ducea report for approval ata further general meeting, on the establishment of a vehicle to improve the future cost effectiveness and administrative efficiency of the man- agement of the clubs affairs.” Item 2. Appointment of auditors. There was discussion as to whether they should be outside the club or not, and it was pointed out that it would cost money if external auditors were employed. The meeting gave the committee discretionary powers to appoint auditors for 1981, and as a first choice should chose from professional members within the club. An appeal should go out through Hardcore. The meeting closed at 4.30. ae 1980 - 1990 The Apple2000 Committees ... Committee 1980-81 Chairman Treasurer Members Admin Editor Committee 1981-82 Chairman Secretary Treasurer Members Admin Editor Committee 1982-83 Chairman Secretary ‘Treasurer Members Admin Editor Committee 1983-84 Chairman Secretary ‘Treasurer then Members Admin Editor then Advertising, ¥, Committee 1984-85 John Sharp Chairman Martin Perry Secretary David Bolton ‘Treasurer John Rogers Members Tony Williams John David Bolton Frank Kay John David Bolton John Rogers Tony Williams , John Rodger Admin Eddie Payne (briefly) Editor John Sharp David Bolton Committee 1985-86 Chairman then Norah Amold Secretary John Sharp Treasurer Fran Teo then David Bolton Members John TS Bob Rai Jim Panks John Wellsman John Martin John Sharp Admin David Bolton Editor Tony Williams BABBS Committee 1986-87 Bob Raikes Chairman Norah Arnold Secretary John Wellsman Treasurer r Gear-Evans Members John Rogers Jim Panks David Bolton Quentin Reidford Keith Chamberlain Alick Elithom Fran Teo Admin Tony Williams Editor Yvette Raikes Macintosh Editor Sheila Hirst BABBS Apple2000 1980 - 1990 Bob Raikes Norah Amold Roger Gear-Evans John Rogers Jim Panks Graham Attwood Richard Beck Richard Boyd Keith Chamberlain Tony Game Roger Harris Quentin Reidford Peter Trinder Ewen Wannop Fran Teo Yvette Raikes Quentin Reidford Jim Panks Norah Arnold Jim Panks Irene Flaxman Graham Attwood Richard Boyd Keith Chamberlain Ewen Wannop William Watson Tom Wright Sheila Hirst Jim Panks Tony Game Jim Panks Norah Arnold Trene Flaxman Graham Attwood Keith Chamberlain Ewen Wannop Ivan Knezovich William Watson Tom Wright Nick Hunter Sheila Hirst Jim Panks Norah Arnold Tony Game Souvenir issue Admin Editor Macintosh Editor BABBS Committee 1988-89 Chairman Secretary ‘Treasurer Members Admin Apple Editors Macintosh Editor with Committee 1989-90 Chairman Secretary Treasurer Members Admin Apple Editor Macintosh Editor with Committee 1990-91 Chairman Treasurer Members Admin Apple Editor Macintosh Editor with Souvenir Issue Jim Panks Norah Amold ; i Hi peners Our first Introductory Disk Graham Attwood Tony Game David Bolton wrote in his first letter to those who attended Keith Chamberlain the inaugural meeting: Ivan Knezovich “You will recall that at the time a membership fee of £10.00 Seth Proctor was decided upon it was agreed that this would include a Sheila Hirst disk of non-copyright and original material, and this is now Jim Panks available. An index is enclosed with this letter.” Norah Amold Tony Game 5.25 inch DOS 3.3 INTRODUCTORY DISK Mick Knapp (DECEMBER 1980) Norah Amold Irene Flaxman CATALOG Keith Rookledge Kenneth Hegarty DISK VOLUME 254 Ewen Wanno| Tom Wright *A 003 HELLO John Lee *B 022 INTEGER Alison Davies *I 016 LIFE M Knapp, E Wannop *I 050 HAUNTED CAVE Norah Amold *A 007 CHICKEN Trene Flaxman *A 005 APPLE ROSE *A, 017 ZOMBIE ISLAND *A 009 FIVE GUESSES Ewen Wannop *A 012 HIRES DEMO Norah Amold *A 019 HANGMAN Irene Flaxman *A 018 BLACKBOX Keith Rookledge *A 019 APPLE INVADER John Lee *A 009 NIGHTMARE Roy Wainwright *A 016 GRANDAPPLE CLOCK John Armold *R 021 SPACE MAZE Alison Davies *A 007 KEYNOTE E Wannop *A 017 EDIT+/DISK VERSION Norah Amold *A 011 MACHINE TO POKES ROUTINE Irene Flaxman *A 008 BINARY FILE COPIER (TO DISK/TAPE) *A 004 SHAPE DESIGNER *A 015 SHAPE DES ASSEMBLER Ewen Wannop *A 021 SHAPER Norah Armold *A 004 SHAPE-PROG Irene Flaxman *B 009 SINGLE DISK COPY John Amold *A 012 AUTOAPPLESOFT John Lee *A 021 MINI ASSEMBLER Elizabeth Littlewood *I 007 ORGAN Irene Flaxman *R 014 SEARCH/CHANGE E Wannop Norah Amold Irene Flaxman Contributed by Norah Arnold Apple2000 1980 - 1990 ina Rae ed TE Enter MACINTOSH It's Lisa technology AFTER months of intense speculation throughout the computing world Macintosh has fin arrived. It has everything all the experts were hoping Apple would Include in their new micro. But much, much more as well. It looks like a cut-down version of the revolutionary Lisa, which Itself was launched ex- actly 12 months ago. And it contains most of the features that created such a sensation when Lisa was unveiled. But It has even more refined capabilities — which is perhaps only natural as it has enjoyed an additional 12 months’ development time. Producing Liss took four years and $50 million. Develop ing Macintosh cost an extra $25 million. The result is 8 machine that stands head and shoulders sbove anything else on the market. The few people outside for everyone in a super pint-sized package By DEREK MEAKIN Apple who were permitted to try it out prior to its January 24 launch raved sbout it. And with good reason. But even more remarkable is its price. Although this had not been finally fixed before Apple User went to pr expécted around £1,500 to £1.700 — less than @ quarter of Lisa's launch price. Naturally. Apple are expec- ting massive ind 8 gearing up for volume produc- tion, The Freemont factory, where It Is being produced initially, will be turning out one Macintosh every 27 seconds. Two RS422 parts. We + 22M. ete Eee FSH H F What Mac packs... 16 bit machine based on the Motorola 68000 processor, using 32 bit technology 192k memory, consisting of 128k RAM and 612 an manved screen Gecko. Bultt-in 34in Sony microfloppy disc drive, with capacity. Detachable 128 character keyboard. Built-in 9in black and white monitor. Mouse polating device for cursor control. Ports for mouse and external disc drive. Removable reset and interrupt buttons. Complex sound output circuitry. eight: Size: 13in high, 10in wide, 10in deep. Avellabiity: Launched in USA on January 24, available in UK by end April. Who will be buying Macin- tosh? The target customers sre what Apple calls “information workers”. They sre aiming at people, not big corporations, and they say that Is the big difference between their approach snd that of IBM. Macintosh is by fer and away the most advanced micro at Its price, Because it does not have the technical complexities tional micro, it the fear element that still frightens many office workers. An Apple executive gave me this description of Macintosh: “In so many ways It steps outside the existing boundaries of personal computers. “It sits neatly on your desk, unobtrusive. I's just like your phone — you pick It up and use It when you need it. “But ite very much @ productivity tool. It helps you get through more work in a day — and far more efficiently. It ‘opens the door to e mass of applications you may never have thought of before. “And while it is principally designed for the office It is also a home machine ss wel “Because of its portability—it can be easily carried around in its canvas holdall —| can foresee many people taking it with them when they lesve the office et night. “What for? Well, they could be taking work home with them. Or they could use it for management training games. UNLIKE Lisa — which is only available through a handful of specialised outlets — Macintosh will be sold by all Apple's 420 dealers in Britain. Although machines specially designed for the British market will not be shipped from Apple’s Freemont factory until April, a number of UK Apple dealers should have first supplies this month. However these will be US-specification mach- ines and will only be used for demonstration pur- poses. Or other even more relexing purposes”. When Macintosh goes on sale In Britain In April a wide range of Apple-produced software will be available — all ‘on 3$in microfloppy discs. They will Include @ word processor, spreadsheet, project Management program, an extremely sophisticated draw- Ing utility and 8 number of program languages. All will be priced at £99 or below. But s done so suc cessfully with the old Appie II, every encouragement Ia being given to third party develop- ment of software. More than 100 softwere houses — big names tike Microsoft and Lotus — sre siready well ahead in producing Macintosh programs. And they are so enthusiastic sbout the machine that they ‘are all golng In for It In & big way. One major company is now devoting 50 per cont of its total R & D to Macintosh developments. Initially, @ third of all Macintosh programs are expac- ted to be produced by key software houses In Britain and Europe, which shouki give 8 strong foothold in the profitable export markets that Macintosh will be opening up all round the Lt Apple2000 1980 - 1990 Souvenir Issue INSIDE MACINTOSH MAX PARROTT takes a mouse tour round the latest micro to come out of Apple MACINTOSH weighs 22ib, measures 10in x 10in with a height of 13in and contains the computer, screen, 8 3}in Sony disc drive and various ports slong the back. A special screwdriver is Needed to get into the machine, but there is no attempt to hide things — Indeed the inside of the cover has the signatures of the design teams moulded into ft. Some ‘very famous nemes are represented. The machine Is designed for both the serious programmer/ hardware specialist and the end user who Just wants the right tool for the job. For example, on the left side of the box, low down, are two buttons — the reset and an interrupt button. These can simply be pulled away from the side so that their availability is lost to the user if you desire. But they can then be snapped back when required. The interrupt button is Interesting for programmers. It allows you to edit the program while It is running, and you can tee your changes actually hap- pening in the window Macintosh siso hes a deta- chable keyboard and s mouse. The keyboard is a full, 128 characte international stsn- dard unit which appears to be programmable. There @ couple of extra keys labelled OPTION and COMMAND. These are used in conjunction with the mouse to change, for example, the dis- played character set. Macintosh comes with @ set of Greek snd mathematics! symbols as well as standard alphabetical characters. All of the characters sre displayable in a dozen or so fonts at different pitches, rang- ing from 15 to the Inch downwards in size. You can also design your own character sets. The machine suggests the best pitches for each font at the time of choosing but you don't have to accept this. Cursor movements are generally con- trolled via the mouse but not slavishly so. Keyboard control is also available. The disc drive houses 3{in Sony microfloppies. We cannot really call them floppies any more as they come in rigid plastic boxas which thay naver leave. ‘The boxes are automatically opened on insertion into the machine end so data and programs ere much ssfor than with the more familiar 5}in ‘© Fue Eon arrange Specie! CET 00-9 a coo 85 E300 or ef EE Pages or windows can be overisid, enlarged, foreground or background, saved on disc — or thrown in the bint reduced, moved to floppy discs. Microfloppies have 8 metallic hub to ensure accurate registra- tion. In addition, Apple's unique formatting process allows 400k to be saved to each disc, which Is more than the Sony standard of 320k. Apple's own software is to be distributed unprotected and hopefully third party software houses will do the same. Generally 3 data disc can be used as well as the program disc in the same drive since the operating system remembers what's where and what's going on. For example the catalogs of the last used five discs are remembered and up to 30 lows of thalr icons can remain on screen. A system disc has a 120k opersting system and housakeeping coda on it and so has to be In the machine sometimes, but when it is needed you are prompted to put in the right disc. Macintosh knows when you've done so and starts the rive up. It also ejects a disc when it is no longer required. With Macintosh you receive two copies of the system disc, a blank disc, and a “tour of Macintosh” which, when run in conjunction with a cassette audio wpe, guides you round the system. 1 cannot believe that much guiding will be necessary since, like Lisa, once the modus operand! Is understood you're away. There / # manual but you won't need It for # long time. The computer itself hides behind and under a 9inch (glass, Not snti-giare) monochrome screen with a resolution of 512 x 342 pixels, which are square- shaped for easy program- ming. Macintosh could handle colour but Apple hasn't yet found a colour monitor with the required resolution at the required price. However as Macintosh provides an infinite range of black and white shades which will be more than adequate for 8n office environment, colour jan't very important. The system and Its programs — applications might be a better word — are controlled vie pull down menus. Icons, overlapping and moveable windows — sil under the direct control of the mouse. It is driven by a Motorola 68000 running at 8MHz and has 192k of memory consisting of 64k of ROM and 128k of RAM. The ROM looks after the VO and screen handling generally via managers available to the programmer as something like 480 system calls. There is @ text editor in the ROM and a resource editor enabling software to be per- sonalised by the end user. For ‘example, error messages can be easily changed. More Importantly, the end user can have control over input. A spreadsheet application can be made to accept only numerics in one column or text in another but without program- ming. Software therefore will use the full Lisa technology since it will be 80 easy to implement. Furthermore, since the text editor is available with full, easy control over the pulldown menus and pieriveaisd and icons, hould. In , be able to own Ideas Into 8 common technique of program control. Applications generally are written so that there is # hard and « soft part of the code, The resource sditor allows you to change some parts to suit yourself — an interesting and useful idea. Apple has produced s series of the more usual kinds of applications. For the program- mer there Is an assembler/ Souvenir Issue Apple2000 1980 - 1990 written, boasts all kinds of useful utilities around kt and procedures within It. Syntax Is checked and part compilation, at least, occurs line by line when entered. Also there ts # structured Basic and Logo. The Basic uses Isbelled subroutines, doesn't need line numbers and In common with the other lan- can be edited in one window while being run in ‘another. There is siso an interpreted Pascal! avaliable which, like all the other languages, is given extensive window handling cap- abliities. Fortran, Forth and C are promised to appear very ‘s00n, Apple's other utilities include MacWrite, @ very powerful line-orientated word processor — one of the very few which genuinely exhibit on the screen what you will see on paper. The Now Apple promise even more in ‘84 MACINTOSH I only the first of soma remarkable products to come from Apple this year. The company says that white 1983 wes undoubtedly the Year of Lisa, it was also the Yeer of 18M — “who entered our market One forecast from @ usually reliable source Is that the same kind of mouse-and-window could well be adapted to Appla’s exsting 8 bit renge. And # that comes true It could meen # dramatic shot in the arm for the Apple ile and Iii. only other that I've seen is UsaWrite. MacPaint is a drawing utility that comes with MacWrite and Is Uke Liss Drew but with certain differences, For example, objects are not moveable but the bit map la, and the bit map can be exploded on Now desktop computing has really arrived HOW big is your desk? Can you make do en one that is 4% by 2ft Gin? Or do you need an executive sized 6ft by 3h? When you become « Macintosh user you'll be able to reduce your working area to an incredible 7jin by notepaper. And much of the work can You can Inspect files, transfer documents, schedules needed no more than 20 minutes to understand whet it was all about and have Kup you faced with I to do next. Apple2000 1980 - 1990 into which you can deposit material you no longer need. Documents you pull out of your files can be placed anywhere you want on the screen, and can be overiaid one on top of another. In fact, anyone who habitually hee en untidy conventional desk can just ae easily clutter up hie Macintosh screen. tidying up operation and within seconde, the mouse scurrying around the screen will collect everything and put It neatly away. Yes, with Macintosh the office of the future has really arrived. Souvenir Issue John Sharp our first Chairman recollects Rambling recollections Little did I know what was happening 10 years ago when I bought an ITT2020 (a what?) and where it would lead. If you haven't been on the Apple scene that long, it may not be that apparent how different life for the personal computer owner was, even that short time ago. When Nora Amold asked me to write about the Apple User Group - 10 years on, I jotted down some notes and they have turned out as nostalgia, but also wonderment that life could have been so different and crude such a short time ago. It just makes me wonder what is going to happen in the next 10 or 20 years. How it started I was interested in graphics. I wanted a computer which would allow me to luce lots of ideas quickly. This has certainly happened, bringing its own problems of opening yet wider windows. ITT had bought the rights to use a machine called the Apple. This was the 2020. It was slightly different. It had more resolution, except that standard software looked as if it was running behind bars. In order to understand this sort of problem, I wanted to meet other users. The problem was there weren't thatmany who could afford such a beast asa personal machine. The ZX80/81 was the nearest most people could run to. There was a feeble user group but there was also a shop in ‘Tottenham Court Road. Ten years on, it has seen many transi- tions, now into a bed shop. This was LION, under man- agement of Andrew Margolis, an unofficial hub of activity for Apple users. There were no books, a few fledgling magazines but plenty of enthusiasm. Apart from others I met there, two were to be instrumental in changing the direction of my life. (If you think this is beginning to sound like a pulp novel ora soap, with some of the happenings behind the scenes in the next few years, Isometimes wondered whether! was dreaming.) Warren Avery and John Rogers showed me software they had. Asnow, you didn’t ask questions about it, you just lapped up the new developments. remember the first time saw a word processor: Applewriter. It was so sophisticated; the uy case characters showed on the screen in reverse because the Apple still didn’t have a full character set! Well then I met Martin Perry though my work. He visited America and brought back some of the early CALL-APPLE magazines, from whence | found out A pple were possibly going, to help out with user groups throu Intemational Apple Core (sic). (If I read this in another 10 years time, I will be even moreconvinced itis pulp fiction.) Somewherein this succession of meetings Imade contact with someone who lived fairly close, someone who advertised a disk of relocated Integer Basic, and a means to back up your Visicalc disk - David Bolton. Souvenir Issue Applie2000 lonly wanted to forma local user group, but David had bigger and better things in mind -a National Group! A few others had tried, and failed. We had a meeting in Park Street one Sunday afternoon in December and BASUG was bom. My free time for the next three or four years disay too. The group went from strength to strength. It was not as successful as a couple who lived in south London who bought software literally by the suitcase full from the USA and sold itat ahandsome profit(Peteand Pam Fisher), storingiton theirstairs and under their bed. We had users flocking to meet us from all parts of thecountry with our Sunday afternoon meetings;some coming hundreds of miles. Quentin Reidford must have held the record for coming from Sheffield. He became Chairman at one point. The talks and demos were interesting. Frank Kay as a local dealer gave a lot of support, also becoming Chairman at an earlier stage. During these four years, software matured. The market changed. I decided chemistry was too boring. BASUG helped me make the change to computing, I started writing printer manuals for Epson, and did my bit for helping to ici Japan. [had somany tripsto the Japanese Alps, Thardly had time to recover from one before I was preparing for the next. How the world has changed Thave moved away from Apple, to IBM PCs. I gave UNIXa try fora while, but decided they it was too full of techies living in the past. The UNIX community is getting its act together with MAC-like interfaces. I’m not totally convinced that they are the answer, all the time. luse GEM - the firstdone-on the ATARIST and with Ventura Desktop Publisher on the PC. I have used Windows, but find itobtrusive.Inthelongrun, theuser interface is important, and a consistent one like the MAC’s is more important. I also work on VAX 8550. Here the interface is positively out of the ark. Colleagues I am converting to the PC interfaceand toolsavailableare beginning to see why I finditlike going back 10 years. [also see that you needa range ofinterfaces fordifferentlevelsof user, just like therearenewspapersranging, from the SUN to the Independent. zara The most impressive differences are t ity of ics and output devices. The: of, programe tke FRACHINTicr drawing fractals and ing rious colour. Cheap CAD and paint programs. DTP has made my life easier too. I still feel Ventura excels for the work I do - producing lots of documents. Pagemaker is a translation of conventional methods to a com- puter. Ventura was a step forward - and is being transferred to the MAC. Where will it all end? Must get on with some PostScript diagrams. Thanks BASUG/ APPLE 2000 for helping me on the way in the world. Best of luck for the next 10 years. John Sharp i 1980 - 1990 What's in a Buffer? Norah Amold remembers My husband and his friend stood intently staring at our Apple I. “Where's it gone?” “It must be in the buffer.” They were referring to a passage of text which they were trying to display on the screen. Sounds simple, doesn’t it? But this was before we had any word processors for the Apple II and it was necessary to write your own ‘Exec’ program in order to display the text at all. Their text had ‘disappeared’ but was, according to them, in the buffer. At the time I was under the mistaken impression, shared by my Oxford English dictionary, that a buffer could be either an apparatus for deadening impact, especially of railway vehicles, or an old or incompetent fellow. It wasat this precise moment that I made the decision that I would get to know how the Apple II worked, from inside out. When my husband was lecturing in the evenings, I played with the machine all by myself and wassoon familiar with Applesoft BASIC and getting to know all I could about PEEKS, POKES and CALLS. Istarted to play with programs like VisiCalc and to apply them to my work and I remember that The Educational Applications of VisiCal¢ was the subject of the very first demo I gave at a BASUG meeting in 1981. It wasn’t long before I became completely hooked on animation and 3D graphics. Bill Budge and Paul Lutus were my heroesat this time. I started to disassemble the 6502 code of everything I could get my hands on. JSR $DEBE; JSR $E6F8; LDY #$10; LDA$C081,Y; AND #$08; BNE $030D etc. ad infinitum. It was at about this point that I turned the computer into a ‘no maintenance’ aquarium by writing a program inassem- bly language which caused coloured fish to swim gracefully across the screen when the computer wasn’t being used for anything else. I carried on improving this program, espe- cially the way each fish moved its finsdifferently and opened and closed its mouth, right until the first Macintosh entered my house. The Park Street Connection Iremember witha great deal of pleasure some of the earl meetings of BASUG at Park Street. We had a meeting, with about a dozen different printers there, at which one of our friends was rash enough to pull a printer card out of a slot while the machine was switched on. Definitely not recom- mended! It was amazing what the old machines would stand. A friend was demonstrating his newly purchased Super Serial cardand we had the top off the Apple II whenourcat decided to investigate and jumped into the machine, blowing the wl Apple2000 1980 - 1990 whole operation. had visions of having to replace the serial card, etc., but to my amazement the whole tang came back to life when we rebooted just as if nothing had happened. Enter the Music Box Atabout this time, the Mountain Hardware musicsystem came into my life. It comprised two boards for the Apple II, containing sixteen digital oscillators. Each of the sixteen oscillators generated a waveform that was completely pro- grammable, ranging from simple sine waves to some that were very complex indeed. This system also introduced me to the American habit of calling any music whatsoever a ‘song’. | must have been fairly mad on the day I decided to gramit to play Handel's ‘Entry of the QueenofSheba’ but at least I now have a very clear appreciation of the number of notes there are in this work! Ontheday thatI demonstrated toa gathering at Park Street the final rendering of the Queen of Sheba, another historical event occurred. Without my realising, a young friend had manoeuvred me into a chair right in front of one of the large pair of speakers we were using. A few seconds later I leapt up, under the impression that someone had just thrown a stone through the window. That was, to my knowledge, the first public demonstration of what was later to become the Greengate DS3. Some young friends had succeeded in mak- ing a ‘sound sampler’ and had replayed into my ears the sound of a breaking milk bottle they had recorded earlier. One notable memory of those days in the early 1980s was the speed at which things travelled. A member who visited America wrote to me on his return to say that he had visited a computer graphics show in Philadelphia and the very first thing he had seen on entering was a large screen showing a picture of two bears on a beach eating a banana, with an animated fly buzzing around the banana. He had recognised this as mine and wondered if I knew how it had got to Philadelphia. I hadn’t got a clue. I had done this picture to amuse my children and as far as I knew no one else had a copy! Another thing I remember with interest was being asked to animate pictures of different types of grain silos for ADAS who are part of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Apparently they were using Apple II machines to take to isolated farmers, where t would demonstrate the benefits of the different types of silo. It was fascinating learning how the augers moved the grain through the air- flow and portraying this on screen. Ialso remember some of the early Apple shows, especially nearly being rundown by amadmaninalittlecaron the way to a show in Slough. Still, | understand even worse things happen on the way to Stockley Park! Souvenir Issue Teething Problems The magazine was a constant source of worry in the early days. I recall Bob Raikes opening how he left the printer running off the final copy of the magazine while he went to have some lunch. On return he found that the printer had developed a fault soonafter he had left, so thatonly oneletter was printed on any one line. Instead of a small heap of paper with the magazine nicely printed, he found an absolute mountain of paper with hardly anything on a sheet, but unable to be used for anything else. Committee meetings seem very quiet these days com- pared with some in She past Certainly no one emulates the gentleman who, when defeated in a vote, rushed out of the house and finding his car blocked in, drove out the quick way, straight over Jim Panks’ flower beds. Nor do we have meetings in surroundings equal to those at Bewdley, where animated discussions as to policy were punctuated by visits tolvan Knezovich’ssea lions (even the baby one understood eighty words) and rides on the Octopus. We meet our Hero Itis always a big day when one of your heroes turns into areal person that you can talk to, joke with, and get to know. So it was when Steve Wozniak, the legendary millionaire creator of Apple visited Apple2000 and agreed to becomean honorary member. I must admit that | still have the photo- graph of myself and colleagues with Steve over my com- puter at this moment. Itisinteresting to think how things have changed in other ways, too. Ten years ago my computer had 48K RAM (a lot for those days) and my first box of floppy disks cost more than £50 even though they did not store a great deal of information. The computer I use now has4 Megabytes RAM and an 80 Megabyte hard disk. I also have access to ap- proximately 400 Megabytes of storage in the form of car- tridges and almost 3000 Megabytes of ROM in the form of compact disks. The most amazing change, however, has probably been in the speed and reliability of the exchange of information via modems. I now log on to CompuServe and Knowledge Index without a thought and I have yet to see any infor- mation garbled on its way over from the USA. What the future holds we do not know. More important still, we have no idea how long we will be able to keep up with the forefront of technology as it develops. ‘State of the art’ machines will always be expensive and may eventually become out of our reach. But until then, long live Apple2000! Contributed by Norah Arnold Souvenir Issue Apple2000 User Group round-up - BASUG USERS of Apple computers in Great Britain have been slow to get successful user groups off the ground. Now a number are sorouting up all over the country. The largest is BASUG - the itish Apple Systems User Group. It was started last year as a voluntary group totally in dependent of manufacturer, dealer or indeed any commercial enterprise. Because there was such an obvious need for an active user, for the Apple membership has grown very rapidly, from 20 last December to more than 300. There are members in all gp of Britain and a growing number in other parts of the world, from mainland Europe to as far afield as Africa and Hong Kong. The ideal situation is for users to talk with others at a local meeting, and mull over any mutual problems. But a national group is also needed to help those who can’t attend regular meetings, or who areisolated and have nooneto turn toto answer the thousands of problems large and small that arise, either with existing software or when writing their own. BASUG is centred near London at present for no better reason than that is where the inaugural group happened to live. The aim is to liaise with other existing groups and to put members and inquirers in touch with each other. Where a number of people in a particular locality do not have meetings to go to, then BASUG will do its best to help them get a group started . A large group can offer a number of benefits. There is more muscle to use if a manufacturer is not providing the service the users expect. Suppliers are often willing to offer deals to larger groups but not toa proliferation of little groups, for which they just couldn’t justify the effort. Any group will have members with a diverse range of interests, and the larger the group the more likely it is to find someone with a similar problem or a common solution. BASUG is setting up special interest groups to cope with this. A similar argument applies to courses since it is unlikely that a small group could have sufficient to pay for such an under taking. Co-operation can only benefit everyone . What does BASUG have to offer? Initially a clearing house for information on all aspects of the Apple and ITT (and the associated problems), from the beginner level to the most ad- vanced. There is a bimonthly journal, Hardcore, which has the personal touch of the user as well as having a very high standard of content. There are two software libraries. One contributed by the members, contains listings from magazines as well as those written by members themselves. This works onan exchange basis. The other exists as the result of contacts with other user groups throughout the world. There are 20 todate with morearriving each month. Where else can you get a disc full of software for £3 including the disc? Then there are meetings with demonstrations and talks. The membership fee is £10 for which you get an introductory disc (or set of tapes) and copies of the magazine, as wellas the other benefits described here. From Windfall July 1981 ES 1980 - 1990 John Molloy reflects on his love affair with the Apple Music and the Mac Back in March or maybe April, Colin Holgate asked meifIcould do a talk about the Mac and music at Park Street for Apple 2000. Colin was booked to be talk about something else but it would be much better if his chat was delayed bya month. It wasn’tthat Colin wasn’t prepared - he can providean excellent and amusing talkon most things to do with Apple at a moments notice. It’s just that Colin wanted to talk about something which wasn’t ready. Colin, typically, didn’t tell Norah Arnold. Colin likes winding peopleup, setting upa situation where everybody thinks everything is going to go ideously wrong and then surprises them with something new and unexpected and, of course, better. Well this time, I was that surprise. I think every boty enjoyed the meeting. They said they did. Colin and Norah did their usual wise-cracking routine (Morcombe and Wise are alive and well and are appearing regularly at the West Herts App 2000 meetings...) Any road it was about then that Norah said they were getting together this special edition of the magazine and could I do an article about Apple 2000and Apple over the years as I wasat the early meetings and all that. Foolishly, I said yes. But then It slipped my mind or rather it got put in the pilein my brain marked “I really must finish that tomorrow and get it off”. Guilt creeps in Backin late August I phoned PeterKemp, a ba standing Apple friend and adventure game writer and player. | met Peter at an early PCW show. I was helping out on the BASUG stand. This charactercame up to thestand and asked ifanyone knew anything about Zork. Well as I had just spent the best part of a year playing it we got together. We exchanged phone numbers and have hada long standing friendship ever since. ANYWAY was just about to finish the call when Peter mentioned that Norah had been in touch and had I finished that article about how Apple 2000 has changed our lives etc. Feelings of guilt drowned out the sound of Pete's voice. I should really do that article. It immediately got put to the top of the “I really must finish that tomorrow and get it off” pile. But... It’s now late September and I’ve returned home after working away for fourdaysto find polite letter fromEwen Wannopsitting, on the side. “As you were one of those who were involved in the growth of the Apple in the UK, we wondered if you would be willing to write or donate a suitable piece” By golly! OK. 1 surrender. By special arrangement tomorrow is here. Cue fanfare. It’s article time. Ten yearsisa hell ofa long timeand I’m not sure whatis wanted. Icould talk about the first Basug meeting I attended. I think it was before I got my first Apple. I was introduced to BASUG by the salesman downstairs at Watford’s Radiolux store. The whole of the basement had been converted into one of the first small computer shops I had come across in this country. Thad an Ohio Su rd at thetime which I had bought in the US. but [had had my fill of cassette saving and loading I wanted a real computer. The Europlus, having recently introduced, was the best machine around at the time and, more importantly, it even had a 7 Apple2000 reliabledisk drive. By January of the following year thesalesman’s talking had donethetrick and I was the proud owner of aEuroplus and single5 1/4” drive. I can’t remember what I had fora monitor at the time, but whatever it was I know I didn’t have colour at the time. I think Colin Holgate was the first person I met who had colour (or should that be color!). Those early days I regularly attended the early Park Street meetings and after a short while helped organise a few - I think my official position at Basug was Coffee Monitor. “Would you like milk? Sugar?”. It was about this time that I gained my total addiction to strong black coffee - Well they asked how Apple 2000 changed our lives! I remember a meeting at my parents house in Hemel with John and Norah Arnoldand therestofthe local committeeI don’tremember what was decided but I think I was talked into chatting about music. wasinterested in the possibilities of using thecomputer to make music and owned some musical software. I started with the Alf music system and eventually pro; to the Mountain Hardware music system. | would have probably gone for the Alpha Syntori system as well but I was involved in a band at the time that didn’t want to get involved with computers... I could talk about how Greengate got together. For those of you who never came across the company, Greengate were a British manufacturer of high quality musical instruments based on the Apple II series of computers. Now I cometo think of it I met Colin Holgate and David Green on the same day. They didn’t know about each other at the time. There was a computer show at the local college and I hel man the BASUG stand. I talked David into joining and said that we should get together, he was playing Wizardry at the time and did I know how to get past... (Why is it that all the people I know in the industry seem to be keen adventure players?) I enjoyed that exhibition, BASUG were showing a fully expanded Apple II Europlus with a colour monitor. When Norah came to take over she explained that the machine belonged to Colin Holgate, a whiz kid at programmin, the machine and who was also into that Wizardy game. (Seel told you so!) I waited around for Colin to turn up but | almost missed him... he’s not the tallest man I’ve ever met. And so it came to pass that Colin and Dave visited the wilds of Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead. The band gets computers The band at that time had been reduced to two men and a tape recorder. My partner in crime at the time was the multi-talented Murray Munro. I think we called the tape machine Eric. The band acquired the name Mainframe - I was gradually talking Murray round to using computers in the band in at least some way! As Murray and I were going to have to play and sing everything, we figured that the band was going to need something which would add another visual dimension. Colin and Dave were briefed and came up with some graphics that could be used in a live concert. I was very glad we were using Apples they were so much more reliablethan anything elseat the time. Colin would manipulatethe images while Murray and I played the music. Once in a while 1980 - 1990 Souvenir Issue David attended the gigs too! It would be around this time that Dave said that he had somet! that Murray and I would be interested in. It was a little board for an Apple II that captured sound, Murray and I were busy recording at the time so we asked Dave to come back later! Eventually Dave convinced us that he had something that would be worth looking at. So we turned off the tape recorder and lugged Dave’s computer into the mixing desk. Dave showed us ow to load sounds and we tried out the sounds Dave brought with him on disk. We were very disappointed - it sounded like a cheap cassette recorder. Dave suggested that we try capturing a Saad of bur Grae we did wes dood Very coed ve then confessed that the sounds he had on disk were all sampled from... you guessed it... a cheap cassette recorder. Dave refined the software and the hardware as we required it todo more and were had access toa machine that would have cost us tens of thousands of pounds, for just a few thousand - most of which we had already invested. Then some of our tapes got to someoneat Melody Maker and then we had people banging on our door asking for one of these devices. Murray’ s father put up some money and Greengate was born the product was the Greengate DS:3. Knowing how many people out there bought them leads me to think that Apple sold a fair few extra Apple II's just to a market that required a special need... Sound. EMERGENCY INJUNCTION ON ARTICLE STOP APPLE LE- GAL DEPT STOP DUE TO CURRENT COURT CASE YOU CANNOT TALK ABOUT MUSIC ON ANY OF THE APPLE RANGE OF COMPUTERS STOP It appears that at the moment Apple don’t want people to mention the fact that Apple computers are being used to make/ play/print music. I think that it is really strange that we have a series of machines here that can be used for anything, literally anything, and some legal eagles decide to suc a company because they think that the machine is going to supplant The Beatles earnings for god sake. Do they think we don’t have brains? The initial arguments are going to take about twenty days to be heard, that’s before the court case gets under way. I suspect the only winners will be the legal depts. Apple are a strange company. They have managed to do something which very few other companies have managed. That is to produce products that want to be owned. (We won't talk about the few occasions when they got it wrong). But when they got it right every machine had a “buy me, own me, use me” sticker onit. What I am doing now Icould talk about how!’m using the machines now. Itisnineteen ninety. Iam thirty years old. | have two sons, several Apple II's a IIGS and a couple of Macs. But as most of it involves music I can’t really do that . I might get away with saying that “Damon Jones, my new partner in crime, and myself use certain fruit associated processing machines to capture real-time rhythmic and melodic performances in thecomfort of ourown homesand then enter very expensive rooms to store that information on very long strips of Tust coated plastic” but that’s about all I dare say in the current climate. ‘The Mac Plus is sitting in my three year old sons room - It was the only way I could stop him from erasing the hard disk on my machine -something which he did once. I must admit heis luckily he’s still alive. If wasn’t for my wife’s quick thinking and a tube of Superglue then it would have all been over by now. (You can let me go now love). | was amazed how quickly he took to the “ ‘puter”. It says something about a computer that can be operated by athree year old -and he’s been using it for about a year. So what does John have to say about the Macintosh? JGPM (me): John, what do think about your computer? JGMM (foritis he): Fine. JGPM: John, what do likeabout yourcomputer? JGMM: Don’t know. JGPM: Do you like the games? JGMM: No. I like that game... like that shooting game...and that game...that game that goes “DANG”. It's got lots of things in it... pew pew and Souvenir Issue Apple2000 1980 - 1990 then fall down. Then plong and DANG DANG then all fall down. JGPM: Are you good at it? JGMM: Yes. It goes DANG DANG and then that’s the end. JGPM: Do you like Kids Time? JGMM: Yes. JGPM: Yes? JGMM: Yep JGPM: Do you like match it? JGMM: Yep. I like woggle woggle. (Danny, my wife, instantly translates “woggle le” as Crystal Quest, “Does Crystal Quest really go woggle le?) So there you have it. An exclusive and - ing(?) interview with one of the younger gencration of Mac users. My electricity bill soars Istill getendless use out ofthe machines-I wonder if Applehave shares in the power companies in Britain. One or more of the machines seem to be on at any one time in Molloy Mansions, Oh, by the way I’ve just thought of something that you might find amusing. As well as Kids Time, which is an excellent way of introducing young children to computers, we also own Number Maze, which is a simple but effective way of introducing children to the concepts of numbers and counting. It starts very simply, by showing thingson the screen which are then counted. Ifanswered correctly then you progress through the maze to the castle. It later to word based questions which help check the chil- dren’‘s reading ability too. The feature is designed for questions such as: “This morning Susan gave two sweets to each of her five friends. How many sweets did she give away altogether?” Some elementary examples However, if you are like me and are interested in the surreal, it’s worth using the customizing features to set up a level which gives you the questions ina written format but with enormous numbers. This produces some wonderfully unexpected results: “Before school Matthew gave two hundred and twelve crabs to each of his forty one friends. How many crabsdid he giveaway?” Theanswer iseight thousand, seven hundred and seventy four crabs- but that isn’t the first question that springs to mind is it? How about - How did he get them to schoo]? Did his friends pay C.O.D? Wherein the school did they store them? How long could the entire school be kept going on crab meat? Another example is “Last week Eric gave Robby one thousand, nine hundred and fifty five forks. This morning Robby lost Two hundred and fifty four forksata picnic. How many forksare left?” Well the fact that Robby has got one thousand, seven hundred and one forks left shouldn’t leave him too upset should it. I reckon that he could give them back to Robby without Robby really noticing the loss. I mean at a glance do you think you would spot the sort fall? I mean once you get about a hundred forks in one place counting them takes a long time. I Apart from which if you have Seventeen hundred and one forks it means you could eat three meals a day witha different fork for well over a year and a half. Do you think Eric would give a monkeys after that period of time. Admittedly the other forks would keep him going for another three months - almost. But if he hadn’t done the washing up by then I think the neighbours would start to complain. One last one example is: “After school Christopher and his teacher travelled for eight hundred and forty hours at ten kilo- metres per hour. How many Kilometres did he travel?” The eight thousand and four hundred kilometres travelled appears to pale into insignificance once you start to answer those niggling little questions at the back of your mind. You know - why weren't they missed? What did they do for thirty five days. Was it some kind of surreal mance art demonstration? How did they ensure such a relentlessly constant speed? Were they sponsored - and if not why not? Look I’ve got to go - I must just get past this final maze... To Finish off | wonder what my son will be doing in ten years time? Probably writing a sequel to this article on that note-pad sized Mac, you know the one with voice entry and the customizable navigator. Have you seen it yet? it’s the one with FX compatibility. You must remember the FX it was the last machine that came out just before that batch of new machines for the nineties, the Mac Classic, the SI and the... what was it called?... I don’t remember now but it looked really good - really different from the machines we were used to in the eighties... 1 15 The Apple (im) Prunings ww, Fascinating facts from the Apple archives .... August 6th 1950 February 24th 1955 January 1st 1975 January Ist 1976 March 10th 1976 April 11th 1976 May Ist 1976 July Ist 1976 October 1st 1976 January 1st 1977 January 3rd 1977 March 1st 1977 April 20th 1977 April 30th 1977 May 1st 1977 May 20th 1977 June Sth 1977 °A Birth of Steve Wozniak. Steve Job's birthday. Wozniak and Kamradt forms a subsidiary of Call Computer by the name of Computer Converser. Woz begins to design a terminal that would converse with another computer. Jobs starts to badger Woz about possibility of making and selling some printed circuit board to others wanting to build their own computers In 1974, possibly in thesummer of 76, Wozand Stevebegan assembling the Apple! in Jobs’ parent's garage in Los Altos. Before that they were assembling the computer in Jobs’ sister's bedroom. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak collaborate on a small computing board for personal use. Takes 6 months to design the prototype, 40 hours to build it , and soon they had an order of 50 personal computers. Design of Apple I completed. It did not have sound or graphics capabilities. Apple I design released to production. Jobs and Woz deliver the first 60 Apple I computers to a few computer stores. At the time, Woz was working for Hewlett-Packard and Jobs was a part-time physics student at Stanford. Apple | introductory price - $666.66. Between 210 and 220 Apple's were produced. The Apple! did not have sound or graphics capabilities as did the Apple II later. Regis McKenna introduced Woz and Steve to Don Valentine who in turn introduces them to Mike Markkula. Mike puts up the venture capital to get the Apple II off the ground. Soon after Apple was incorporated. Apple logo designed by Rob Janov, a Regis McKenna art director. Apple moves into a Cupertino building to accommodate an anticipated expansion in number of employees from 30 to 125. Apple sold approximately 570 Apple Is in fiscal year 1977 ending September 30, 1977 Apple computer officially formed (incorporated). Steve Jobs becomes director of Apple Computer. Mike Markkula becomes director of Apple Computer. Apple Il introduced at the first ever West Coast Computer Faire. The 4K Apple Il sold for $1298 and the 48K for $2638. Included wasa free vinyl carrying case. The Apples were not sold off the floor, rather orders were taken. The 4 prototypes had been bolted together just the night before. The booth was front row, centre, At the booth were : Bill Fernandez, Mike Markkula, Mike Scott, Dan Kokie, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Chris Espinoza. Advertisement in the Homebrew newsletter promised deliver of the Apple no later than April 30, 1977. First Apple Il personal computer introduced, the first fully assembled, programmable personal computer commercially sold. Since then there have been 15 revisions to the basic design. Steve Jobs becomes VP of Apple Computer. 1st Apple II board shipped. Apple Computer announced today the Apple II, a low cost, high performance “personal” computer system, Fully assembled and pretested, Apple can beconnected toany standard television set. All Apple Ii programs can be stored and retrieved from standard audio recorder/players. Apple2000 1980 - 1990 Souvenir Issue Retail Price List The Apple Il is a completely assembled and tested computer system. It includes a type-writer style keyboard with high- efficiency switching power supply, ROM-resident Applesoft i auto-start ROM, disassembler, 3). AC power cord, reference manuals and Applesof Tutorial Manual. Typical Business Starter Systems Product Code Retsil ‘Number Dexcription Price 6 A2S1048P Apple 48K Video Output 807.00 A2M0044 Disk Drive with Controller 383.00 A2M0003 Disk Drive without Controller 299.00 Video Monitor 9* B & W 127.00 Cable for Video Monitor 9.00 Paper Tiger Printer* 598.00 A2B0002 Paralle) Printer Interface Card 104.00 E2D001/3.3 | Visicalc 150.00 E2D002 Desktop Plan 78,00 A2D0026 Apple Writer (Word Processing) 42.00 ‘A2D0033 Apple Ptot 37.00 *Alternative—the Centronics 737 Printer TOTAL 2,631.00 Typical Educational /Scientific Starter Systems A2S1048P Apple 48K Video Output 807.00 A2M0044 Disk Drive with Controller 383.00 A2M0036 Stlentype Printer 349.00 12” Video Monitor B & W 189,00 Cable for Video Monitor 9.00 A2B0017 Colour Card 113.00 D2M0014 TV Modulator for use with Colour Card 14.00 4A2B0010 Integer Card 116.00 TOTAL 1,980.00 APPLE HARDWARE A2S1048P Apple 48K Video Output 807.00 A2MO016 16K of RAM Add-On . 56.00 A2M0044 Disk Drive with Controller (16 sec) 383.00 A2M0003 Disk Drive without Controller 299.00 LANGUAGES A2B0006 Pascal Language System 299.00 ‘A2B0009 Applesoft Firmware Card 116.00 A2B0010 Integer Card 116.00 A2B0044 Language Card 105.00 ‘A2D0028 Apple Pilot 76.00 A2D0032 Apple Fortran Package 120.00 WARRANTY A2G0003 | Apple Extended Warranty Plan {108.00 NOTE: APPLE COMES WITH A ONE YEAR WARRANTY AS STANDARD Prices exclusive of carriage and VAT, Prices are correct at time of going to print and are according to our Standard Terms and Conditions. E & O.E. SOLE UK DISTRIBUTOR microsense computers limited @oppic computer @® Apple is a trade mark of Apple Computer Inc. Cupertino C.A. USA Souvenir Issue Effective Ist July 1981 ACCESSORIES Product Code Number Description A2M0019 Programmers Aid 1 A2M0027 Auto Start ROM Pack A2M0029 Graphics Tablet APPLETEL Appletel System D2M0014 Apple Black & White Modulator INTERFACE CARDS A2B0001 Prototype/Hobby Card A2B0002 Parallel Printer Interface Card A2B0003 Communications Card A2B0005 High Speed Serial Interface Card A2B0007 Centronics Card 65-4104 Controller Card A2B0017 Eurocolour Card A2B0015 IEEE Interface SOFTWARE/DISKETTES Personal Software. . . E2D001/3.3 Visicale 3.3 Version Disk & Book Complete E2D002 Apple Desk Top Plan A2D0003 CCA Data Management System M/MOD Micro Modeller Other Software A2D0005 Contributed Software Vols 3-5 ‘A2D0009 Microchess 2.0 Chess Disc A2TOO13 Microchess 2.0 Chess Cassette A2D0010 Disk Utility Pack ‘A2D0012 Apple Business Controller Program A2D0013 Apple Post A2D0014 The Shell Games ‘A2D0018 Elementary My Dear Apple A2D0018 Apple Bowling Diskette A2D0023 3.3 Disk Operating System A2D0029 DOS 3.3 Too! Kit A2D0026 Apple Word Processing Program A2D0031 Stella Invader A2D0033 Apple Plot ‘A2D0034 Apple Adventure E2D0002 Checker King Diskette E2D0003 Gammon Gambler E2D013 Bridge Partner MI001 Milliken Maths Package MBA-S-EA/R | Estate Agents (Res Properties) MBA-S-ML Microbase Mailing List MBASSC Microbase Stock Control PRINTERS AND ACCESSORIES A2M0036 Silentype 80-col Graphics Printer A2C0001 10 Rolls Thermal Paper for A2M0036 DOCUMENTATION/MANUALS A2LO001A Apple II Reference Manual 210002 6502 Hardware Manual A210003 6502 Software Manual A2L0005 Apple II Basic Program Manual A210006 Applesoft II Reference Manual A2L0012 DOS 3.2 Manual A2L0018 Apple Il Basic Tutorial Manual 210018 Pascal Reference Manual A2L0022 Autoetart ROM Manual 210026 Fortran Reference Manual 210027 Pascal Language Manual A2Lo0z8 Pascal Operating Manual 210033 Graphics Tablet Manual ‘A210034 Silentype Manual A2L0036 DOS 3.3 Manual A210041 Pilot Language Reference Manual A210042 Pilot Editors Manual MISCELLANEOUS ACCESSORIES ‘A2D0000 (10) Blank Apple Diskettes A2M0009 Vinyl ing Case APPLETIES | Apple Logo Ties (each) Apple2000 1980 - 1990 HH oe =B888 8888s BoRBa8Es B8e8e8e8 o> 83 NOAWADwBaemaano 8ssssssssssssss 228 88s Tr The Apple Prunings ... June 5th 1977 July 6th 1977 June 10th 1977 September Sth 1977 September 20th 1977 September 30th 1977 December 16th 1977 January 1st 1978 January 18th 1978 March 2nd 1978 June 1st 1978 June 8th 1978 June 10th 1978 July 1st 1978 September 30th 1978 January 1st 1979 February 1st 1979 February 27th 1979 eA Complete Apple II system, including 2 game paddles and a demonstration cassette is priced at $1298 or a board only without case, keyboard, power supply or accessories for $798. Ist Apple II boards shipped to Europe from Canada 1st Apple II system shipped. Ist Apple II system shipped to Europe from Canada Ist Apple International Show - Paris Apple sells app. 570 Applic Il computers by this date. Apple announces that in the first part of January 1978, Apple Computer Inc. will occupy their new international headquarters at 10260 Bandley Drive in Cupertino, California. Apple spent app. $600,000 in research and development in fiscal 1978 ending Sept 30. Apple spent $5F5,000 for advertising for fiscal year 1978 ending, 30. Apple sold approximately 7600 Apple Ils in fiscal year 1978 ending Sept 30, 1978. Disk Drive II announced at the Consumer Electronics Show. First European sale of an Apple Computer. Apple announces the Intelligent Printer Interface Card allowing interface between the Apple and any printer. Apple announces the Intelligent Communications Interface card which allow low cost telephone communications. Apple introduces Disk I providing file memory capacity of 143K bytes of data. Apple’s disk drive line starts with only two employees producing up to thirty disk drives a day. By April, 1980 the department had over 30 employees putting out several hundred disk drives per day. Apple announces the availability of an easy to read, well written and illustrated, and entertaining manual for its Apple II entitled APPLE II BASIC PROGRAMMING MANUAL. Appleannounces Disk II, the easiest to use, lowest priced, and the fastest minifloppy disk drive yet offered by any personal computer manufacturer. Ist Apple II music program - Andre Sousan. Apple reduces it 16K byte memory 40% today for its Apple II. Previously priced at $500, a 16K memory increment now sells for $300. The 16K Apple Il which sold for $1445, now sells for $1195. Apple’s Service Department is formed. Apple sells app. 7600 Apple II computers during the fiscal year ending on the above date. Woz receives the Grace Murray Hopper Award from the Association for Computing Machinery for his work in personal computing. Foreign sales of Apple’s products were app. 24% in fiscal year 1979. Apple sold approximately 35,100 Apple Ils in fiscal year 1979 ending Sept 30, 1979. Apple Computer spends approximately 3,601,000 fiscal year 1979 for research and development. Mike Scott says “No more typewriters at Apple” Appleannounces the Programmer's Aid #1, first of a series of software packages designed to improveand amplify user programming techniques. Apple2000 1980 - 1990 Souvenir issue March Ist 1979 April 10th 1979 May 22nd 1979 July 10th 1979 July 26th 1979 August Ist 1979 August 3rd 1979 August 20th 1979 August 31st 1979 September 1st 1979 September 11th 1979 September 14th 1979 September 30th 1979 October 19th 1979 December 1st 1979 January 1st 1980 January 12th 1980 March ist 1980 March 19th 1980 April 1st 1980 May ist 1980 Souvenir Issue Ground breaking ceremonies held for a new Apple building under construction in Cupertino. At this date Apple employed approximately 250 people working out of 4 buildings occupying, approxi- mately 100,000 square feet. Apple announces the “Disk Utility Pack,” a collection of system software routines for disk-based Apple Il computers. Apple announces the reduction in price of its 32K and 48K Apple Il computer systems from $1495 for the 32K, and from $1795 for the 48K Apple II. Apple announces the formation of the Apple Education Foundation. Shipped first 500 Apple II Pascal systems. Steve Jobs becomes Vice Chairman of the Board of Apple Computerand servesin this position until March 19, 1981. Apple's first comprehensive manual sets a standard that Apple’s competitives were forced to match. Jef Raskin managed the production of this manual. Apple Pascal released. Apple announces the lowest cost extended warranty for personal and small business computers. Apple announces the graphics tablet. Macintosh project formally begins, although informal work was being doneas early as late 1978. The code name “Macintosh” was given to the project because the project leader’s (Jef Raskin) favourite apples are Macintosh apples. The misspelling of the word “Macintosh” was used as early as September 1979 Code name“ Annie” project is officially changed to the “Macintosh” Poole This was done soas toavoid using only femalenames for projects. It was decided that varieties of apples be used for each major project. Beginning lease date of Bandley 11, 10455 Bandley Drive, Cupertino. Apple sells app. 35,100 Apple II computers during the fiscal year ending on the above date. Apples’s first accounting software, The Controller, shipped. Apple introduces the One-Year Extended Warranty covering all Apple-manufactured hardware and system software including additional equipment purchased during the one-year period, free software updates, guaranteed warranty renewals in one-year increments. Foreign sales of Apple’s products were © app. 25% of net sales in fiscal year 1980 Sales to Eurapple in fiscal 1980 account r app. 17% of the Apple’s net sales for fiscal 1980. Apple sold approximately 78,100 Apple Ils in fiscal year 1981 ending Sept 30, 1980. Apple Computer Hiegiaa! approximately 7,282,000 in fiscal year 1980 for research and development. Possibly in March the Training Department wasstarted. Joe Shepela hired to head this department. “Meet Your Apple”, Apple Writer 1.0, and VisiCalc were the first training modules. As of the above date, the Macintosh project team was to consist of just 4 people: Woz working part-time, Burrell Smith doing detailed electronic design and breadboarding, software designer-programmer to be hired, and Jef Raskin. This team of 4 was to carry the project through the major portion of software/ hardware/execution stages including design & production of prototypes of the electronics, first drafts of language and hardware manuals & most of the software. Prior to the above date Apple, distributed its products primarily through 5 independent distributors which purchased the products for resale to the retail outlets, In February 1980, Apple chose to terminate these distribution arrangements and distribute its products from newly established Company-owned regional support centres directly to retail stores. Apple Education Foundation announces today the award of over $120,000 worth of microcomputer equipment for the development of medical and general education materials using microcomputers. Apple Computer announces Apple Fortran, a programming language that allows technical professionals and educators to develop and run Fortran programs on their Apple II and Il+ computers. Apple announces the Apple III. Appleand usersand OEM’scan gobeyond thestandard programming capabilities of the Apple tocreate and edit their own source code in 6502 assembly language, Apple Computer announces today. This capability is provided by the integrated assembler and source editor which is part of Apple's new Disk Operating System (DOS) ToolKit - the first such software development tool designed specifically for Applesoft programming. Apple2000 1980 - 1990 iS 19 The Apple Pruning ... May 19th 1980 May 20th 1980 June 2nd 1980 June 11th 1980 June 14th 1980 July 1st 1980 July 14th 1980 July 15th 1980 July 30th 1980 August 21st 1980 September 1st 1980 aA Apple introduces the Apple III, a fully integrated computer system with built - in disk drive, up to 128K ofmemory, colourand b & w video and the ability toaccommodatea widerangeof videos. Apple prices range from $4340 to $7800. Apple announces “Apple Plot” a new software package that enables users of Apple computers to create, revise and print detailed charts and graphics quickly and easily. Apple announces the newest disk operating system for Apple II personal computers upgrades online storage capacity by more than 20%. It boosts the capacity of Disk II drives from 116 kilobytes to over 142 kilobytes. The new disk operating system is called 3.3. Apple announces Apple Pilot, an easily used, non-technical but advanced computer programming language system, particularly suited to the needs of educators developing lessons on personal computers. Introduction of the Apple III at the National Computer Conference (NCC) in Anaheim, California. Apple announces that the Apple III was previewed in Europe this weck will be available starting in October through Apple dealers in 12 West European countries, as well as in 12 other countries. The Apple II will be supported by the existing Apple distribution outlets and by the Apple support centre which the company is planning to open in Amsterdam. Apple Computer announces it will begin manufacturing its personal computers and open a major distribution and support centre in Europe by September 1. Apple plans to occupy a 43,000 square foot manufacturing plant in Cork, Ireland to begin assembling Apple II nal computers. Atthesametime, a distribution and support facility will begin operations in Zeist, The Netherlands. Apple announces a multinational expansion program that includes a new manufacturing plant in Texas an one in Ireland, plus six new regional support centres A racing car sponsored by Apple Computer makes its European debut in the 24-hour Le Mans, France competition. Asoftheabovedateand probably earlier, the features of the Macintosh were to include: portable, compact, one-piece design; built-in monitor, typewriter-style keyboard, mass storage device, and speaker; 64K memory; microphone input; RS-232 port; clock; modem; diagnostic and expansion port; built in word processing, calculation, scheduling, communications, model changes not required for international use; easy learning; and $1500 complete. As of above date, there was Macintosh processor, display and keyboard running in the Macintosh lab. The number of Apple employces rose to about 800 people who occupy 560,000 square feet of floor space in the U.S. and Europe. Apple Computer announces it has filed suit charging that copyright infringement has been file against ‘&T Consumer Products (U.K. Ltd., a part of the International Telegraph and Telegram Corporation Group. Applecharges that IT&T has copied the analog board, the controller board, system firmware and software, and the user’s manual of the Apple II Floppy Disk Subsystem. The Engineering Top Ten projects names as the 10 most critical projects for Apple Computer, which will receive increased visibility and attention. They are: A3 first release SFTW, A3 Rev2 PC BD, RFI A2, A3 Pascal, A3 Word Processor, A3 Silent type, Lisa 1st Rel Hardware, List Ist Rel SFTW, All IEEE 488 Card, A3 Paralled Card Apple II Fortran shipped. Apple buys Eurapple (European Sales Organisation). Prior to the above date, foreign sales were made an independent dealer, Eurapple, located in the U.S. Foreign sales were made by Eurapple to other independent distributors in Europe and to lesser extent in the Far East, Middle East, Australia, Philippines and SA. In August of 1980, apple acquired Eurapple’s distribution rights. Apple2000 1980 - 1990 Souvenir Issue UTILITIES AOPT: Applesoft Program Optimizer is 2.2k machine language. utility that will substantially reduce the size of the program without affecting the operation of the program. £19.91 APLUS: Applesoft-Pius Structured Basic language utility that adds structured Applesoft basic. For example ‘DO CURV! CRAE: A co-resident Applesoft Editor. Global tongs and finds. Quote (copy) a range of lines, Append, Renumber, Modify. 15 commands in all, £14. CRAE & MCAT: Editor (as sbove) & MCAT which creates 3 sorted Master Catalog. £19.95 apris PROTECTOR III: Protect your programs against ing. The protected discs can not be copied by presently eveilable commercial copy programs. £60.00 nak machine eopmende to ir ‘tie SDC 111: Super Disc Copy III is a new driven program thi allows mani of all types of files under DOS 3.1, 32 ond 3.3 COPY s single DOS, entire disck, UNDELETE, FIX filesizos tte. Allow files to be transferred back to DOS 3.2. £24.95 DISC RECOVERY: This utility will examine all the sectors on the disc, BAD BLOCK SCAN option, the REDO VTOC option may correct “messed-up” discs. Repair your disc. £24.95 Dos puu: vis utility adds 8 new commands to APPLE DOS. @ built-in and § are user-definable. Now you can ‘flip’ n DOS 3.3 and DOS 3.2 while # program is runing! Lal Add 15% VAT. Postage and Packing Free Write or phone for full cs Dealer enquiries welcome. Contact: $.B.D. SOFTWARE Jogue of available software. BIRMINGHAM COMPUTER CENTRE SPECIAL OFFER Apple Il plus fitted VHF Modulator complete with disk drive and controller £1,050 + vat SPECIAL OFFER Paper Tiger 460 with Graphics £715 + Paper Tiger 560 with Graphics £895 VAT SPECIAL OFFER Richo RP 1600 Daisywheel! Printer fitted centronics interface — double daisywheel fantastic value £1, 350- +VAT Full range of Apple Hardware, Monitor ‘ors, Disks, Tene, Books, Paper, Labels etc. SALES — SERVICE — SATISFACTION CAMDEN ELECTRONICS LTO MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS Visicate 75 Airflight Smitr 18 Computer Ambush 22 Visicale I 115 MSOFT/Adventure 15 ‘Computer Bismarck 2 Visidex 95 20 Computer Conflict 2 Visiplot 85 Wizard & Princess 17.50 Shattered Alliance 2 Visiterm 100 Space E; 14.50 Torpedo Fire 25 Visitrend/Piot 130 Gamma Goblins 14.50 Warp Factor 23 CCA Database 45 Orbitron 14.50 Cartels & Cutthroats 20 Tabs Modules 99 Gorgon 14.50 Computer Napoleonics 2 Super Editor 24 Ez Draw33 2B Computer Air Combat 25 Symdis 21 Both Barrels uu Air Traffie CTRLR n Locksmith 45 Phantoms Five 14.50 Super Robots 10 DB Master 128 Cyberstrike 19 Apple Collision 10 Mail List 60 Alien Rain 14.50 Super Invaderr 12 DOS Toolkit 38 Alien Typhoon 14.50 Star Cruiser 12 3.3 Upgrade 39 ‘Snoggle 1240 Odymey 12 Super Apple Basic 23 S/Adams ADVS 0/10 8 Applewortd 2 Assbly Dev System 2 interlude (Tape) 9 Tewalas Lest Redoubt 15 Verbatim Dises (10) 18 Sargon It zB Planetoids 12 The Data Factory 90 Othello Challenger 10 Micro Painter 2 Coming soon —* Veults of Cymarron (Hires (Graphics Adventure) ‘Star Venture — Hires Graphic Startrek Darkstar name To order just photo copy this page & circle the programs you need address Please add 15% VAT & 80p for P&P Mail Order Address Shop Address Shop Hours (Mon/Sat) 9.30 — 5.30 Souvenir Issue Apple2000 1980 - 1990 The Apple Prunings ... September ist 1980 September 4th 1980 September 26th 1980 October 1st 1980 October 20th 1980 October 31st 1980 November 1st 1980 November 3rd 1980 November 9th 1980 November 14th 1980 November 17th 1980 December 2nd 1980 December 12th 1980 December 30th 1980 January 1st 1981 oA Demonstration Apple Ills sent to dealers. Mike Spindler joins pre as European Marketing Manager and was promoted to VP and General Manager, Europe in 1 Three and a half years after the introduction the Apple II's introduction 130,000 units had been sold and revenues had risen from $7.8 million for the fiscal year that ended on September 30, 1978, to$117.9 million, and profits had risen from $793,497 to $11.7 million Apple Education Foundation announces that more than $150,000 worth of microcomputer-based systems have been awarded tb 25 recipients. This is the third set of awards made by the foundation Apple sells app. 78,100 Apple II computers during the fiscal year ending on the above date. Apple employees as of above date approximately 1015 full time employees, including 198 in marketing and sales; 152 in research, product development and related engineering; 558 in manufacturing; and 107 in general management and administration. Official opening of the company store at 1335 Bordeaux Drive, Sunnyvale. Cork, Ireland Plant opens. Apple sells app. 131,000 Apple II computers by this date. Apple commences limited deliveries of the Apple II to retail customers in late November Apple announces that the Appi Tl has been chose as the network access machine for EDUNET, an international computer network for higher education and research ‘Ist customer shipment of special delivery software. British Apple Systems User Group founded in the UK Apple’s new delicatessen opens at northeast corner of Bandley II. Tony Dyke, owner of the Round Onion restaurant, will be manager and chef extraordinaire. Apple Computer Inc, announces that the company and ITT Consumer Products Division hassettleda suit brought against it by Apple Computer in England. Apple announces that the creativity of independent software developers is being encourage through a new software selection and distribution program that will be offered through the first Special Delivery Software Catalog. Programs will be available on cassette. Apple goes public selling 4.6m shares at a price of 22. Apple announces a computer literacy program, named Apple Seed, that will provide qualifying elementary and high schools with computer course materials. Founding of the Nepalese Apple Users Group, Manaste Apple. The deadline established by Mike Scott for eliminating typewriters at Apple Computer Apple begins the loan-to-own program by which an Apple employee can borrow an Apple Il+ and after one year is allowed to keep the system if he/she can show that they can use Apple Writer an VisiCalc. In 1981 Apple opened European distribution centres in Zeist, The Netherlands and Munich, Germany. Introduction of Microcourier, which gives the Apple Il electronic mail capability. Introduction of IEEE-488 card for interfacing measurement and control equipment. Introduction of Monitor III for the Apple III system. Nearly 180,000 Apple II systems shipped in 1981, more than twice as many as in 1980, increasing the installed based to well over 300,000. Foreign sales of Apple’s products were app. 29% of net sales for the first 6 months of 1981. Apple2000 1980 - 1990 Souvenir Issue January Ist 1981 January 15th 1981 January 22nd 1981 February 9th 1981 February 10th 1981 February 23rd 1981 March Ist 1981 March 19th 1981 March 27th 1981 April 30th 1981 May 4th 1981 June 4th 1981 July Ist 1981 July 13th 1981 August 13th 1981 September 1ith 1981 September 21st 1981 September 23rd 1981 October Ist 1981 October Zist 1981 Souvenir Issue Apple sold 75,000 Apple IIs in the first six months of fiscal year 1981 ending March 27, 1981. Apple pomputee spends approximately 20,956,000 fiscal year 1981 for research and development Over 40 software packages introd: by Apple in 1981 including a number of Apple Ill programs: Business BASIC, Business Graphics, Mail List Manager, Apple Writer III, Access III and Pascal. Apple announces that nearly $150,000 worth of microcomputer systems have been awarded to 26 educational Broups by the Foundation for the Advancement of Computer-aided Education. This is the forth set of awards by the foundation since October 1979, and raises to app. $500,000 the value of grants given to educational institutions and individuals. Apple announces record sales and net income for the first quarter of fiscal 1981. This is the first financial report sincethecompany sinitial public offering of common stock. Sales for the quarter were $67.6 million, a 246% increase over the $19.5 million reported in the same quarter a year ago. Net income was$7.4 million, 180% higher than the $2.6 million in the comparable 1980 period. Ist 100,000 units packaged in one month - Sunnyvale, CA. le announces that it has concluded an agreement to acquire Microsense Computer Ltd. of London. jicrosense has been the authorised distributor for Apple in the UK since July 1! Apple announces that it will no longer offer a special buil-in clock/calendar circuit as part of the Apple Il. Asa result, the price of the computer has dropped $50. Paris, France European headquarters opens. Slough, England sales office opens. Apple resumes shipments of the Apple Ill after correcting reliability problems. Apple announces a restructuring of its top management with A.C. Markkula, Jr. named as price: and chief executive officer. Succeeding Markkula as chairman of the board is Steven Jobs. Mike , who has served as president and CEO since May 1977 and as director since January 1978, will succeed Jobs as vice chairman of the board. As of the above date Apple had app. 1550 employees, including app. 230 in marketing and sales: 250 in research, product development and related engineering: 950 in manufacturing; and 100 in general management and administration. 1st million dollar shipping day. As of the above date, Apple has sold more than 4000 Apple Ills. As the above date Apple has sold more than 200,000 Apple Ils. Apple announces AppleGraphics II, the most versatile graphics programming tool available for personal computer. Apple announces that the Apple Language Card has been made available for sale as a separate item. The card allows Apple II and Il+ computers to run turn-key programs written in any Apple-supported language including Pascal, Fortran and Pilot. ‘Ist Apple Ill users group meets - Charlottesville, VA. Apple toopen anew manufacturing and testing facility in Singapore. Plant will initially produce logicand encoder boards for Apple computers. Cork Ireland starts manufacturing. Apple spies faned and Microcom introduces two communication programs designed for the business and professional personal computer market. Micro-Courier and Micro-Telegram tur the Apple into a communications took to send information from one Apple to another or to access Western Union communication lines, Apple III Business BASIC software released. Apple III System Demo software released. Corporate Engineering Library opens for business. Monica Ertel heads the new library which is located in Bandley Il. Apple Values announced. Apple Values are the “qualities, customs, standards and principles that the company as a whole regards as desirable. They are the basis for what we do and how we do it. Taken together, they identify us as a unique company.” Release of the Apple III to Intercontinental markets. Apple acquires Microsense Computers Limited in London for approximately $3.5 million. Apple Computer (UK) Limited, employees the 85 staff from Microsense and continues to distribute Apple products. Michael Brewer, previously Chairman and Director of Microsense, named Managing Director of Apple Computer (UK) Limited. Apple2000 1980 - 1990 iS 23 The Apple Prunings ... wo October 26th 1981 November Ist 1981 November 3rd 1981 November Sth 1981 November 9th 1981 December 17th 1981 January 1st 1982 February Ist 1982 March 1st 1982 March 12th 1982 March 16th 1982 March 19th 1982 April 1st 1982 May 12th 1982 June 7th 1982 June 15th 1982 August 19th 1982 aa Apple introduces the Family System for homeuse. Thesystem includes an Applell+ computer, diskdrive with controller, RF modulator, tutorial, software, manuals, and software directory. The system sells for $2495, Apple informs retailers that it would no longer allow its products to be sold to consumers over the telephone or through the mails. As a result, in December 1981, six retailers filed suit against Apple. Apple dealers service centres break 1000 worldwide including centres in Netherlands Antilles, Kuwait, Qafar and Surinam. Apple has completed the acquisitibn of Microsense Computer, Itd. of London for approx. $3.5 million. Mizosensehas ‘been the authorised distributor of Apple computers in the UK since June, 1979. Thenew company, Apple Computer UK, will distribute Apple products to a network of 500 dealers in the UK. Markkula says that all authorised Apple dealers will be required to sign contract modifications in which they agree not to engage in mail order sales of Apple products. Applc introduces a new mass-storage system for the Apple III called ProFile, a 5 megabyte hard disk with the capacity of 35 floppy disks. Apple's Peripherals Division extends a special offer to all Apple Employees of a Centronics 737 Dot Matrix Printer at a special price of $349. By the end of 1982, over 750,000 Apple systems had been sold worldwide Apple officially changes it corporate address to 20525 Mariani Avenue in Cupertino. The first 220-volt Apple IIIs for the international market shipped from Cork, Ireland. The first Apple Payroll processed by ADP (Automatic Data Processing). Prior to this our payroll was processed by the Bank of America. Apple announces that Apple Logo is now available. Apple announces that it has commenced legal action against Asian imitators of its Apple II. Mike Markkula announces to the Executive Staff that Apple: 1) will proceed toward establishing and “Automated Printed Circuit Board Facility,” 2) will build a small quantity of Super II’s [Apple Ile’s] to determine assembly and test procedures to use in manufacturing, 3) begin production of the Super II's in Dallas and 4) the PC board manufacturing will be subcontracted until it will be determined when to build an automated factory. [The Fremont Plant] The Keyboard Company in Garden Grove, California becomes a part of Apple Computer Inc. Apple announces a suit filed against Franklin Computer Corp. of New Jersey for patent infringement, copyright infringement, unfair competition and misappropriation. Apple announces the its Accessory Products Division will offer two new printers, the Apple dot matrix and the Apple letter quality printers. Apple announces Apple SoftCard III System which allows the running of CP/M-based application programs on the Apple III. Apple announces SuperPILOT, a versatile extension of the Apple PILOT software language. Apple announces Apple III COBOL. First Lisa sneak preview in Europe - Paris HDQ with John Couch. Appleannounces the U.S. Customs Service has begun detaining and seizing imitationsof the Applell. All imitations will be destroyed. Apple2000 1980 - 1990 Souvenir Issue Souvenir issue THE LAST ONE ‘Well, we have to admit that it has taken us a while Jonger than we thought to perfect THE LAST ONE but now that it's complete, it's even better than we been i product, complete with and easy to follow documentation is nowy, at last, finished. What this means is that anyone who has a clear idea of what they want a program to do, can produce bug-free programs in a mere fraction of the time that it used to take. To use THE LAST ONE, you do not have to understand BASIC. You donot have tospend hours, days and weeks coding your requirements. You do not have to spend hundreds and thousands on buying commercial software which, by definition, can only perform the tasks for which it has been written. Buying a copy of THE LAST ONE means that you can easily produce your own software, designed to answer your needs, and to be updated as often as you require, at no extra cost. THE LAST ONE is menu-driven. That is, you the user are shown a list of options on the screen, written in plain English, and from those options, you select and built a FLOWCHART. The heart of building a flowchart is something we call the FLOWCHART CREATION MENU (surprise, surprise). When this appears, the user selects the options required and in this way the flowchart is created. Selecting some options will lead to the user being shown sub-menus which ask for more detailed or specific information and so, in this way, you continue until you are satisfied that your flowchart answers your requirements. At this point, by selecting the ‘CODE PROGRAM option, THE LAST ONE will go through your flowchart line by line, asking the user for such information as screen layout design, branch destinations and so on until THE LAST ONE has a complete picture of your pre