Text content (OCR)
ple2000%5
lv NATIONAL APPLE USERS GROUP
AUGUST 1986 VOLUME 1(1)
~ /
All
i
you need to know about Desktop
Publishing can be said in two words
Computer City
Computer City can offer you the
best advice, the best deals, the most
professional service, and the best
selection of software. We have the
highest standards and we love our
work. With centres both in Widnes
and in Liverpool University, we are
all set to open our new store in
Manchester.
As long-established printers, our
sister company “Design and Display
Associates” used Apple computers
to good effect. So much so that, 5
years ago, we decided to go all out
with Apple and become dealers.
Success breeds success, and we are
now the longest-established Apple
dealer on Merseyside and No. | in
the North West.
With this combined experience and
expertise in the areas of printing
and computers, Desktop Publishing
became a natural market in which
we would lead the way.
Desktop Publishing is the latest and
most exciting development in office
automation, equal in importance to
the evolution of the typewriter, the
calculator, and the photocopier.
It’s going to give you the power you
need to effectively and efficiently
create the image you want. You no
longer have to rely on others - you
can do all this yourself, giving you
more flexibility, time, productivity,
and security.
The Desktop Publishing system is
simple enough for anyone to
operate, but that’s not the point!
The point is that it enables you to
produce work that a professional
printer would be proud of. We
know this is true because we sell
our systems to printers, graphic
design studios and advertising
agencies - as well as to people like
yourself.
Learn to get more miles from your
Macintosh at the UK’s first Desktop
Publishing demonstration and
training centre here at Computer
City, where our experienced team
can evaluate your needs and advise
you on the best combination of
available hardware and software to
meet your requirements.
We can’t say more here. Visit us. Write to us.
Give us a ring. Find out what we’re all about!
Computer
Educational and Overseas enquiries welcome
Apple2000 Committee
Jim Panks Chairman
Norah Amold Secretary
Irene Flaxman Treasurer
Graham Attwood ‘Software Library
Keith Chamberlain Membership Secretary
Nick Hunter Press Officer
Ivan Knezovich Shows & Promotions
Ewen Wannop Special Release Software
Tom Wright Local Groups
Tony Game Bulletin Board
Administration
All enquiries and orders should be addressd
to Sheila Hirst at the PO Box at St Albans.
or Telephone (i
matt)
Apple2000 Hotline™
Dave Ward (fiiit#ii}) 2/1}
Monday to Friday 1900 - 2100 hours
Bulletin Board2000
Sysop - Tony Game
Felixstowes|(ilitin}) iiite
FOUNDER MEMBERS OF THE
ASSOCIATION OF COMPUTER
CLUBS
This is the journal of Apple2000™ a non-
profit making company with aims of
supporting all Apple Computers and
equipment. Apple2000 is not affiliated
or connected with Apple™ Inc.
Apple™ & the Apple logo are trademarks of Apple
Computer inc. Maciniost™ is a trademark ot
Mcintosh Laboratory Inc and used with the express
permission of the owner, Tolecome Gold™ is a
trademark of British Telecom PLC. The FORCE™ and
‘Apple2000™ are trademarks of BASUG Ltd
Copyright
The contents of this journal are copyright of
BASUG Ltd and/or the respective authors.
However permission is granted for the non-
commercial — reproduction, provided _—the
author and source are credited and a copy of
the relevent journal is sent
The opinions and views expressed are those
of the various contributors, and are not
necessarily supported by BASUG.
Apple2000 is produced using the following
products - Macintosh™, Pagemaker™
MacPaint™, MacDraw™, Word™,
Thunderscan™
The artwork is produced on a Lasorwntor
and then Litho Printed by Target Litho,
Cottenham, Cambridge. (0954) 51189
The front cover and
Apple2000 design is by
Stefan Mucha
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
PREMIER EDITION
The Journal of Apple2000
FOR ALL APPLE USERS
Apple2000 (BasuG) is a non- profit making company limited by guarantee.
Editor - Jim Panks Auguet 1896
SPLIT PROGRAM
How to split a Basic Program around the Hi-Res Graphics Screen
Captain Goodnight
Areview of an Apple // role-playing adventure.
MICOL BASIC
An in-depth look at a structured BASIC Compiler
OMNIS PAGES
The latest hints and tips from Blyth.
DISK ZAPS AND ALL THAT (Part 4)
Alook at PRODOS and its disk structure.
DEALER PROFILE
We look at Celtip up in Worcestershire
TODAY
Using Apple equipment in industry.
RECKONING WITH THE FORCE
Have you read your manual ? If not this could HELP
FLIPPED
A member describes his use of the FLIPPER Card.
APPLEWORKS TIPS
Did you know............
GROUP BUSINESS
BABBS UPDATE CLUBNEWS LOCAL GROUP NEWS
MacChat - The Macintosh Pages
Edited by Norah Arnold
DEVELOPERS FORUM - Find out how to.....
TWO VIEWS OF MACAUTHOR - How good is it?
KANJITALK - The Japanese answer to the Mac.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC SYSTEM REVIEW
SCHOOL MANAGER - A new British product
NEWS FROM THE NETWORK - Edited bits
SOFTWARE LIBRARY UPDATE - Double the
number of disks - find out whats new
_ = Page 4
[ Contents
Editorial 2
Apple2000 - A new image 3
Appleworks Tips 4
Hotline News Dave Ward 4
Splitting a Basic Program Graham Keeler 8
Captain Goodnight Len Cavanagh 12
MICOL BASIC review Dave Ward 14
OMNIS SIG News 22
Disk Zaps and all that (Pt 4) Ewen Wannop 24
Prize Crossword 25
Bulletin Board Update Tony Game 26
Dealer Profile 28
TODAY Ivan Knezovich 29
(Setting the record straight 32
Reckoning with the Force Ewen Wannop 32
Ive Flipped Richard Wilday 36
Club Nows 38
Local Group News Tom Wright 38
MACCHAT 40
Network News 42
Developers Forum 44
Software Supplements 45
Two views of MacAuthor Alan Day 46
Peter Kom 48
MacPlus with KanjiTalk 50
Bibliographic System Richard Wilday 52
The School Manager Bill Pearce 53
New Library Disks S4
ZBASIC - A review Joe Gillespie 55
RAMStart Patches 56
Book Reviews Nick Hunter 57
Local Group Contacts 60
The Final WORD ko 60
Advertisers
Thank you advertisers for making our new super journal possible with
your support. Members are asked to support our advertisers as they
support us.
Computer City Front Inside Cover
Apple Computer 5
Apple2000 6&7
Keyzone 10
Advanced Micro Products 1
DMS Electronics 17
Etootera Ltd 20
Rosco Ltd 21827
Stem Computing 26
Trident Micro Services 28
Blyth Software 30831
Apple Software Exchange 32
Comtec 33
Bidmuthin Technologies 34835
Holdens 36
Coltip Computers 37
C.1.Cayman 39
Inprint 43
Computer Capability Ltd 47
MacSerious Software 51
MacSoft 54859
Elite Software Company Back Inside Cover
P&P Micro Distributors Back Cover
DarkStar Systems Insert
MGA Insert
Page2
EDITORIAL
Welcome to a new era in the world of Apple
computing - Apple2000 the new-look user
group is here ready for the future and for the
new developments that are about to happen.
You will see that we have made yet more
improvements to the magazine, a brand new name, a
full colour front, and this edition is the biggest one we
have produced so far at a bumper 60 pages. There are
reviews, tips, news and programs in this issue, and we
hope we have included something of interest for all of
you whatever machine you may have.
A special thankyou to our advertisers for their
splendid support for the launch of this new magazine,
and to Apple UK who advertise for the first time.
Basug, sorry | mean Apple2000, has been going
through some changes following the committee's brain-
storming session at Bewdley and we hope these will
bring in more members and give a better service so
that the club can expand its activities.
We have added new disks to the Software Libraries
and having looked closely at the type of programs that
are most in demand we now have a good idea of what
things members are interested in, Norah has revised all
the disks in the Mac Library, and when she came to put
together all the new stuff she had collected, she came
up with an amazing TWENTY SEVEN new disks full of
the latest programs and utilities for the Mac, and they
are available at the reduced price of £7.00.
The Force has been extensively upgraded by John
Lee, and he has added a News section with all the
latest information from the newstands. There is no
joining fee for the Force.
BABBS has recovered from recent dramas with
hardware and is going great now. It is reckoned to be
the best in the country, and there are some lively
debates going on between members at present. If you
have a modem, give BABBS a ring and join in the fun!
We will be at the PCW Show which is being held at
Olympia from 3rd to 7th September, and have stand
3000/7 in the National Hall Gallery thanks to our friends
at the ACC. Come and pay us a visit.
Fave Antes
We would like to thank AMP for the help and last minute
emergency loan of equipment to ensure that this issue
could be completed on time.
____ APPLE 2000 - August 1986
—
So __—___
ee
APPLE 2000 a New Image for BASUG
By now you should all have noticed that over the past
months, the image of BASUG has undergone a_ considerable
change. None so great as the new title being used for the
colourful August magazine, ‘Apple 2000'. This is the working
title for the group identity, and for the magazine.
BASUG will still remain the
registered at Company House
There are many reasons why the image of the
group has been changed. Our roots lie with the
Apple enthusiasts who started the group back in
1981. At that time, the name ‘British Apple
Systems User Group’ seemed a good one to call the
varied collection of people in the group. The
common factor of which was simply that we all
used Apple computers either in business or at
home. Today, the emphasis has changed, we still
business name
It was for these many reasons, that we felt that
a new, fresh, forward looking name to the group
was overdue. We wish to expand the membership
base by at least a factor of two over the next
year, and we need a new image to do it. A new
image to make all and sundry sit up and take
notice. Expanding the membership means we can
improve the services that we offer you. Expanding
the membership means we are able to advertise
our existence to others in a proper way. Expanding
our membership means that your magazine can
have the enthusiasts, bul more and more we are only get better and better as more and more
getting business users joining the group. We also people contribute to it.
now have a greater diversity of machines than the We look forward to the next years. We look
original Apple ][+. This situation is also reflected
in the business of Apple UK Ltd. themselves. They
are more and more concerning themselves with
forward to being there with you, the members.
Help us go forward.
Help us go forward with Apple 2000.
the business market as well as their traditional
outlets.
We must re-affirm for you the objectives of The Committee.
BASUG, or as we shall now call it, Apple 2000.
First and foremost, we are a_ self help
organisation. By that | mean that we help each
other. We all have some knowledge of some aspect
of working with Apple computers. We can spread
this knowledge to help each other with our
problems, those we help can spread their
knowledge to help you. This is the {fundamental
reason why BASUG came into existence, and why
Apple 2000 should continue strongly forward.
We can spread this knowledge to you in many
ways. Through the pages of the magazine, through
the Hotline, through the Force and through BABBS
the bulletin board.
We support ALL Apple machines, whether they
be Apple I's, ][+'s, //e's, //c’'s, i's, _ Lisa's,
Mac's, ITT 2020's or even the new unnamed
machines yet to be launched. We have a vast
database of knowledge amongst us as members,
covering the machines, their software and add on
hardware.
APPLE 2000- August 1986
The Seal of Approval
«Page 3
AppleWorks Tips
and Techniques
It is probably true to say that the majority of users
of any particular software package only ever make use
of a small proportion of the facilities that the program
writer included, Here are a few tips that employ some
of these to customise standard programs to make them
work better for you.
1: FANCY PRINTING YOUR SPREADSHEET REPORTS
| was thinking particularly about a problem with
spreadsheets in trying to make the printed reports more
attractive. It is not normally possible to put printer
control codes within the body of a _ spreadsheet
template, so how do you print some parts in one font
and some in another, or use the other options you know
your printer is capable of providing. You can do all these
things in your wordprocessor, but how to get your
spreadsheet data into wordpro format?
If you look at your spreadsheet program, there is the
answer all the time if only you knew what it meant. | am
talking about ‘Print to Disk’ (or Print to File), and that
is just what it does. It creates a disk file which is an
exact replica of what would be printed on paper if you
had chosen the usual Print option, and just as the data
appears on the screen, but without formulas, formats,
attributes etc. - just the data ‘space padded’ to fill the
page. If you now read this file into your wordprocessor
you can embed printer commands as you would in a
wordpro document.
There are just a couple of
firstly columnar spacing will be upset if different fonts
are mixed within lines. So treat all lines which need
figures in columns identically ie. turn font options on
and off in the same place on each line. Secondly, all lines
including blank ones are space filled to the width of the
points to watch though;
model, say 80 columns, and finish with a_ carriage
return. Some wordprocessors (e.g. Applewriter) count
printer commands as extra characters and will cause
linefeeds to occur in the printout if the
width exceeds the default setting. This is simply
overcome by resetting the default wider, to say 100,
which fools the program but the print will still come out
at 80 columns. Of course due allowance must be made
where enlarged or condensed fonts are employed.
wordwraps or
This technique works with most of the common
spreadsheets, and with wordprocessors which can read
standard ASCIl textfiles. AppleWorks users have a big
advantage that they can Print to the clip-board and then
‘Move’ it to the wordpro to paste it into a document, and
work from there without even having to leave the
program.
2: SENDING DATA BY RETURN
This next tip is for those who would like to use
AppleWorks to prepare text files for subsequent sending
on the Force (Telecom Gold) or other electronic mail
services. These systems usually require data to be sent
line by line, with each line terminated by a carriage
retur (ASCII) file to disk’ does not append carriage
returns. Instead go to [5] Other Activities, then [7]
Specify Information about your Printer, and then [2]
Add a Printer. Choose [4] Apple Silentype, and name
your printer ‘Force’ or something similar, and finish
Page 4
with [7] Print onto disk. Now return (Esc, Esc, Esc) to
the Main Menu. When you want to save a piece of text to
disk, choose ‘Force’ and it will be saved with carriage
returns at the end of each line. The reason for using the
Silentype printer driver is that it only does this and
excludes all other control characters.
3: MAKE YOUR OWN PRINTER AppleWorks was
designed originally for the combination of the Apple //e
(or //c), the Super Serial card, and the Imagewriter
plus a few other printers, and most users kept to that
arrangement. Now that AppleWorks is reaching a wider
range of users, particularly now that PlusWorks has
brought it to the J][+ owners, there are more and more
people with printers and cards other than the
Imagewriter. The standard output of course uses
Imagewriter control codes for underline, bold etc. which
do not work on the other Epson-like printers. The
solution is simple if you can understand your printer
manual sufficiently to find the turn on and turn off
commands for these options, you just need to define
your own printer driver. Follow the route in Tip 2 above
until you get to Add a Printer, then choose [11]
Customise a Printer. Enter the answers on the first
page - MYPRINTER, Slot 1, Yes, No, 8.0 (inches), then
enter the control codes you found from the manual,
typing the commands at the keyboard e.g. (Escape) W 1,
and finish with a caret (‘) - Shift 6 (or Shift N on the
Jl). Each font command should be preceeded by the
number of characters per inch for that font eg. 5
(Return). Now when you prepare a document in
AppleWorks you use the normal formatting commands,
but select MYPRINTER as the printer option and you
should get the correct codes sent out at print time.
HOTLINE NEWS
Here are a few of the interesting questions received
since the last issue of HARDCORE
Visidex apparently won't boot on enhanced Apple //e
or Apple //c computers. In fact quite a number of the
‘copy-protected’ programs designed for the Apple ][
plus and Apple //e computers with the 6502 processor
will not boot on Apple computers with 65C02
processors due to the speed differences of certain
instructions. Timing dependencies required by the ‘copy-
protected’ program cannot be met by the processor
hence the problem Fortunately this problem is
surmountable but this is not the place to describe it.
Further questions have been raised regarding the
availability of Basic compilers working in the ProDos
environment. If you are interested read the review of
‘MICOL BASIC structured programming _ language’
described elsewhere within these pages. Any comments
would be welcomed
STROBE INC. MODEL 100 DIGITAL GRAPHIC PRINTER Do
you have any knowledge ? If so please let us know!
Do you have knowledge of trouble-shooting or
repairing Saturn or look-a-like ram cards? If you do and
wouldn't mind the occasional plea for help please inform
us,
AppleWorks, of course, doesn't have a built-in Mail-
merge (or at least I'm not aware of itl). MGA
Microsystems supply packages to enable this. However,
if you use AppleWorks to produce ‘mail merges’ perhaps
you could let us know about it so we can pass the good
news on.
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
Apple 2000,
elcome back-
o the future.
Welcome to all Apple 2000 members,
and congratulations on your new look!
The British Apple Systems User
Group has been around for a long time—
almost as long as Apple. And like Apple,
the Group will be around for a lot longer.
Well into the next century, as your new
name suggests.
Looking back, a great deal has
happened since the first Apple II personal
computers arrived in the UK. ‘To Apple,
to the industry as a whole, and to you,
our customers.
Now we're looking to the future, to
the new developments that will take
personal computing far beyond its present
capabilities.
Apple will be at the forefront of these
new developments, and we hope that you
will stay with us all the way,
No manufacturer can survive without
the support and commitment of the people
who use its products. Apple 2000 members
have supported each other—and us— with a
commitment that has never failed.
‘Thank you for this support. And
welcome back, to a great future together.
Best wishes,
sah
L A ie ac
( tk David Hancock
Managing Director, Apple UK
Macintosh 3.5" Software Library
Ribbons
o sont J
Deu
27 new disks of superb programs
just added
- library now contains over 50 disks
)
& and all at the reduced price of £7.00 inc VAT
Epson MX/FX80
Epson MX/FX refill
Epson MX/FX100
Imagewriter
Taxan Kaga
£6.30
£3.20
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( a=mmum
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Special Offers from Pace
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£119 + VAT
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£ 49+ VAT
£ 5+VAT Dd
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Join the FORCE for Free!!
Apple2000 __—»)
souvenirs gy
<
Enjoy the benefits of communication with
other users by joining the Force on BT Gold,
and it costs nothing to join.
A detailed manual is available on disk in DOS, ProDOS or Mac
formats (state which), for £5.00 inc VAT.
NN A
We are offering special \
Apple2000 badges, pens and
sweaters for sale to our
members.
See the order form for more
details
4
Page 6
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
Apple2000
No y
(~ ——
Blank Floppy Apple 5.25" Software Library
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at GOOD PRICES Pascal - P01 to PO10
CP/M - C001 to C030
5.25" MemorexSS £12.00 Ramen “EAMG Ree
3.5" Memorex SS £26.00 Pius NEW
3.5" Sony SS/DD £26.50 AppleWorks section ~- A001 to A006
3.5" Sony DS/DD £37.50 and one for Apple Ill users - T001
Prices for 10 disks all Library disks are £5.00 inc VAT
in a plastic library case Buy10 for only £40.00 including Library Case
w& is i Y :
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Special Release Software ( Memorex Kits
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(/ Applesoft Screen Editor Prestel Driver Spring clean your system ‘\
Club Keeper Super Trace . * .
Graphic Pad Super Editor with our cleaning kits-
Helicopter Rescue Symdis Head cleaner £7.50
all at £14.50 each
Speedioader £16.00 ali ee
& and the NEW Chameleon Program £16.00 es ae aaa
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Apple2000
Telephone your POBox 177 tel:
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for speedy Herts AL2 2EG
delivery. VAT No. 362 7831 38
“4
APPLE 2000 - August 1986 a Page 7
SPLITTING A BASIC PROGRAM AROUND THE
HI-RES GRAPHICS SCREEN
It is well known that the memory occupied by the high
resolution graphics screens on the Apple Il is badly
positioned, so that it gets in the way of any large
program that uses graphics. To be precise, page 1
occupies memory from $2000 to $4000 (or 8192 to
16384 decimal), and page 2 occupies $4000 to $6000
(24576 decimal). Page 1, which in many ways is most
useful because it can have 4 lines of scrolling text at
the bottom, is the worst, leaving only 6144 bytes of
memory for BASIC program plus variables.
The simplest way to get round
relocate the program above the
memory, by issuing the commands
the problem is to
graphics display
POKE 16384,0 (or POKE 24576 to relocate above
page 2)
POKE 103,1
POKE 104,64 (or POKE 104,96)
before loading the program. However, this has two
drawbacks. It requires the above commands to be
issued separately, either in direct mode or from a
preliminary program, and it then wastes the 6K of
memory below the graphics display.
by Graham Keeler
Department of Pure and Applied
Physics,
University of Salford.
The elegant solution is to split the program around the
graphics memory. | have seen machine code programs which
carry out the splitting, but this in itself is not sufficient: it
leaves two problems. First, although a program can indeed
be split, and will LIST perfectly through the split, it may not
RUN correctly . Secondly, when SAVEd and reLOADed
under DOS 3.3, the program will not RUN pa st the split.
| was aware that the old APPLEPLOT program was a split
program, so | examined it and have thus worked out the
solution to both problems. | have also written my own
version of a machine code SPLIT program which assists with
the process of correcting the other problems. The program
will actually split a program anywhere, and can be used, for
instance, to bury a piece of machine code or a shap e table
in the middie of a program. However, by far the most
important reason for splitting a program will be to avoid the
graphics display, and the following discussion assumes that
this is what you want to do. (A piece of machine code can
equally well be captured at the end of a program simply by
altering the pointer at locations 175 and 176, unless the
machine code cannot be relocated.)
Before starting, please note that IT IS VITAL THAT YOU
HAVE AN UNSPLIT VERSION SAFELY SAVED ON DISC
BEFORE STARTING THE SPLITTING PROCESS. Similarly,
you should also ensure that each change is SAVEd, under a
different filename, before splitting. In particular, split
programs cannot be edited in any way.
Page &
The SPLIT program
Before starting, you will need to .enter the program
SPLIT into your computer. If you have an assembler this
is quite simple, following the assembly program listed.
If not, the easiest way is to enter the program from the
hexadecimal dump, also listed. To do this, first enter
the Monitor by the command
CALL -151
when the Applesoft ] prompt symbol will be replaced by
a star. Enter the lines as
8FEO: 20 E6 8F 4C DO 03 A9 EO
8FE8: 85 73 8D F6 03 AS 8F 85
etc. When you have finished entry, list the program by
8FE0.91E7 and check that it is exactly the same as the
listing shown. If not, correct any erroneous line by re-
entering it.
Return to BASIC by typing 3D0G, and save the
program to disc by BSAVE SPLIT.OBJO,A$8FE0,L$220
Note that the address chosen for the SPLIT program is
up near the top of memory and is the highest
permissible under ProDOS while also being suitable for
DOS 3.3. If you are working with DOS 3.3, and you
have your own assembler with which to enter the
assembly language version, you could put the program a
little higher by altering line 37 to ORG $93E0
Carrying out the splitting process
Now you are ready to start the splitting process.
Load your original program, then at the very beginning
of the program, add the line:
1 POKE 00000,000: POKE 00000,000
and SAVE it again under a different name. To find out
where the split occurs, type HGR (or HGR2 if you want
to split around the second graphics page only). LIST the
program, which will have been overwritten by the
screen clearing initialization of HGR, and this will show
exactly where the overwriting has started. In general,
when the back end of a program is corrupted, the LIST
may have a half correct line ending in a string of
question marks or it may end in screenfuls of garbage,
but in the case where it is truncated by HGR it should
just stop prematurely,
In order to make the program RUN correctly, you
must ensure that execution never tries to run through
the split. This can be done by a GOTO jump around the
split, with the last line before the split a harmless REM.
To achieve this, load the full program again, and before
the last COMPLETE line you saw above, insert two lines.
For example, If the last complete line is 500, insert
496 GOTO 500
498 REM ANY STRING LONG ENOUGH TO COVER
THE COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE LINES
and save this modified form again.
— APPLE 2000 - August 1986
This will ensure that execution always jumps round the
split, and the program should now RUN successfully
after being split (lf the last complete line and any
incomplete line are very short, it may very
occasionally be necessary to make the insertion before
the last two lines.)
You are now ready to run the SPLIT program. The
first time you run it, it must be BRUN by the command
BRUN SPLIT.OBJO
It will reply with the prompt
START OF SPLIT (IN HEX):
To split around the primary (page 1) graphics screen,
type 2000, or for page 2 only, type 4000.
The second prompt is for the end of the split, to which
you should reply 4000 for page 1 only, or 6000 for
page 2 (or to protect both graphics pages). The split is
now carried out, after which the program will give the
necessary data to make the split permanent; for
example
NEW ADDRESSES FOR LINK ARE -
POKE ADDRESS: 8178
POKE VALUES: 1 AND 64
If you need to run the program again, it can be done
more speedily simply by ty ping & and pressing
<RETURN>.
Making the split permanent
A more complicated process is necessary to enable
the program to be SAVEd to disc, and subsequently
LOADed and RUN successfully, if you are using DOS 3.3.
(However, if you are using ProDOS the problem does not
arise, and this stage can be omitted. Simply SAVE the
program as split above.)
After the program has been split, note the three
values given by the program as explained above. Load
the unsplit program back from disc and edit line 1 using
the information given. The 'POKE ADDRESS' is the first
number for the first POKE, but must be increased by one
for the second POKE. The 'POKE VALUES’ are the second
numbers for each POKE. When editing, make sure that
you add leading zeroes to make the line exactly the
same length as it was originally, otherwise the program
length will be altered and the values given will no longer
be correct. For instance, if the numbers shown above
were given, line 1 should be altered to
1 POKE 08178,001: POKE 08179,064
Now you must split the program again, for the final
time; you can use the & hook to save doing another
BRUN. This time save the split version to disc, as the
final, working version, and it can successfully be
reloaded and RUN. Note that if you simply LOAD and
LIST it, it will stop at the split, but on execution line 1
will restore the back end. Note also that the split
program should not on any account be edited. Any
change must be made on the original version, and the
whole splitting process then repeated.
How the SPLIT program and the
modifications work.
To understand the process, it is necessary first to
explain the method by which an Applesoft program is
stored in memory. The start and end of the program,
and the separator for each line, is a zero byte, 00.
Each line begins with the address (in hex, low byte first
as always) of the start of the next line. The SPLIT
program jumps from one address to the next, checking
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
to see whether each address is higher than where the
split is to start. When it finds such an address, it alters
the address at the start of the last complete line to the
end of the split (plus 1, for safety's sake), for example
$4001 (or $6001 for a split to the end of page 2)
where the next line is to start. The block of memory
from the first incomplete line (which will be a little
before the start of the split, and hopefully should be the
REM line that you inserted) to the end of the program is
moved up in memory by the Applesoft BLTU (block
transfer utility) to start at the end of the protected
area. FFinally, all the ‘next line’ addresse s beyond the
split are corrected, and the Applesoft pointers adjusted.
The reason for the GOTO and the REM is that although
when LISTing, Applesoft uses the addresses to jump
from one line to the next, during normal execution it
just works its way through one line, then carries on
from that position in memory expecting to find another
line of instructions. However, on encountering the
GOTO it uses the LIST method of jumping from line to
line via the addresses until it finds the line required.
The REM is simply a safety precaution to make = sure
another line after the GOTO does not sneak in before the
split.
When a program is SAVEd and then reloaded, DOS 3.3
updates the next line pointers to point straight after the
present line, since the program may not be being
reloaded at the same address as it came from. ProDOS,
on the other hand, knows where the program was saved
from, and simply corrects the addresses if necessary,
thus preserving the split.
Thus when DOS 3.3 encounters the split, it “corrects”
the address of the last presplit line back to the end of
the line, and it is necessary to alter it again to $4001
(or $6001). This is the purpose of line 1 inserted at the
start of the program, so that the program can patch
itself back together before execution reaches the split.
Incidentally, the split program as a whole cannot be
edited, but it IS possible to edit the section beyond the
split Simply alter the pointer to the start of the
program to $4001 by POKE 103,1: POKE 104,64: POKE
16384,0 (The last POKE ensures that the program is
preceded by a zero as required). Applesoft now for
gets about the first section of the program and you can
edit at will, then reset the pointer to $801 by POKE
103, 1: POKE 104, 8 when you have finished, before
SAVEing the program.
You could for instance modify APPLEPLOT in this
way, if say you want to set it up for a different type of
printer.
You can also store a graphics image in the HGR area
(or a section of machine co de for that matter) and bring
it up on the screen at will, The best way to do this is to
prepare the screen image first, then dump the whole
graphics area on to disc. When you have your
successful, running version of the split program in
memory, BLOAD the binary graphics file back into the
screen area before finally SAVEing the split program.
The graphics image will of course have to be displayed
using the soft switches rather than HGR.
The best in the North West
Computer City supports Apple2000 and
sends its congratulations.
Page 9 _
keyzone
NEXT TO NONE IN QUALITY
PRICE WITHIN YOUR
BUDGET
DIRECT FROM MANUFACTURER
80 column display intertace for Apple //e (extendable) £25:00
Extended 64K 80 column display card ~ Ile £40-00
80 column (normal-inverse) — II+ £65-00
Serial communication card —|l+ & He £45-00
Serial RS232 printer card — I+ & lle £40-00
Parallel text/graphics printer card £35.00
“SPECTRAGRAN*" intelligent RGB colour card
for lit & Ile £75-00
4 channel 12 bit A/D converter —1|+ & lle £70:00
“DISC DRIVE ADAPTER™ for APPLE fc £12-00
RGB Colour Converter tor Apple fic £60.00
RGB Colour Converter for Apple II+ & /le £6500
(Piease indicate TTL OR Linear)
“SLIMFAN" clip on cooling fan — I+ & le £35.00
with mains suppressor & extra socket
DATA FLOW BOOSTER =
FOR “EXTRA” LONG PRINTER CABLES
THIS SOLID STATE LINE BOOSTER DEVICE HAS
PROVEN CIRCUITRY USED IN PROFESSIONAL
COMPUTER SYSTEMS WORLDWIDE.
THE BOOSTER WILL RECEIVE PRINTER DATA AND|
CONDITION THE SIGNAL BEFORE OR AFTER ANY
EXTRA CABLE LENGTH REQUIRED.
UP TO 30 METRES CAN BE ADDED TO YOUR
EXISTING PRINTER CABLE ~ PARALLEL.
CENTRONICS £40 _SERIAL RS232 £50.
OTHER ACCESSORIES
S232 Serial to parallel converter with PSU £65:00
RS232 Gender Changer 25D (shielded) M/M - F/F £1000
RS232 Serial Surge Protector - M/F shielded £20-00
Paraliel to Serial RS232 Converter with PSU_________ £70.00
Surge & Noise Protector Mains Socket - 2 way £8-00
36 pin Centronics Genderchanger (Ribbon) £10.00
SOLID STATE DESK TOP
PRINTER SWITCHING DEVICES
“PRINTERCHANGER”
“4 MICRO TO SEVERAL PRINTERS”
Parallel 20/26 pin for Apple II+, /ie, BBC ~ 3 way £60-00
Parallel 25 pin D sockets for IBM PC ~ 2 way £7000
Parallel 25 pin D sockets for IBM PC ~ 3 way £80-00
Centronics 36 pin sockets for Apricot etc. - 2 way £75-00
Centronics 36 pin sockets for Apricot etc. ~ 3 way £8500
Serial RS232 25 pin D sockets - 3 way £65.00
Serial RS232 9 pin D sockets for Macintosh ~ 2 way £52.00
Serial RS232 9 pin D sockets for Macintosh ~ 3 way £59:00
Serial RS232 5 pin Din sockets tor Appie /ic - 3 way £50-00
Commodore Seria! 6 pin Din— 3 way £40.00
“PRINTERCROSSOVER”
“2 MICROS TO USE EACH OTHERS PRINTER”
Parallel 20/26 pin tor Apple I+. le, BBC £7000
Parallel 25 pin D sockets for IBM PC £85-00
Centronics 36 pin sockets for Apricot, Sirius, etc £95.00
Serial RS232 25 pin D sockets £7000
Serial RS232 9 pin D sockets for Macintosh £62.00
Serial RS232 5 pin Din sockets for Apple //c £60.00
Commodore Serial 6 pin Din £45.00
ALL PRODUCTS CARRY A FULL 12 MONTH GUARANTEE &
PRICES ARE EXCLUSIVE OF VAT
POSTAGE: Intertace £1.00, Switches £2:50,
Data converter, fan & RGB Colour converter £2-00.
KEYZONE LIMITED
U14 Acton Business Centre, School Road,
London NW10 6TD
Telephone: 01-965 1684/1804
Telex: 8813271 - GECOM D
Page 10
vey
Split Programme Lisiting
8FEO-
8FE8-
8FFO-
8FF8-
9000-
9008-
9010-
9018-
9020-
9028-
9030-
9038-
9040-
9048.
9050-
9058-
9060-
9068-
9070-
9078-
9080-
9088-
9090-
9098-
90A0-
90A8-
90BO-
90B8-
90C0-
90C8-
90D0-
g0D8-
90E0-
90E8-
90FO-
90F8-
9100-
9108-
9110-
9118-
9120-
9128-
9130-
9138-
9140-
9148-
9150-
9158-
9160-
9168-
9170-
9178-
9180-
9188-
9190-
9198-
91A0-
91A8-
91B0-
91B8-
91C0-
91C8-
91D0-
91D8-
20
85
74
oh
AS
91
91
AS
85
BI
91
88
75
01
75
20
91
85
85
06
07
85
85
06
93
85
06
07
B1
91
AS
14
ED
AQ
C1
AO
D6
E6
73
8D
20
3F
A2
18
3F
75
75
60
AS
85
B1
68
14
60
9c
96
AS
18
1A
1B
Do
D3
76
91
91
75
A2
Ec
91
C4
00
C1
8F
C4
8D
ce
91E0-00 AO C1
Aull listing is available from the
4C DO 03
FG 03 AQ
03 A2 00
91 AS 3E
07 A2 19
20 14 91
3E 69 01
00 85 09
68 85 76
06 A2 1F
07 90 09
Di 75 90
AS 76 85
48 88 Bi
76 DO DO
60 A2 65
75 85 9B
BO 85 97
AS 08 ES
ES 76 90
06 65 AF
07 65 BO
AS 94 C4
C5 73 BO
EB 85 75
DS CS D3
CE C4 AO
software library or for
downloading from BABBS.
Advanced Micro Products Ltd
200 Court Road - Eltham - London SE9 4EW
01 851 3311
We Specialise in Apple ONLY
Call us for prices on Apple equipment, software and peripherals.
Due to forthcoming stocktaking we wish to dispose of a large selection of
new and ex-demo equipment at very special prices.
Prices quoted are exclusive of VAT and delivery. Items marked with * are
ex-demo equipment with a 90 day warranty.
Apple Daisywheel Printer 600.00* Epson DX100 Daisywheel 350.00
Centronics 737 100.00* Epson P40 (Thermal) 65.00
Microline ML182 250.00 Microline 92A 190.00*
Epson RX80 150.00* Epson MX100 225.00
Epson Buffered Interface 40.00 Parallel Interface 40.00
In Line Printer Buffers 99.00 Accelerator //+ 50.00*
Bit Stick 500 50.00 Z80 Card 40.00
Epson DuoDrive + Controller 200.00* Hitachi 9" Monitor 50.00*
Apple Disk Drive 90.00* Apple //+ 125.00*
Apple Plotter 300.00* Steebek SB321 Modem 175.00"
Pace Nightingale Modem 105.00 Portman Modem 175.00
Access // 40.00 Quickfile //e 15.00
Visicale /// 25.00 Prism 2000 Modem 70.00
AppleCentre Knightsbridge
28/30 Knightsbridge - London SW1X 7JN
01 245 6555
Captain Goodnight
A role playing adventure
for the Apple //
A review by Len Cavanagh
This is a role playing graphic game from
BRODERBUND, where you as Captain Goodnight have to
save the Free World within 24 hours from the demonic
Doctor Maybe who lives on Doom Island. Dr.Maybe is
demanding 200 billion dollars in gold bullion, or he will
destroy the World with his Doomsday machine.
The game starts with Captain Goodnight landing at the
Base Commanders Headquarters in a Helicopter of very
strange pedigree. Captain Goodnight then gets his
Mission Briefing, which is to travel to the Fear Islands
locate and destroy the Doomsday Device before it can be
activated. To assist you in your mission you are
provided with the very latest F112-A/6B Jet Aircraft.
Once you have absorbed this information, moving the
joystick right causes Captain Goodnight to race off to
your Aircraft which is parked on runway 019, then
pressing button 1 allows you to board. All controls for
this game are on the joystick, and by pushing the
joystick to the right and up you are airborne ready to do
battle with the evil Dr.Maybe.
As you fly a scrolling landscape is seen below and
very soon you are over enemy territory. This is where
the fun begins. There are heat seeking Cruise missiles,
ground based Rockets and enemy Jets to contend with,
also on the ground there are Radar scanners which if not
destroyed will trigger the Cruise missiles, which are
very difficult to avoid.
If for no reason of your own you find that you have
been shot down (joystick fault ??), then fear not, for it
would appear that Captain Goodnight is made of rubber,
because no matter how badly your Jet demolishes the
countryside in one of it's many crashes, Captain
Goodnight always survives and in a matter of seconds a
rescue craft arrives on the scene and takes you to a
place, where lo and behold a brand new F112-A/6B Jet
is awaiting to carry on the mission. The only constraint
in this game is time, and a digital readout at the top of
the screen gives you periodic reminders of the time
remaining to complete your task.
Assuming you are a good pilot you will shortly reach
the coast and the Naval craft of Dr.Maybe, but by now
you are getting pretty good and these prove to be no
obstacle, and eventually you are once again flying over
terra firma, and in a few short miles you reach the
Araan desert where you automatically eject from your
Jet and parachute down. Captain Goodnight now
proceeds on foot with only his Laser gun for defense
against Dr.Maybe’s robots, which require a lot of skill
to get the better of. On your route you will find Trucks
an Jeeps scattered around, some of these you can
Page 12 _ —
commandeer, which speeds your progress, and in no
time at all you find yourself at a Submarine Base. After
clambering in to the Submarine you receive a message
which needs decoding, if you answer this correctly you
can then cast off for Odom Island, but keeping a wary
eye out for Minefields and Shipping. Land Ho !! but it's
back to being a pedestrian again and confrontation with
even more fearsome robots from Dr.Maybe, however
there is the occasional Truck available and an Overhead
Railway plus a Matter Transporter, and with all these
at your disposal there should be no trouble reaching the
coast again.
On reaching the coast a speed boat is conveniently
moored alongside the jetty, which you jump into and
speed off to Modo Island, unfortunately Dr.Maybe is now
very aware of your presence and sends his low flying
Bombers in to prevent you reaching land. If you should
overcome this hazard, it's back to blasting robots again,
and if perchance a deserted Tank is found then life
becomes much easier, and with luck you should reach an
Airstrip where a very old Seaplane may be just what
you need to fly to DOOM ISLAND.
The grahics and sound were excellent
In conclusion | found CAPTAIN GOODNIGHT to be a
challenging and interesting game with plenty of variety
in the various scenarios. The graphics and sound were
excellent, especially the little touches, like if you leave
Captain Goodnight waiting too long he pulls out a Yo Yo
and plays with it. My only criticism is that there is no
Save Game facility, and it is just a little tedious having
to plough through the early parts of the game once they
have been mastered.
TITLE:- CAPTAIN GOODNIGHT
AUTHORS:- Michael Wise, Lauren Elliott
and Gene Portwood
PUBLISHER:- Broderbund
REQUIREMENTS:- Any Applel[ series
REVIEW: Len Cavanagh
THE WORDSMITH
The creative writer's magazine.
Published bi-monthly and costing only
£6.75 per annum this magazine
contains many items of interest to all
those in the writing and printing field.
‘ Amust for all those writers who would like to
know how computers can help them"
Send your cheque for £6.75 to ‘The Wordsmith’,
The Old House, Church Road, Kennington, Ashford,
Kent TN249DQ
“APPLE 2000 - August 1986
THE AMAZING
BY EWEN WANNOP
POWERFUL FILE CONVERSION FOR
PRODOS, DOS3.3, PASCAL, CPM & SOS.
( Special Release Price £16 includes VAT and P&P. Disc Size: 5.25 inch. }
Requirements: Apple II, I+, //e, //c with 64K. Minimum two disc drives.
Instructions: Text file on back of disc. Operating System ProDos.
/ The CHAMELEON is an extremely powerful File Conversion program. It *
allows the free transfer of all filetypes between the various system discs. The
| program is designed to be extremely ‘user friendly’ and only needs a few
keystrokes to operate. The option is given to change the filename if required.
CHAMELEON determines disc types without prompting, and with the Catalog option, allows
| unknown disc types to be quickly indentified. Though primarily intended for transferring Text
| files, CHAMELEON will allow the transfer of Binary and Data files. A Special Options Menu
allows the setting of various parameters. These include the changing of CPM type text files to
normal text files and vice-versa, changing of Appleworks text files to normal text files and the
forcing of the hi-bit of the byte either on or off. The integrity of text files on CPM transfer is
preserved to allow the use of Wordstar.
A unique option allows CHAMELEON to force the handling of the source or destination file as
either Binary, Text or Basic. This allows for instance the changing of Text files into Binary
Code files, allowing the running of files which have been downloaded by Xmodem.
Any number of disc drives may be attached, and all devices recognised by Prodos may be
utilised. On a //c or extended //e, the /RAM drive is activated for use.
a
The CHAMELEON is available at £16 from P. O. Box 177, St. Albans, Herts. AL2 2GE.
APPLE 2000 - August 1986 Page 13
MICOL BASIC ( a structured compiled language)
A REVIEW by Dave Ward
Publishor : Mico! Systems Canada
9 Lynch Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2J 2V6
Price: $49.95 + $5 (shipping)
‘System requirements
Apple JI plus , Apple //e or Apple /ic
At least 64K of memory with Applesott in ROM
Single disk j{ drive
Optional extras
Two or more disk drives
80 column card : Apple //e, Apple //c or equivalent
Videx or equivalent.
< Only these are supported if yours will not work then
you will have to use 40 column mode >
Ram disk for speedier development.
Hard disk drive,
Around five years ago a number of Applesoft basic
compilers were published which claimed to speed-up
program execution by upto 20 times. As far as | am
aware these have not been updated to the ProDos
operating system. Fortunately MICOL SYSTEMS of
Canada have published the MICOL BASIC package which
operates only under ProDos.
** See highlighted box for MICOL BOASTS. **
| have been using MICOL BASIC for a couple of months
so here's an in-depth look at the package. MICOL BASIC
is on a single 5.25" ProDos formatted diskette which is
copyable.
A comprehensive 250+ page manual is supplied in a
plastic spine binder. The manual, registration card and
diskette are secured in the pockets of a vinyl wallet
The manual describes MICOL BASIC and assumes that
you have a reasonable understanding of Applesoft. The
enclosed diskette is intended as a master copy and you
should immediately make a copy using a standard copier
HOW IT WORKS
Place your copy of the Micol Basic system diskette
into the main disk drive and switch on the computer and
you will soon be greeted by the following screen
COPYRIGHT (C) 1985 MICOL SYSTEMS CANADA
APPLE IT STRUCTURED BASIC DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
MENU
Text
& PROGRAM
LINK coDE
COMPILE, LINK & RUN
RUN MODE
. EXIT sys
Choose option 1. and you will find yourself in the text
editor which is probably where you will be most of the time!
The text editor is a ‘line editor’ which is simple to use but
quite powerful.
Page 14
On entry you will see the following header on a blank
screen :
When
parentheses are not significant. Below is a description of
them :
entering these commands the characters in
AUTO - Allows automatic prompting of line numbers - it
is a toggle.
ADD - Lets you add a line, Prompts with number if
AUTO active.
COMP - Invokes the compiler just like choosing option 2
from main menu
CON Converts numbers between decimal &
hexadecimal.
DEL - Lets you delete a line or range of lines
DIR - Displays a directory.
EDIT _ - Allows you to edit a line or range of lines.
FIND _ - Finds all lines containing your specified string
of characters.
LIST Lists the program or part thereof to the screen.
LOAD - Loads a specified text file.
MEM _ - Displays all volumes on line and free memory.
MERGE - Merges two text files.
NEW _ - Wipes the work area clean so you can enter a
new program.
RUN - Saves compiles links and runs the program in
the editor.
PRINT - Same as LIST but directs output to your printer.
REP - Replaces one character string with another
globally.
SAVE - Saves program in memory to a text file.
SET - Set a new ProDos PREFIX .
EXIT _ - Exits the editor back to the main menu.
LOCK - Lets you lock a file.
ZAP - Allows you to delete a file.
MICOL BASIC supports almost all of the features of
Applesoft but because it is inherently a structured
programming language you cannot directly compile your
Applesoft programs without making at least two changes.
We'll discuss those later when we compile the LITTLE BRICK
OUT program from the Dos 3.3 system master diskette. First
though let's look at the main differences between MICOL
BASIC and Applesoft :
41> MICOL BASIC requires a text file with which lo
work, so any Applesoft program will need converting to a
text file before compiling can commence.
2> Like other structured programming languages a
program name is needed as the first line : 10 PROGRAM
NAME_OF_PROGRAM [ Control A on the Il+ gives the
underline character J.
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
3> Unlike Applesoft spaces are important so you must
add them. Also variable names can be of any length ( all
characters being significant ). Variable names can
consist of alphanumerics and the underline character but
must start with a letter. Beware GOSUB100 would be
treated as a variable you must enter GOSUB 100 if
thats what you want to do.
4> As MICOL BASIC uses memory from $0300-$0330
and if your program uses this for a machine code sub-
routine you'll have to move it.
5> VTAB 20 must be converted to VTAB(20) to work
with MICOL BASIC. This also applies to HTAB.
6> MICOL BASIC supports genuine integer arithmetic
even in FOR-NEXT loops thus improving execution speed.
7> You must have only one NEXT statement per FOR
statement and it must be followed by the variable name
: NEXT NUM . NEXT XY is not allowed and must be
changed to say NEXT X : NEXT Y.
8> The ? contraction for PRINT is not supported.
Q9> You are advised to place certain lines near the
start of your program if it is to execute properly. The
program name must be the first line and any compiler
option lines must be next (these will be outlined later).
DATA statements must be placed next and take care
since any numbers that look like integers and are less
than 32768 will be read as integers!! DIM statements
must be next and you are restricted to use only
numbers in dimensioning arrays variables are not
allowed. Problems could arise if you use more than 5
dimensions!
10> MICOL BASIC allows you to define a boolean
variable-type. This can cause a problem if the Applesoft
program you are attempting to compile has a statement
such as IF NOT NUM THEN NUM = 99: since NUM is not
boolean you will get an error. Therefore change the
statement to IF NUM = 0 THEN NUM = 99.
11> MICOL BASIC supports a MOD statement. MOD
produces the remainder when one number is divided by
another - this can be very useful.
12> If you specify RND(12) the compiler will assume
42 is integer! and will produce a number between 1 and
12. This is a very nice feature but watch your
Applesoft programs as it could possibly cause a problem
under some circumstances.
13> MICOL BASIC supports the following statements
which are neat and very useful :
A}BELL = PRINT CHR$(7) in Applesoft
B} PRTON = Switches your printer on.
C} SCREEN40 = Sets 40 column screen & switches
off printer.
D} SCREEN80 = Sets 80 column screen & switches
off printer.
14> REM REMARK WARNING COMMENT NOTICE can
all be used in MICOL BASIC to signify comments. Such
comments are, of course, ignored by the compiler.
15> TRACE NOTRACE are supported plus DISPLAY
which can be used to show up to 10 variables. Debugging
is handled somewhat differently in MICOL BASIC and
your compiled program will be much larger since line-
numbers will have to be stored.
16> MICOL BASIC does not support the disk command
‘PRINT CHRS(4)' instead it has its own special
statements. Text files and random files are supported
but any of your programs using disk V/O will have to be
modified before they can be compiled. These are listed
below :
A} BLOAD - 10 BLOAD "FILENAME" : BLOAD FILES$
B} BRUN - 93 BRUN "FILEX" : BRUN FS
C} APPEND
D} DELETE
E} PREFIX
F} BSAVE - Is supported but is a little complicated.
G} CATALOG- A special file is present on the diskette.
To use these last five statements you would be advised to
read the manual where their use is well described,
MICOL BOASTS
BRINGS THE POWER OF STRUCTURED, COMPILED
BASIC TO YOUR APPLE
High speed structured programming language.
Most sophisticated programming language ever devoloped for the Apnie.
Easy to learn. Makes Appiesott obsolete.
Contains featuras only found in highly structured languages such as Pascal &
c.
Long variable names alowod.
{Indentation to make loons stand out.
Structured loop contro.
Block structuring & IF, THEN, ELSE, ENDIF.
Improved fio handling.
Encourages GOTO-less programming.
Very fast compiling and finking,
Easy aditing win tha screen editor.
Inexpensive, loss than $50.00
Produces fast compact code,
Extra commands.
Superb debugging faciities.
Complete diagnostic information during complation,.
Program chaining supported.
Text files are supported and a maximum of 8 can be open
at one time. MICOL BASIC has a default setup to only allow
3 files to be open at one time because of memory
constraints ; when a file is opened a 1 Kilobyte buffer is
reserved. This reserved 3 Kilobytes (3 buffers) can be
changed by the programmer.
File numbers 1 through 8 are reserved for disk files ( 0 =
Screen both 40 and 80 9 = Printer). Listed below are the
new statements; note that the numbers in parentheses are
the file/buffer number to be used and that only numbers are
allowed :
A} WOPEN (1) - 21020 WOPEN (1) "FILENAME" : WOPEN
(3) FILEN$ opens a file deleting the file if it already exists.
WOPEN (0) or WOPEN (0) "SCREEN" sends output to the
current 40 or 80 column screen. If the file/ouffer number
is (9) output is directed to the printer.
B} ROPEN (2) - Similar to WOPEN but only works with an
existing file which is opened for reading. It is, however,
possible to write to the file although this feature is really
only intended for random files.
C} CLOSE (1) - Closes the file using buffer (1).
D} INPUT (3) - Reads specified data from the file
associated with buffer (3). Unlike Applesoft you can input
from the keyboard, if you wish, whilst also reading data
from a file without having to PRINT CHR§$(4).
E} PRINT (1) - Writes to file using buffer (1).
F} GET (2) - Reads a single data byte from the file.
G} EOF (3) - Boolean that becomes true when the end-
of-file is attained.
APPLE 2000 - August 1986 __
Page 15
H} SEEK (8) - Used to SEEK a particular record in a
random access file. For example 21080 SEEK (3),21 ,
1000 : 21 refers to the record number and 1000 to the
record length. Both numbers and variables are allowed.
If you know what you are doing you can have records
within records simply by changing the record length!
17> Now we come to the important features of MICOL
BASIC the structured statements. Like Applesoft FOR-
NEXT loops are supported but are much faster since
integer loop variables can be used. The variable name
must appear after the NEXT statement and this variable
cannot be altered by the programmer like you can in
Applesoft. The manual advises you not to ‘jump’ out of
FOR-NEXT loops and supplies the programmer with 3
other loop constructs :
A} 10 PERFORM 1000 UNTIL A = 14
100 PERFORM RAND UNTIL A = 14
1000 ROUTINE RAND
1020 A = RND(20)
1090 RETURN
As you can see the subroutine RAND is called until the
condition A = 14 is met.
B} 50 REPEAT
60 GOSUB RAND
70 $$$ = “Anything”
80 UNTIL A = 14
C} 50 WHILE A <> 14
60 GOSUB 1000
70 SS$ = "Something else”
80 WEND
Note that B} will be entered at least once whereas C}
will only be entered if A <> 14.
With all these loops to aid the structure of your
programs you will never need to jump out of loops
again! Jumping out of loops is terrible programming and
can cause disasterous problems. If you want a
demonstration of this see Hardcore April 1986 pp 35.
18> You may give sub-routines a name 1015
ROUTINE EXAMPLE_NAME as might be expected you can
use : GOSUB 1015 or GOSUB EXAMPLE_NAME . This is
a typical feature of structured languages and is
extremely useful as it makes for modular programming
with its associated ease of reading.
19> As you might expect the IF-THEN statement has
been extended to include IF-THEN-ELSE providing all is
on one line. A further extension has been added to allow
blocks of statements after THEN or ELSE :
10 FLAG! = TRUE : COMMENT FLAG! IS A BOOLEAN
VARIABLE
20 IF FLAG! THEN BEGIN
30 PRINT“ THIS WILL BE PRINTED”
40 PRINT” SO WILL THIS"
50 ELSE BEGIN
60 PRINT “THESE LINES WONT";
70 PRINT * BE PRINTED"
80 ENDIF ; NOTICE the use of BEGIN & ENDIF
Page 16__ —EE—————
20> MICOL BASIC supports more of
statements than most other Dos 3.3 compilers. The
ones that aren't supported are: CONT LIST LOAD NEW
RECALL RUN SAVE SHLOAD STORE . As far as | can see
nothing is lost by their omission.
21> The & statement is supported but uses a different
location in 'Page3’ so you will have to alter the & setup.
The reason for this is that MICOL BASIC uses this
vector.
22> Lo-res graphics is supported and can be very
much faster due to the use of integer arithmetic. See
listing 3 below :
100 PROGRAM GRAPH
200 INT(A-Z) : REMARK ALL VARIABLES WILL BE
INTEGER
300 GR
400 FOR X_COORD = 0 TO 39
500 FOR Y COORD =0 10 39
600 COLOR = RND(15) : NOTICE PICKS FROM 1 TO 15
RANDOMLY
700 PLOT X_COORD,Y_COORD
800 NEXT Y_COORD
900 NEXT X_COORD
920 TEXT
940 STOP
Observe how the indentation in the listing above aids
reading & debugging - you'll soon notice a missing NEXT!
the Applesoft
This program can be entered by invoking the Editor
(option 1) from the main menu. Next type AUTO
100,100 followed by carriage return. After entering
ADD followed by return you will be automatically
prompted with line numbers starting at 100 and
incrementing by 100.
There appears to be a very minor ‘bug’ in the editor
since it won't accept the statement GR if the line
number is 99 or less. This can be overcome if you enter
a space after the GR!
23> Hi-res graphics are supported but you must still
beware that your program does not stray into the
graphics page to which you are writing.
24> Chaining is fully supported but does impose some
restrictions on the programmer. For instance the
dimensions statements must be in the main program. It
is good practice to setup all variables in the main
program so as to alleviate any problems that could
possibly occur if garbage collection is taken in one of
the chained programs.
25> Strings are handled very cleverly in MICOL
BASIC to prevent ‘garbage collection’. In Applesoft
every time you change the contents of a string the old
data is left as garbage and eventually the string space is
used up and all these old data strings have to be
removed (‘garbage collection’). To prevent this
occurrence some compilers make you specify the
maximum length of strings before you compile the
program. MICOL BASIC doesn't and only produces
garbage if you replace a string by a larger one giving
Advanced Micro Products wish
Apple2000 all the best for the FUTURE
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
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APPLE 2000 - August 1986 _____ Page _17
you the best of both worlds. You may stop garbage
collection altogether if you set your strings to their
maximum length on their first assignment.
26> MICOL BASIC provides you with extensive control
over how your program is compiled. These are termed
‘compiler options' and are entered as a line or lines
immediately after the program header line. The options
available are listed on next page :-
A) Variable type declaration.
You can specify that variables are either string or
integer regardless of the last character in the variable
name. See listing 1 below. Line 20 specifies that all
variables starting with A,B or C will be integer
variables whatever other characters follow. All other
characters except those starting with the letter Z will
be string variables. This can be useful in that you can
specify that all the variables in your program are
integer, if appropriate, with the accompanying increase
in speed
Listing 1.
10 PROGRAM COMPILER_OPTIONS
20 INT(A-C):STR(D-Y)LIST,PRINTER
30 @ LIST,PRINTER
3@
60Z = 1.033
Nb. @informs the compiler that directives follow.
B} Program & variable space allocation
A) LOMEM — Startot program
8) VAR Startof variables
C) SVAR _Startof string variables
0) ARR Startof arrays $730A = 29450
E] SARR _ Startot string arrays $7530 = 30000
F} HIMEM Just below ProDos butfers $87FF = 38415
You can alter the positions of these adresses providing that
they are in ascending order. For instance you may require big
arrays - anyhow the larger the variable space the smaller the
program!
C} Compiler options
LIST This causes the program to be listed during compilation
PRINTER Sends the listing to your printer.
CODE This produces an ‘assembly listing’ of the machine-codo
generated by the compiler.
CHAIN Used to tell the compiler that your program will chain
another.
UNCHAIN Must be specified in the program which is chained to
tell the compiler which program is to chain it You must, of
course, have compiled the program that chains it!
VAR2 Normally MICOL BASIC would treat variables such as
NAS and NAMES as different. But with the VAR2 option
specified would be treated as the same - just as in Applesoft!
This is useful when converting your own programs.
NOGOTO This option will prevent you from using the GOTO
statement in your programs !! GOTO can cause problems &
make listings difficult to follow unless you are a disiplined
programmer.
QUICK Normally the compiler compresses the code generated to
save space but this increases the 'run- timo’, Specifying QUICK
produces a slightly faster program but its bigger.
LINE Provides line number reference in yo program. This
takes up a lot of space - 7 bytes per line & more for FOR-NEXT loops
etc. Useful when debugging your programs.
ERROR Almostas prodigal as LINE option & all it allows you to
dois RESUME after an error.
Compiling Listing 1 produces the following:
Listing 2.
3 [0]2304 $0900 40A=35
4 [0]2343 $0927 50 'Hello”
5 [0]2352 $0930 60Z- 1.033
NO ERRORS IN COMPILATION
SYMBOL TABLE DUMP
SIMPLE VARIABLES
1.033 R6E3735 IGEZAA I6E28Z RG6E32
SIMPLE ARRAYS,
STRING VARIABLES
o
7210
STRING ARRAYS
BYTES SIMPLE VARIABLE SPACE USED
BYTES SIMPLE ARRAY SPACE USED
BYTES SIMPLE STRING SPACE USED
BYTES STRING ARRAY STORAGE USED
BYTES STRING BUFFER AVAILABLE
BYTES CODE GENERATED
BYTES UNUSED IN PROGRAM
a
ggorog
25785
LIST,CODE,PRINTER and then compiling produces the
following listing of the program and ‘machine-code’
generated.
Listing 3.
3 [0]2304 $0900 40 A =35
ORG $0900
LDA #500
STA $1A
LDA #$09
STA $1B
LOX #$FF
Xs
LDA a$FF
STA $73
LDA #§87
STA $74
LDA #328
STA $69
LDA #$6E
STA $6A
JSR INIT
LDX #502
LDA #300
LDY #$80
JSR IASS
4 [0]2343 $0927 50 D ="Hello”
LOX #$04
LDA #$E8
LDY #$83
JSR SASS
5 0]2352 $0930 60Z = 1.033
LDX #$oF
LDA #S0A
LDY #80
JSR RASS
JSR_END
NO ERRORS IN COMPILATION
COMPILING AN APPLESOFT PROGRAM
A} Make sure you have a copy of the program on a ProDos
formatted diskette if not use the Convert program on you
ProDos utilities diskette to copy one over from a Dos 3.3
System Master diskette so that it resides on a copy of your
MICOL BASIC diskette.
Page 18
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
B} As you already know MICOL BASIC requires text
files to compile so you will therefore need to make the
conversion. The first thing is to find a line number not in
use. | chose 223. Enter this line as follows :
223 PRINT CHR$(4)"OPEN LBO.TEXT":PRINT
CHR$(4)"WRITE LBO.TEXT": LIST : PRINT
CHRS(4)"CLOSE”:STOP.
Then type RUN 223 when the program will write itself
as a text file on the diskette. Boot up your MICOL BASIC
diskette and when the main menu appears choose 1 for
the editor. Then type LOAD LBO.TEXT. Choose the RUN
rather than the CO(MP) command! You will be prompted
to save the file - just press the Y key. The file will be
saved then the compiler loaded and an attempt made to
compile it. You will immediately get an error telling you
to read section 4.2 of the manual because you haven't
got a program header. You will then be prompted
CONTINUE(Y/N) opt for N when you will soon be
prompted COMPILE ANOTHER FILE(Y/N/E/L)? choose E
to get back into the editor and then type in the following
lines :10 PROGRAM BRICK_OUT
DEL 223
Now try to RUN the program again until it actually
compiles links and runs. Before this happens you will get
about 45 errors - most of them HTAB & VTAB with a
few boolean errors.
By now you've probably been wondering why on earth
choose RUN rather than COMP. Well after a compiler
error choosing E re-loads the editor then your program
and places the cursor on the line close by the error!
Also you are ‘forced’ to save your amended file before
the compiling process gets underway!
Unfortunately this program uses a machine code sound
generator starting at $0300 (768 decimal) which must
be moved. First use the REP command to change all
occurrances of 768 with 868. Also you will need to
change all the addresses poked in the subroutine starting
at line 7000 and the third last location has a zero poked
into it change this to 100.
The compiled version is very difficult to play because
it so fast and masochists may make it faster yet by
specifying that all the variables are integers!
27> Working with a ‘ramdisk’ makes program
development a breeze - you can edit your program then
run it (remember that run forces you to save the
amended program then compiles links and runs it). After
it has run you will be left with an Applesoft prompt but
no apparant way of getting back to the editor. Well
MICOL have thought of that and have reserved the &
(ampersand) command for that purpose : thats why
MICOL BASIC programs use a different ampersand
vector! Enter & then press return and you will be asked
what program to BRUN (be careful because MICOL BASIC
appends .BIN to it). You would normally type MENU
here and magically the main menu appears so that you
can soon return to the editor to carry on with your
program development.
SPEED AND PROGRAM SIZE CONSIDERATIONS
Compiled programs tend to be larger than their
Applesoft counterparts. The Dos 3.3 compilers produced
programs which were generally between 2 & 2.5 times
the size of the origional program. A large proportion of
this was due to a ‘run-time-library’ which had to reside
in ram memory. MICOL BASIC cleverly places its rather
large 'run-time-library' where the Applesoft/ProDos
interlace (BASIC.SYSTEM) resides thus leaving about
the same space as was left for Applesoft. MICOL BASIC
also compacts its code and takes up, in general, about
50% more space. Using a few small programs | will
show the effects of compiling various programs on size
and speed :
Program Program Size Speed in seconds
inbytes
AUS Micol AS Nicol Micol
Integers
T1 Normal 47 87 14.1 10.6 490
Quick 93 1000 33
T2 Normal 57 90 30.4 11.5 48
Quick 96 10.9 4.2
T3 Normal | 1657 1890 138.7 11.5 49
Quick 2696 10.9 42
T4 Normal 55 96 31.0 14.0 67
Quick 106 12.7 55
TS Normal 57 104 426 22.4 9.0
Quick 114 211 7.7
T6 Normal 71 104 30.6 242 17.5
Quick 114 23.0 16.3
T7 Normal | 1258 90 1386 115 48
Quick 96 10.9 42
Quick refers to the MICOL QUICK option - see compiler options:
Program listing T1 :
900 PRINT CHRS(7)
1000 FOR M =0 TO9990
2000 NEXT M
3000 STOP
9000 RETURN
The other listings are obtained by adding the lines listed
below :
Program listing T2 add :
1500 GOSUB 9000
Program listing T3 add :
1500 GOSUB 9000
5000A =0
5001 A=0
5199A-0
Program listing T4 add
1500 A=0.0
Program listing T5 add :
1500 A=A+1
Program listing T6 add
1500 A$ = “Hello” +" there”
Program listing T7 add :
1500 GOSUB 9000
5000 REM
5001 REM
To Apple2000 Best Wishes from
P&P Micro Distributors
The original Apple Dealer
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
Page 19
Apart from MICOL BASIC programs being a little larger
than their Applesoft counterparts the listings above
show the advantages of a compiled language. MICOL
BASIC lets you use as many comments as you feel is
necessary without increasing the size of the compiled
program - in Applesoft REMarks make the program
larger and slow it down in most cases. You are
encouraged to use subroutines in MICOL BASIC because
such ‘calls' are very very fast whatever the program
size . This leads to modular programs that are easy to
write read and debug. What is more MICOL BASIC has all
those extra structured statements which add to the
readability of your programs.
Small Quibbles
The first quibble | have is with their use of ‘page 3° of
ram memory ($0300-$03FF). Many Applesoft programs
have small machine code routines which they call and
these are invariably in page 3. Why couldn't MICOL have
placed these and the new & vector in page 9 and moved
LOMEM up a bit. Page 3 is taboo : many readers | am
sure would agree but perhaps for different reasons!
The second is with the MERGE command in the editor
which is really only an ‘append’ since the lines you
‘merge’ must be larger than those already in the editor.
VERDICT
MICOL Systems of Canada have produced an excellent
structured language development system that also
happens to be upwards compatible with Applesoft - well
almost. Most of the ‘boasts’ referred to above prove
reasonably justified. Any Applesoft programmer will
within a very short period of time be at home with this
system. For a little less than $50 you get excellent
documentation, a good programmers development
system which has a very fast compiler.
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For Sale:
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Contact Martin Bloom on!
Page 20 _ _
SPECIAL OFFERS
TO BASUG MEMBERS
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Letter to the Editor
Dr Nigel Strudwick
Cambridge
Dear Mr Panks,
| am writing to you in your capacity as editor of Hardcore, in
response to your appeals for comments, In general the current
format is satistactory and good-looking, but | must say that |
have my reservations about the quality of some of the
grammar and punctuation of the articles ......
However, in the spirit of "getting involved", | do not propose
just to moan; rather, do you require the services of an
additional sub-editor, proof-reader or whatever as | should like
to be able to “do my bit* and help improve the magazine ?
Sincerely yours
[Reply)...
Thank you for your constructive comments on OUR journal, |
welcome your offer of help and will by now have contacted you
to discuss in what areas you can assist
We always need the extra hands to improve the things we do,
any member that can help share a task should contact Sheila
Hirst by phone or post.
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
Than a Fat Mac....
MultiRam cards tum — your existing Apple Mc or ie into
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The MultiRam CX Card adds up to 512k to your Apple /ic’s
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The MultiRam™CxX Card
The Multiflam /ie Card adds up to 768k on a single card and
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AppleWorks Punch
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MultiRam cards are designed to work with all hard disk
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|_Access J
“This offer ends 31st August 1986
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
Page 21
OMNIS
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP NEWS
A new idea from Blyth and Apple2000 for all OMNIS Users.
Once again the response from readers has indicated
the neccessity of providing this Omnis/Apple2000 S.1.G.
We have received a large amount of mail from exsisting
and potential users with queries and suggestions about
setting up and enhancing Omnis applications.
Please feel welcome to participate in this joint venture
between your club and Blyth. Just contact Keith Chamberlain
at the Apple2000 P.O.Box.
A BIT ABOUT BLYTH
Blyth Software has, in six years, become an
International Company. From it's Suffolk headquarters the
Blyth team develope, manufacture, package and dispatch
Omnis 1,2 and 3 for an increasing range of hardware, The
technical Support team offer a help-line to all registered
users of the products.
New Product News.
MAIL MASTER £99.00 excluding VAT,
MailMaster is a mailing list management system
designed for businoss use. It is supplied as a library to work
in conjunction with Omnis 3 and Omnis 3 Plus on the
Macintosh and Macintosh Plus.
Some features of MailMaster:
»Multiple Contact names can be stored for each company
and allocated to one of four user defined departments.
»Companies can be allocated to one of eight user-defined
types.
»All reports, letters and mailing labels can be printed
selectively by type, department, company code, county or
grade.
OMNIS 3 PLUS
Omnis 3 Plus is a major revised and enhanced version
of Omnis 3. Here is a selection of a few additional features:
»Ten segments per datafile giving around 160MByte maximum
datafile.
»You can now ‘exit and go to another application’ with a new
command.
»A new time field. Two new date fields, one from 1900-1999
the second from 1980-2079.
»Sort limit is now memory dependent and can be greater than
30,000 records.
»Button margin can now be removed to give a display of 70
characters.
»You can now link fields to obtain a text block with word
wraparound,
»Omnis 3 Plus will now support Macintosh fonts.
Exsisting Omnis Users can follow an upgrade path to Omnis
3Plus. _
Page 22
Strategic Developers Program.
S.D.P. is a comprehensive software’ developers program
which was brought into operation jointly by Blyth Software
and Apple Computers.
The objective of S.D.P. is to make contact with people
who are professional in their own fields and believe that
they will be able to create vertical market software designed
to address specific management problems within their own
industry. For example a Partner in an Estate Agent's
Practice set about creating an Omnis based application for
the management of his own company and today is marketing
the product nationally and making substantial profits.
Blyth Software can ensure excellent exposure for
software created in the marketplace through its dealer
network and Omnis Business Directory. Blyth may, in some
cases, even consider direct marketing of the product.
In some situations we are able to offer, on loan, a
complete Macintosh system with software, thus enabling the
Developer to produce and market his product first. After
such time he can make the necessary investment to acquire
his own hardware, which as a registered software developer
with Apple, he may be entitled to purchase on their
commercial terms usually only available to an established
software company.
There is not enough space to provide full details here
nor can we give evidence of the numerous successful
projects which have been brought about, so if you would like
to find out more, please phone our offices for an application
form.
Mr David Ainslie
Christchurch
Dorset.
1am using Omnis 3 on an Apple //e and | would like my
Staff to be able to search the database without actually
accessing the search format. For example, they enter a
value such as ‘Smith’ and all the Smiths are output in a
report. Please can you help?
Answer
There is a method of achieving what you require. Here
is an example which you can modify to suit your needs. If
you had a file ‘FILEA’ with two normal fields ‘ANAME' and
"ACODE', define screen 1 with these two fields with normal
attributes. Create a file "FCONST' with fields ‘CNAME’ ,and
CCODE' which is a sequential field. Define screen 2 with
these two fields. Set up a calculated search ‘ANAME’ =
‘CNAME’. Then define a sequence for S,
G2/M CONST/F01'1'/E7/G 1/M FILEA/AS SEARCH/S/R/TS; Y/N
Define a sequence for Y with just a message ‘RECORD
FOUND’.
FILEA is normally the main entry file e.g. Client Details.
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
OMNIS
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP NEWS
A new idea from Blyth and Apple2000 for all OMNIS Users.
Technical Enquiry
Mr George Gray
Milton Keynes.
| have developed an application with Omnis 3 on
the Mac 512k. | have designed a report with two
records across the page and would like to list the
records from top to bottom like a telephone
directory, rather than the present method of listing
from left to right. Is there any way of achieving this
%
Answer
Yes, here is an example sequence which will list
by county.
Initially, decide how many detail lines will be
printed per page. The figure is arrived at by adding
the number of lines within the heading to the top and
bottom margins and then subtracting this figure from
the lines per page (the example has 50 detail lines).
This means that 100 records will be printed per page
Set up the report parameters as normal, i.e. 2
records across page, etc. The procedure will read in
100 records at a time, storing the sequence numbers
in field #1. The first record for this report will be
printed in the left-hand column, alongside this the
51st record will be printed. On the next line would be
the second and the 52nd record, etc, etc.
WG The report can only be printed in indexed field
order.
2. The procedures uses the sequence number of
the records. If the file does not include a
sequence number, then add one (this does not
use up any additional disk space)
3. Set #12 to the number of detail lines printed per
page (line 5 of the sequence),
4. With slight modification to the sequence a
search format could also be included.
THANKS TO ODETTE AT BLYTH FOR
PUTTING TOGETHER THESE PAGES
KEEP SENDING YOUR QUESTIONS
IN.
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
APPLE2000 uses OMNIS 3. on _ the
Macintosh and Apple // to maintain the
membership records and to provide the
FORCE accounts. We have found both
programs excellent and in the next issue
will explain how our membership records
were changed from Omnis on the // to
Omnis 3 on the Macintosh.
We would like to register our thanks to the
OMNIS Team for providing the software,
advice and for the support they give to our
group.
D>
Commands
Select Output (prompted) []
Select Report [RCOUNTY]
Set main file » FCOUNTY
* Set #12 to number of DETAIL lines per page *
Calculate #12 as SO (0 dps)
Calculate #13 as 0 (0 dps)
Repeat
Clear: Main file # fields from 1to1 The array
Calculate #P as 1
Find on CSEQ with exact match [#13]
Nexton CCODE
Repeat
Calculate #1 as CSEQ (0 dps)
Calculate: #13 es CSEQ (0 dps)
Calculate #P as #P+1
Nexton CCODE
Until #12*2<#P (CSEQ=0)
Calculate #14 as CSEQ=0 (0 dps)
Calculate #11 as INT(#P/2) (0 dps)
Calculate #P as 1
Repeat
Find on CSEQ with exact match [#1]
Print record
Calculate #P as #P+#11
Find on CSEQ with exact match [#1]
Print record
Calculate #P as #P-#11+1
Until #P>#11
Until #14
Print totals
Page 23
DISC ZAPS AND ALL
THAT (Part 4)
by EWEN WANNOP
Make it Grow with Branches
Those of us who cut our teeth on DOS 3.3, first saw
Prodos as a confusion of pathnames. We never seemed to
get the right one entered, and could never seem to get even
a simple Catalog of a disc in another drive. Forever was the
message ‘PATHNAME NOT FOUND" being displayed.
However, beneath the seeming difficulty of such normal
commands, lies a powerful operating system. It leaves DOS
3.3 way behind with its speed, versatility and power.
Evolution of ProDos
To explain the evolution of Prodos, first let me take you
through a bit of history. When Steve Wozniak first wrote the
routines for Apple DOS, there were only single density 5.25
inch drives around. With a maximum of 40 tracks on these
drives, there was a practical limit to the amount of data on
each disc, and so a limit to the possible number of sectors
that could be accessed by DOS itself.
This served us well for a time, until we tried to hook on a
hard disc drive. We could only format the hard disc as a
number of volumes the size of a normal 5.25 inch disc,
rather than formatting the drive as one large disc.
The reason that only such a small number of sectors was
available to the DOS system, lay in the way that the Disc
Map and VTOC was constructed. This meant that there was
simply no room to expand this map beyond the 40 tracks.
DOS had some other limitations as well, the catalog
structure allowed only a few file types to be defined, and no
other information could be stored apart from the filename.
It was because of such limitations, and also because
Pascal discs had already allowed a more flexible approach to
disc structure, that Prodos came into being.
To be more accurate, SOS came into being first, and
Prodos followed. SOS is the operating system for Apple ///
machines, and Prodos is an extension of this system. In fact
Prodos can read SOS discs, and some Prodos discs can be
tead by SOS. The main difference between the two is that
SOS files have different file type values.
Prodos allowed much more information to be held about
each file in its directory entry, and more importantly, its disc
map allowed volumes of any size to be mapped. It was thus
possible to build a single volume of any size on a hard disc,
regardless how big the hard disc was.
The actual information at sector level on a Prodos disc, is
written in exactly the same way as any Apple disc, whether it
be DOS, Prodos, Pascal or even CPM. This means that our
DISK MANAGER program will read any disc sector on any
of these disc types.
Page 24
However, there the similarities end, and we find the
individual structures of the different discs vary.
Disk structures explained.
Held in the information embedded on each sector, is the
track and sector number of that particular sector. As we
read each sector spinning under the head of the disc drive,
we must process and store the information gathered.
This takes some time and when we are ready to take in the
next sector, we will find that it has already passed
underneath the head and we must wait until it comes around
again.
For this reason, DOS does not read the sectors in
ascending order, but uses an interleaving technique to
achieve the fastest sector by sector read. It does not use
the actual sector numbers on the disc, but uses a lookup
table to determine the actual sector to be read, from the
target sector given.
SOS, Prodos and Pascal discs use a different interleaving
table than DOS, and CPM uses yet another. This means that
Prodos sectors are not compatible with DOS sector
numbers.
Using Disk Manager under ProDOS
DISK MANAGER is written under DOS 3.3, so to access
a particular sector on a Prodos disc, you will have to
determine the actual DOS sector required from Table 2.
Just to complicate things even further, SOS, Prodos and
Pascal discs, store information in Blocks of 512 bytes,
rather than the 256 byte sector of DOS. So to read a given
Block on a Prados disc, you will need to actually find the
track required, and then read in two sectors in turn,
Prodos discs start with Block 0 at Track 0 Sector 0, the
Blocks then ascend numerically till the limit of the disc is
reached.
Because each Block is 512 bytes long, you can only get 8
Blocks on a track. To find the actual track and sector of an
individual Block, take the integer of the Block number divided
by eight as the Track, and then taking the remainder refer to
Table 2 for the Sectors. The two DOS sectors are the low
and high parts of the block respectively.
TABLE 1
Track = integer (Prados Block/B)
The remainder 1s the Prodos Block within that track.
TABLE 2
Prodos Block 1 $2 $3 940 85 S687.
Dos Sectors B, SA $9,S8 $7,$6 $5,$4 $3,$2 $1, $F
Having now explained how to use DISK MANAGER to
look at Prados discs. | will give a brief rundown on the
layout of these discs. This will allow you to have a first
look at your Prodos discs, but | will need to leave till
next time a more detailed look at the Prodos Directory,
as it can be quite complex and overwhelming at first
sight, but this is of course its great strength and power,
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
| shall be referring to the Prodos Block numbers, use
the above Tables to calculate the actual Track and
Sectors required. These are the usual Blocks that
Prodos uses. It is possible for them to be in a different
place on the disc, but for the moment we will assume
we have a normal Prodos disc in our drive.
BLOCK 0 is the boot-strap loader for the file 'Prodos'.
If Prodos itself is not present on the disc, then a
message is given: * UNABLE TO LOAD PRODOS
BLOCK 1 is a boot-strap loader for SOS. If the disc is
booted on an Apple ///, then a search is made for
‘SOS.KERNEL'. If found this is loaded instead of Prodos.
This Block may not be present on all Prodos discs.
BLOCK 2 is the start of the Directory. The Directory
normally takes up four blocks, Blocks 2 - 5, but can be
of any size.
BLOCK 6 is the Disc Map. For a 5.25 inch disc, there
will only be this Block allocated for the Disc Map. For
larger Volumes it can be of any length,
BLOCK 7 is the first Data Block of the first file on a
normal Prodos disc.
BLOCK 279 is the last Data block on Track $22 of a
5.25 inch disc.
Each file is constructed in exactly the same way.
Unlike DOS, only the directory entry is changed to
denote different filetypes. There is an Index Block
associated with each file longer than one Block, this is
analogous to the Track Sector list of DOS. The Directory
entry holds considerable nformation on the file, with
entries such as filetype, access rights, date and time of
creation etc,
The Directory itself can include entries to further
directories, these are stored in the same manner as file
entries. It is thus possible to nest sub-directories to
any depth. It is this possibility that of course is the
power of Prodos, and hence gives us the need to use
Pathnames. Discs are referred to by Volume Name, not
by Slot and Drive, and sub-directories are then
referred to by their Directory Name. A Pathname thus
actually tells us the route that Prodos must take down
the tree-like branches of the Directories to find an
individual file.
| think that this is a suitable point to leave you this
time.
Coming in the next episode
Next episode will cover the actual construction of the
Prodos Directory. This will give you the clues
necessary to change filetypes, to enter times and dates
and to unlock and lock files. | will also give you an
introduction to the MLI. This is not a Mysterious Language
Insight, but the very powerful tool of the Machine Language
Interpreter lurking within Prodos.
APPLE 2000 - August 1986
PRIZE CROSSWORD
by Tom Wright
Across
2, Often heard gentieman of Westminster
4, Continuously equidistant
6. Slider in organ controlling set of pipes
7, Outsold 1-2-3 in February
11. Golf club for long strokes
12. Gunpowder
13. Bill of fare
15. Pictorial drug in slab torm
17. Found on most public roads
22, Break or cut stone
23. Change size
25. Put Basic information on Diskette
29. Encountered in spoken and written forms
30. One of the ways in which variables are organized
31. Divo deop
32. Two ways
33. A two-rail railway line
34. Collects information into serviceable form,
Down
1, Usually done by an error handling routine
3, Take apart and analyse
5. Set of writing symbols
8. Printer control card by Rosco
9, Go back
10. Ascertain the truth or correctness
14, Part of diskette often reinforced
16. Seen on railway wagons
18. Twine
19, Watery map
20. You put this on the Apple //
21, One cycle per round
22. Four-wheeled vehicle
24, Programs stored in ROM
26. Set counters with this
27. Appeared in a recent T.V. series
28. Several on a violin
Send answers to P.O.Box. First correct solution
receives goods to the value of £12.00
S
Page 25°
An Update on the
Bulletin Board
by Tony Game (Sysop)
BBS is out of hospital !!!
Much has happened to Babbs since my last report. We
had an incredible number of hardware problems which
seemed to come one after the other in a nightmare
succession. However hopefully these are all behind us
now. Apologies to those loyal users who found
themselves having to re-logon again and again, as one
thing after another deleted the files. Your patience was
appreciated,
The most significant development has been the
replacement of the Dacom modem by a new, all singing
and dancing WS3000. This now supports all line speeds
from 300/300 to 2400/2400, including 1200/75. As
with most innovations, there have been teething
problems, but the set up is now working well, and you
should have no problems in coming on at any baud rate
up to 2400.
Since almost everyone has V23 which is 1200/75,
the Prestel standard, many of you will be able to use
this speed. Naturally your terminal program must
support it, and most American based packages don't
unfortunately. However lucky users of Data Highway do
have it, and should certainly use it, since reading at
1200 is a very different thing from reading at 300. The
75 baud sending in is no problem, since very few
typists can exceed this speed anyway, and most people
will notice no difference when typing in. The one proviso
is that you should not try to upload messages at this
speed, since this takes a very long time.
Basug area (or room as it is called on Babbs), is now a
closed user group for ‘APPLE 2000' members only. Do
use it for your suggestions, problems etc. It is one of
the fastest and best ways of making your presence in
the club felt. If you just use that one room, and
download the new messages into your buffer before
leaving, you will find it only takes a very short time.
Then you can prepare your answers off-line, call in
again, and send them up automatically which again is
very quick. Used like this Babbs is not expensive as so
many people think, and considering how quickly you are
likely to get a solution to any problems you may have, it
is very good value. | use this just as an illustration let
me hasten to add, because there are rooms ranging from
Pascal to Hobbies to Insults, and your participation in
any of them will be very welcome. Furthermore if the
existing list doesn't present scope for your pet interest
do let me know and, if there is enough support, another
room can be opened,
Some of the rooms are inevitably little used at
present, but | hope they may find supporters eventually
Esperanto, and Disabled Users are a couple that are
unused as yet. If you know of anyone who could benefit
from the Disabled Users area, do let them know it is
there. If you speak Esperanto then a message from you
might well set the ball rolling. At the moment the only
Esperanto there is the computer language Basicode!
ht is intended that all the listings that are published in
‘APPLE 2000' shall be present on Babbs for you to
download, and so save you the effort of typing them in
with
the inevitable dreaded syntax errors! You will find
these listings as files in Basug room. Many of the other
language rooms, and also Adventurers, have files for
you to download, and the list will gradually grow as
material comes in. To wet the appetites of those of you
addicted to Infocom adventures, there is a “cheat" file
for Hitch hikers, which an Italian caller has uploaded for
us. In order to download files you will need to use Ward
Christensen protocol, or X-modem as it is often called.
Consult your terminal program manual to find out how
to do this. As always if you run into problems do leave
me a note and | will try to sort things out.
In the month that the new Babbs has been running we
have had 1500 callers, from Australia to Iceland, and
Babbs welcomes them all, and hopefully presents an
image of a forward looking, and active club. Do join us
and help to make sure that this image is not only
maintained, but constantly improved, so that your
bulletin board remains, as it has always been, one of the
very best in the country.
*‘COMPUTEREYES'
VIDEO DIGITISER FOR APPLE ][+,//e and //c
COMPUTEREYES produces high resolution digitised pictures Irom any
video source; camora, video recorder or video disc. An image is
digitised in less than 5 seconds and may be stored on disc for later
use or dumped to a printer. The menu dnven software also includes
options for simulated 4 and 8 level grey scale image capture.
Optional Print Shop and Newsroom enhancement discs are available to
aliow the use of COMPUTEREYES images with these popular graphics
utlties. Also, a Double Hi-Res option to support the capabilities of
the “ic and 128k /e.
COMPUTEREYES requires no e
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