Apple Orchard 1980 Fall v1n2

L - INTERNATIONAL PLE CORE IN THIS ISSUE: APPLE III IS HERE! OEE APPLE “S05" ON PAGE 29 AND ALSO SPECIAL HI-RES GRAPHICS SECTION ON PAGE 7 FALL 1980 $3.50 SUP’R°TERMINA SUP’R’ TERMINAL IS AN 80 COLUMN BY 24 LINE PLUG-IN COMPATIBLE BOARD FOR THE APPLE I] COMPUTER SPECIFICATIONS & FEATURES * 80 Columns by 24 lines, upper and lower case; all 128 ASCII characters. Upper and Lower case data entry using the APPLE I keyboard. Includes an Upper and Lower case 5x8 dot matrix ASCII character set, and inverse alpha characters. Expands existing keyboard for more ASCII characters Character set can be user definable Includes VBC™ (video balance circuit) which enables. the use of displaying 80 columns on an inexpensive 8 MHz CRT monitor Works with LEEDEX monitor (version 2.2) and other inexpensive CRT monitors Shift Lock Feature KEYPRESS function for PASCAL programs supplied Works with APPLE PASCAL and APPLE BASIC Incorporates PASCAL and BASIC control characters Follows protocols of PASCAL and BASIC operating systems ALL monitor-type escapes are valid Compatible with ALL APPLE II peripherals. Effective baud rate greater than 10,000; fast scrolling and clearing APPLE II is a trademark of APPLE Computer Co, APPLE PI is a trademark of Programma International Easywriter is a trademark of Information Unlimited Micromodem is a trademark of D.C. Hayes PATENT PENDING * Can be used with APPLE II communication interface board to act as self contained terminal for time- sharing or other applications. Terminal program supplied when used with a D.C. Hayes micromodem. ¢ 3K bytes of bank switched static ram * 2K bytes of ROM * The only board with continuous direct memory mapped screened ram. * The only board that interprets VTABS by firmware (version 2.2) * The only board with an adjustable scrolling window. * The only 80 column board that is synchronous with the APPLE II ¢ Fully programmable cursor * Conversion program supplied to modify existing APPLESOFT programs to work with SUP’R'TERMI- NAL (automatically converts HOME,CALL-936 and VTABS) (version 1.0) ¢ Works with the new Easywriter and APPLE PI word processors. ¢ Uses less current on the +5V supply than any other 80 column board ¢ Works with CORVIS hard disc system M&R ENTERPRISES P.O. BOX 61011, Sunnyvale, CA 94088 ™ When It Comes To APPLE Add-on Memory... LOBO DRIVES manufactures a complete line of APPLE compatible disk drives. All LOBO Subsystems are completely software com- patible to both APPLE 3.1, 3.2, and 3.2.1 Disk Operating Systems (DOS), as well as APPLE Pascal Language Systems, All standard DOS commands i.e.; SAVE, LOAD, UNLOCK, DELETE, etc., will run on both the 5%-inch and 8-inch drives. Any applications software designed for use with the APPLE will run on all LOBO Subsystems. The simplicity of opera- tion, high reliability, improved performance, and unique one-year warranty policy makes LOBO DRIVES Disk Memory Systems the ideal drives for the APPLE user who wants to develop or expand his own disk-based system. Every LOBO DRIVES Disk Memory System comes complete with drive(s) power supply and chassis, cable, interface and controller card. MODEL 1850 DUAL FLOPPY/FIXED DISK MEMORY SYSTEM Up to 10 MBytes of high-speed, high- reliability Winchester technology hard disk storage, combined with a built-in 1.6 MByte Floppy for back-up, on/off load, etc. makes the 1850 ideal for small business and word processing applications * 5 or 10 MByte Fixed Disk Capacity 1.6 MByte Floppy Disk Capacity 70 Msec Average Access Time Software Compatible Sealed Environment with Winchester Reliability LOBO Has It All. See your nearest dealer, call, or write for the complete LOBO DRIVES story... find out just how competitively priced a quality drive can be B® Orives' INTERNATIONAL 935 Camino Del Sur Goleta, California 93017 (805) 685-4546 Telex: 658 482 MODEL 950 DUAL FLOPPY/FIXED DISK MEMORY SYSTEM New 5%-inch Hard Disk provides the storage capacity of more than 16 Floppy Disk Drives in one compact, easy to use cabinet. Built-in mini-floppy back-up. © Up to 6.38 MBytes of High Speed Hard Disk Memory © Up to 440 KBytes of Floppy Disk Back-up * 170 Msec Average Access Time * Sealed Environment Winchester Reliability MODEL 390 5%- INCH FLOPPY DISK MEMORY SYSTEM A low-cost, high per- formance Mini-Floppy System fully compatible with APPLE Disk Il. © Up to 116 KBytes Capacity per disk © Fast 200 Msec Access Time * 156 Kbits/Sec Data Transfer Rate * Individual File Write Protection MODEL 800/850 DUAL FLOPPY DISK DRIVE MEMORY SYSTEM Large capacity, with choice of single-sided, single or double density (850) configurations. LOBO's controller can support up to 4 daisy- chained drives * Up to 3.2 MByte Capacity * Fast Access Time © Intelligent Disk Controller * APPLE Software Compatibility Southeastern Software * 414 Derbyshire Drive ¢ New Orleans, LA 70126 504/246-8438 504/246-7937 Southeastern Software ‘NEWSLETTER’ for APPLE Il Owners NOW IN THE THIRD YEAR OF PUBLICATION 10 Issues per year for $10.00 Back Issues available at $1.00 each EXAMPLE: Send $10.00 and receive next 10 Issues Send $30.00 and receive 30 Issues beginning with #2 DATA CAPTURE 3.0 - $29.95 Is DATA CAPTURE 3.0 just another Smart Termi- nal program? NO! It is a GENIUS Terminal pro- gram for use with the Micromodem II®. It will ‘capture’ ANYTHING that appears on the screen of your CRT. ANY program or data. If you are using the Source you can even ‘capture’ CHAT. There is no need to create files in your file space on the other system to transfer data to your Apple. If you can list it you can capture it. * You can then SAVE the data to disk, dump it to your printer or even do simple editing with DATA CAPTURE 3.0. You can use DATA CAPTURE 3.0 to com- pose text off line for later transmission to another computer. Think of the timeshare charges this will save you! Use DATA CAPTURE 3.0 with the Dan Paymar Lower Case Adapter and you can enter UPPER or lower case from the key- board for transmission to another system. You can also capture UPPER/lower case data from another system. A program is also included to convert your programs to text files for transmission using DATA CAPTURE 3.0. DATA CAPTURE 3.0 will save you money if you are using any timesharing system. Requires DISK II®, Applesoft II@ Add $64.95 to order the Dan Paymar Lower Case Adapter BAD BUY DISKETTE - $9.99 Of course it’s a bad buy. If you have issues #2 thru #11 of the NEWSLETTER you can type these programs in yourself. Includes a couple of bonus programs. Requires DISK II™, Applesoft II We ship within 3 working days of receipt of order and welcome your personal check. We also accept Visa and Master Charge. LCMOD for PASCAL - $30.00 Finally! DIRECT entry of UPPER/lower case into the Pascal Editor. Why pay hundreds of dollars for a terminal just to set lower case entry with Pascal? If you have the Paymar Lower Case Adapter you can use this program. * Left and right curly brackets for comment delimiters. * An underline for VARs, program names and file names. * The ESCape key does the shifting and Con- trol Q is used for ESCape. Have you ever typed in a page or two of text and lost it by hitting ESC accidentally? This won't happen with LCMOD. Requires Language System and Paymar LCA Add $64.95 to order the Dan Paymar Lower Case Adapter. MAG FILES — $18.00 Finding it difficult to keep track of all those magazine articles you are reading? This program will help you do it. MAG FILES is Menu driven with separate modules for creating, editing, displaying and searching for your data. If you are using one drive a program is provided for transferring data to another diskette for backup. A sample data base of over 60 articles is included. The screen format- ting and user orientation are what you have come to expect of Southeastern Software. Requires DISK II®, Applesoft II@. MAILER — $15.00 Don't let the low cost fool you. This is a single drive version of the program we use to maintain the NEWSLETTER subscriber list. Can be easily con- verted to 2.3 or 4 drives. Binary search and linear searches for finding any name in file. Sort on names and zip codes. Selective print by zip code or key. The separate modules are menu driven and will run on 32K system. There are 13 separate modules on the diskette for maintaining a mailing list. Sample data file included. Requires DISK II®, Applesoft II@. * Apple, Apple II Plus, Disk Il and APPLESOFT II are trademarks of Apple Computer Company. * Micromodem II is a trademark of D.C. Hayes Associates, Inc. FALL 1980 THE APPLE ORCHARD PRESIDENT’S CORNER It was a small group of Apple users who met in San Francisco late in October of 1979. They represented some of the larger Apple Clubs in the United States. The object of that meeting was to open channels of communications between Apple clubs and users. It was at this meeting the Interna- tional Apple Core got its roots, and plans were made on the WHAT, HOW and WHEN of the IAC. It is now not quite a year after that meeting and at the time of this writing, late July, the IAC has a membership of over 150 clubs, representing some 42 states and 13 countries, and some 13,000 Apple users. We are still receiving about three membership applications a week and requests for information about the IAC has kept our secretary very busy. This unbelievable growth signifies to me that there is a need for just such an organization as the IAC. We will continue to grow as INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE SPONSORING MEMBERS 1.A.C. sponsors are a special breed. They are the organizations who along with our advertisers, contribute to and support many I.A.C. activities. In addition, they will provide us with application notes concerning their products — notes that will benefit users by showing new and -different ways to utilize their products or production/software modifications that have been made to upgrade their product. When considering a software or product purchase, we request that they be given special consideration. Those organizations that would like to become sponsors or who would like additional information about the benefits and advantages of becoming a sponsoring member are urged to contact Michael Weinstock, Vice-President, International Apple Core, P.O. Box 976, Daly City, CA 94017 A list of sponsoring members, current through the first of September, 1980, appears below. Apple Computer, Inc. 10260 Bandley Drive Cupertino, CA 95014 (408) 996-1010 Axiom Corp 5932 San Fernando Rd. Glendale, CA 91202 (213) 245-9244 Bell & Howell, Inc. 7100 McCormick Road Chicago, IL 60645 (312) 262-1600 Compuserve - Micronet 5000 Arlington Centre Blvd. Columbus, OH 43220 (614) 457-8600 Custom Computing System, Inc. 122 2nd Ave. N. Saskatoon, Sask., Canada $7K 282 Interactive Structures, Inc. P.O. Box 404 Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 (215) 667-1713 Malibu Electronics Corp. 2301 Townsgate Road Westlake Village, CA 91361 (805) 496-1990 Nestar Systems, Inc. 430 Sherman Ave. Palo Alto, CA 94306 (415) 327-0125 Peripherals Unlimited 3450 E. Spring St., Suite 206 Long Beach, CA 90806 (213) 595-6858 Programma International, Inc. 3400 Wilshire Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90016 (213) 384-1116 Siro-tech Software Products 6 Main St. Ogdenstring, NY 13669 (315) 393-5151 Source Telecomputing Corp. 1616 Anderson Road McLean, VA 22102 (703) 821-6660 Syntauri Ltd. 3506 Waverly St. Palo Alto, CA 94306 (415) 494-1017 Verbatim Corp. 323 Soquel Way Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 245-4400 Xerox Retail Markets Div. L-140, 24500 Industrial Blvd. Hayward, CA 94545 (415) 786-5205 PAGE 3 more clubs are formed and old ones find out about our services. The IAC is made up of clubs and it is up to the member clubs to guide the direction we take in the future. That idea is at the heart of the IAC — an organization responsive the needs of the membership. Your input to this effect should be via your area director. The director is familiar with his area’s clubs and their particular needs. These directors are also elected to office by its area clubs. Our prime concern is information transfer both from the manufacturers to the user and from the user to other users and back up to the manufacturers. We are trying many methods to accomplish this and will implement new ones as time passes. The IAC is still very young, and like your club it is run by volunteers with regular 8 to 5 jobs. We are in need of more volunteers to help on committees and pro- jects, so please be patient. If you would like to volunteer, please contact the IAC. This is our second issue of “The Apple Orchard” with current plans for an issue each quarter. There has been over 80 pages of application notes sent to member clubs with more application notes being typed every week. In addition, IAC has already distributed free soft- ware to member clubs and will continue to do so as it becomes available. Our SIG (Special Interest Groups) span from help to the handicapped to a Ham radio net- work of Apple users. At this time we are planning the FIRST — APPLE FEST. This will be the first personal computer faire dedicated to the Apple Computer. This means no other computer will be shown — only hardware and software for the Apple. The faire will be sponsored by the IAC and Boston/Apple and will be held in Boston on May 23 and 24 of 1981 where the IAC will hold its annual general meeting. If you have any questions about the IAC please write us (include your phone number and we will endeavor to answer them). | hope to see many of you at the Fest in 1981. Ken Silverman, President International Apple Core PAGE 4 THE APPLE ORCHARD INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE PRESENTS THE APPLE ORCHARD 478 ~ AN APPLE oncuAKD, Vol. 1, No. 2 Fall 1980 Entire Contents Copyright® 1980 by International Apple Corps P.O. Box 976, Daly City, CA 95017 Val J. Golding Ken Silverman . Patricia Boner .. Kathryn Hallgrimson. Larry Danielson ... Vic Warren Design Buck Evans ...... Grawin Publications . Editor - Assistant Editor Editorial Assistant . Editorial Assistant . Shipping Manager Cover Design . Apple Orchard Postcard Production ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES Grawin Publications 1020 Lloyd Building Seattle, WA 98101 (206) 223-0861 SUBSCRIPTIONS Apple Orchard Subscriptions P.O. Box 2227 Seattle, WA 98111 $10/year — Published Quarterly FALL 1980 INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE Officers Ken Silverman President (415) 878-9171 Michael Weinstock Vice-President (516) 360-0988 Dave Gordon Treasurer (213) 384-0579 Joe Budge Secretary (919) 229-6037 Regional Directors Jon R. Lawrence (north) (313) 534-2433 Harlan G. Felt (north) (312) 447-6267 Jerry Vitt (south) (214) 369-7660 Scott Knaster (south) (303) 355-2379 Bernie Urban (east) (301) 229-3458 Tony Cerreta (east) (914) 636-3417 Joe Alinsky (west) (213) 703-1894 Fred Wilkinson (west) (415) 585-2240 International Directors Neil Bennett 55 Clarance St. Sydney, Australia 2000 Auby Mandell 409 Queen St. W. Toronto, Ont. Canada MSV 2A5 Wolfgang Dederichs Auf Drenhausen 2 4320 Hattingen, West Germany Committee Chairman Apple Fair Bob Ramsdell Apple Orchard Val J. Golding Constitution & Bylaws Ken Silverman (617) 742-6100 (206) 932-6588 (415) 878-9171 Education SIG Ted Perry (916) 961-7776 Ham Radio SIG James E. Hassler, (307) 632-4934 WB7TRQ Handicapped SIG Bernie Urban (301) 229-3458 LA.C. Software Neil Lipson (215) 356-6183 Legal SIG Butch Clayton Medical SIG Newsletter Exchange David Alpert Newsletter Library Maj. Terry N. Taylor New Club Assistance Randy Fields Standards Mark Robbins Telecommunciations Craig Vaughn (803) 884-5370 Dr. Larry L Stoneburner (714) 953-9151 (312) 295-6078 (415) 775-7965 (303) 750-5813 IN THIS ISSUE President’s Corner Ken Silverman 3 IAC Sponsoring Members 3 PRINT FRE(ed) val J. Golding 5 Select One Val J. Golding 6 Hi-Res Graphics: Resolving the Resolution Myth Bob Bishop 7 Mysterious Orange Vertical Line Pete Rowe 11 Understanding Hi-Res Graphics Loy Spurlock 12 Color 21 Darrell Aldrich 21 IAC Member Club Roster 23 Contact Section A Look Inside the Apple III ASCII, EBCDIC And The Apple Barry Yarkoni 29 John Crossley 31 DOS Append Fix 31 F.C.C. And The Apple 32 Pascal Operand Formats Jo Kellner 38 Auto-Run Apple 42 Applewriter Mod 4B DOS Toolkit 45 Inside Initialization Joseph H. Budge 49 Locksmythe and The Dedicated Programmer Scot Kamins 54 Linking Machine Language 61 Common Access Source Files 61 Don’t Overload Your Apple Ken Silverman 67 Advertiser’s Index 71 Dan Buchler 71 Neil D. Lipson 71 What Is A User Group To All Programmers FALL 1980 THE APPLE ORCHARD PRINT FRE (ed) by Val J. Golding One of the advantages of being an editor is that one can sit down at a typewriter and start banging away at the keys on almost any subject under the sun and be assured, within reasonable limits, that it will see print. Is it possible that within a three year period we can shed a nostalgic tear for the “good old days’? We were fortunate to have been at the reins during the formative periods of two major forces, each of which in their own unique ways have become most influential in the world of Apple computing. Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange was among the pioneer Apple user groups that have sub- sequently matured to produce sophisticated software and a leading national magazine for its membership, an accomplishment still under way today. International Apple Core, pub- lishers of this magazine, the Apple Orchard, sprang from an idea to a nearly full blown operation in a matter of just a few months. Both organizations are slowly but surely overcoming the problems of growing pains. Both organizations are devoted to serving the needs of their respective memberships, but here the resemblance ends, and the goals of each, it will ke seen, are widely divergent. A.P.P.L.E. is a single user group composed of over 4000 individual members; I.A.C. is a group whose membership consists of over 150 different user GROUPS, scattered around the world, Its goals too, in the final analysis, are to serve the needs of individual Apple users, but through the medium of Apple user GROUPS. I.A.C. is structured to be responsive to individuals through their clubs, and through regional representation. Many of the I.A.C. services are either free or ona cost plus basis. Free software is provided to member clubs, which they in turn may distribute to their members on their own terms. Frequent mailings of application notes, furnished to IAC by Apple Computer, Inc. and others who manufacture/distribute Apple related products are made to member clubs. Again, the further dissemination of this information to their membership is at the dis- cretion of the individual member clubs. Through the pages of the Apple Orchard, the I.A.C. hopes to encourage readers and new Apple owners to join a local user group. To this end, you will find a list of names and addresses of current member groups elsewhere in this issue. Many of these local groups publish their own newsletters and offer other benefits such as group purchases of products and the op- portunity to discuss technical and programming problems on a face to face basis. Thanks to the efforts of the pioneer user groups, Original Apple Corps, San Francisco Apple Core, Apple Pugetsound and others, much of what we today recognize as “common know- ledge” was not always the case. Many of the members of early groups literally spent hours of re- search, seeking out and publishing data that was not available in the early and skimpy documentation published by Apple Computer and others. The original Apple refer- ence manual (before the “red book”) was a mimeographed pam- phlet of some 30 odd pages, a far cry from todays 200 page manual. The pages of the Apple Orchard are a blend of three main categories, new material contri- buted by individuals and/or club members, material that has previously been printed in one of the low circulation club news- letters that is deserving of a much wider distribution, and material supplied by Apple Computer, Inc. in the areas of utility and reference PAGE 5 material and promotional items. It should be emphasized also that the LA.C., and in turn, the Apple Orchard, is under no obligation to Apple Computer or any other man- ufacturer, and in fact receives no direct financial support, other than that falling under the heading of sponsoring members. The entire premise upon which 1.A.C. funds its various operations is through revenues created by sales of Apple Orchard magazines and advertising. Therefore, the I.A.C. must rely heavily on its member clubs to furnish us with suitable material, both original and reprint, that can be included in forth- coming issues of the Apple Orchard. Upon request, a modest page rate for published articles will be paid, but we also urge authors to consider their material as contri- butions. What has happened between the “good old days” and the here and now? In 1977 the Apple II arrived on the scene among the Imsai, Sol, Southwest Technical and other micros, but with a difference. It heralded the beginning of an era where one could simply walk into a computer store, much as one goes to a television or appliance store, look over a few models, make a decision, take it home, plug it in and start using it. We believe its original purpose was a game machine, such as todays Atari and others. In fact, Steve Wozniak’s original handwritten notes for Integer Basic called it “Game Basic”. But Woz and Steve Jobs never counted on the Apple II’s achieving the tremendous success and pop- ularity that it has. When Apple obtained Applesoft | from Micro- soft, Inc., people first became aware of the tremendous potential of the Apple Il as a games/house- hold/business computer, and it took off, to be followed eventually by the Apple Ill, a moderately priced, sophisticated business computer, and which will shortly be followed by an Apple IV (al- though it will not be known by that name), a machine that in many respects may invite comparison with a 370. Would we, if we had our (continued on page 6) FALL 1980 FROM THE EDITOR’S NOTEBOOK SCRATCHPAD RAVINGS ASSISTANT ASYLUM SELECT ON THE APPLE ORCHARD PAGE 6 By the Editor From the fire to the frying pan, to invert a homily. We didn’t know at first if we would really make it, this second issue of International Apple Core’s “Apple Orchard”. But if you, gentle reader, are reading this, then we indeed did! There is a fierce competition today, a far cry from just a very few months ago, among computer magazines, and even more so, among those devoted to the Apple computer. There is no question but what, starting with a 45,000 circulation, that we are going to make our way to the head of the field. The Apple Orchard is/will be a DIFFERENT magazine, encompassing all areas of Apple Computing. Included in this issue of the Orchard, and in succeeding issues, will be a separate section known as CONTACT, which will contain Application Notes and other material furnished to us by Apple Computer, Inc., to help you better understand and make use of your Apple. In addition, through the pages of CONTACT, you will learn of new Apple Computer, Inc. products and peripherals, even before they become widely available. And in this CONTACT, Barry Yarkoni offers a look at the Apple III and _ its “AppleSOS”, while another article describes the whys and hows of RFI (Radio Frequency Interference), along with some suggested cures. And that is just one section. Another section will be devoted to the International Apple Core. One of the features of this section will be to provide you with a listing of the name, address and phone number of each of the nearly 150 Apple user groups that are members of the I.A.C. This is a service that will help new owners find an Apple user group in their vicinity, plus there are a number of larger groups, national and international in stature, where membership can be of benefit. (These are indicated by a * in the listings.) And in future issues, there will be mention of computer shows, fairs, etc. The wealth of information in just these two sections alone would make a subscription worthwhile, but we haven’t even touched on the feature material. Look at this issue — starting on Page 7, there is a 14 page special High Resolution Graphics section — information not only on how it works, but actual applications, articles by Bob Bishop, Loy Spurlock and Pete Rowe. a Have you ever. wondered just what goes on when you type “INIT HELLO, VI” and your disk drive starts up, sputters, burps and eventually hands you a fresh diskette you can use to store programs on? LA.C. secretary Joe Budge takes a look at that process in Inside Initialization, and President Ken Silverman has whomped up a mess 0’ statistics showing the amount of current drawn by many Apple peripherals in Don’t Overload your Apple. And still there’s more, but the Table of Contents has to serve some useful purpose. And if we haven’t tempted you by now to whip out your checkbook and write out a ten dollar subscription check (there’s a form on Page 26), then you better just hand this copy of the Apple Orchard back to your dealer. And while you're at it, better turn your Apple back in too, because it won’t be of much use without the Orchard! But don’t touch that dial... before you go away, we want to take the time, and this space, to say a very special THANK YOU to our Editorial Assistant, PATRICIA BONER. Without Pat’s miles of driving, untold hours of pasting up, repasting up and then pasting up some more, plus 1001 other services beyond the call of duty, neither the first Orchard nor this one could ever have become reality. Thanks, Pat. Love ‘ya! And in practically the same breath we want to welcome Kathryn Hallgrimson as our new assistant. Kathryn has been determinedly dogging Patricia’s footsteps and will be contributing to the future success of the Orchard. Val. J. Golding PRINT FRE(ed) from page 5 “druthers”, go back to the “good old days’? No indeed. For as much as we have already learned, we have barely scratched the surface of the Apple II. Every day, as we continue our exploration, we continue to learn. And all of this knowledge, in one form or another, will filter to you, the user, through the pages of the Apple Orchard and other magazines. The readers are the real winners! FALL 1980 THE APPLE ORCHARD APPLE—II HI-RES GRAPHICS: RESOLVING THE RESOLUTION MYTH by Bob Bishop Apple Computer, Inc. In the early part of 1977 the Apple—Il computer was intro- duced, and it soon became one of world’s most popular machines. One of the most exciting features of the computer was its high resolu- tion (HI-RES) graphics capability. Early literature from Apple de- scribed the computer as being able to “...generate a high-resolution (280h x 192v) graphic display in four colors....” (The four colors were: black, white, violet, and green.) It wasn’t long before two more colors, blue and orange, were added to the list. Now Apple—ll could boast of having a resolution of 280 x 192 in six colors. Because of the ambiguity of the wording, the literature soon be- came misunderstood as implying that the Apple—II could plot any of the six colors in any of the 280 horizontal positions. Unfortu- nately, such a capability would require more than the 8-K bytes of memory available to HI-RES, as can be easily calculated. Yet, even after three years since the Apple’s introduction, this “280-point”’ myth still lives! Except now the story has been “fuzzed” a little to say things like “some points just can’t be plotted in some colors,” or that green “doesn’t exist” at some points, or some such nonsense. (This “explains” (?) why the Apple- soft program: 10 HGR 20 HCOLOR =1 30 HPLOT 0,0 TO 10,150 draws five separate line segments instead of the one continuous line that we actually wanted.) The real problem here is not in the hardware, but in the headware. The time has come when we must modify the “traditional” view of Apple—Il HI-RES in order to reflect the true nature of the beast. The “modern” view realizes that, in actuality, the Apple—II doesn’t have just one single HI-RES mode. It has two of them! And neither mode involves an alleged 280 points!! Color HI-RES Mode The first of the two HI-RES modes is the Color mode. Here, the screen resolution is 140 x 192 in six colors. If we were to clear the HI-RES screen and then “turn on” all the green dots that we could, we would find that there are only 140 dots in each line that would ever show up. A similar experiment with blue, orange, and violet would yield similar results. Well then, if there are only 140 color points per line, why try to pretend that there are 280? Let’s just-call a spade a spade and accept the fact that there only 140 color points. To anyone who still wants to pretend that there are actually 280 points (with “green- not-existing” at half of them), can offer the equally valid counter- claim that there are really 2800 points with “green-not-existing” at ninteen out of twenty of them! Black & White HI-RES Mode The second of the two HI-RES modes is the Black & White mode. In this case, the “280-point” myth really sells the Apple—Il short. It turns out that, ona Black and White display, we can actually achieve a horizontal resolution of up to 560 points! In order to fully understand these two graphics modes we must take a closer look at the Apple—II’s HI-RES capability. At one time, the “hardest” part about HI-RES was handling the Y- coordinate. Because of the strange way in which the screen is mapped, an exotic “base calculation” rou- tine was required to compute the absolute memory address of the beginning of the display line cor- responding to Y. (See Figure 1.) Once this non-linear mapping was done, handling the X-coordinate was “easy.” All we had to do was PAGE 7 count over X bits starting with the LSB (Least Significant Bit) of the base byte, skipping the MSB (Most Significant Bit) of every byte. Ona black & white display we would see the resulting dot in one of the 280 possible positions on the line. Ona color display we would see the same dot in either violet/blue or green/orange, depending on whether the “skipped MSB” was a zero/one, and whether or not the X coordinate was even or odd, re- spectively. (See Figure 2.) Thus was the “280-point” myth born. This “traditional” view of HI-RES has changed little in the three or so years that the Apple—II has been in existence. Although the “hard” job of doing the vertical coordinate base calculations is being replaced with table look-up methods (mak- ing it now the “easy” part), not much has been done to resolve the mish-mash about the (formerly “easy”’) horizontal component. |, personally, was never really happy with the 280-points/line philos- ophy except for black & white displays. For color graphics the 140 x 192 approach made more sense. (STAR WARS, ROCKET PILOT, APPLE-VISION, etc. were all writ- ten in accordance with the 140- point/line philosophy.) So what is the “correct” way to view the HI-RES process? Well, let’s see what really happens on a HI- RES screen, and then you be the judge. Assume that we have an Apple computer with both a color display anda high resolution black & white display. If we enter the keyboard monitor and type the commands: *2000:0 *2001< 2000.3FFEM *C050 C053 C057 we will see the blank HI-RES screen with four lines for text at the bottom. Typing: *2000:1 produces a dot in the upper left- hand corner on both displays. (The color display’s dot will be violet.) We now type: *2000:81 and, as the RETURN key is hit, we see the dot on the black and white display move ever so slightly to the right. Looking at the color display we notice that the violet dot has PAGE 8 become a blue dot. Continuing ina like manner we observe that: *2000:2 followed by: *2000:82 cause the dot on the black and white display to shift slightly to the right each time while the dot on the color display changes from blue to green and then from green to orange. If we were to continue on with: *2000:4 *2000:84 e e e *2027:CO we would cycle through the colors: violet, blue, green, and orange, 140 times as the dot slowly progresses from left to right across the top of the color display. The black & white display’s dot would also be shifting to the right each time proving that there are actually 560 positions that it can occupy. (See Figure 3.) Now lets try the following: *2000:3 This turns on dots 0 and 2 in the first line. Looking at-the black & white display we see two dots very close together in the upper-left. But the color display shows a single white dot there. Next, type: *2000:83 Again we see a white dot there. (In the Apple literature these whites have been referred to as “White1” and “White2”, while “Black1” and “Black2” represent their corre- sponding absences. More on this unfortunate business later.) So, white (the color) is created by simply turning on any pair of consecutive even or odd dots, while black, of course, is made by not turning them on. (It is also possible to create a “White1.5” by turning on an even dot in conjunc- tion with an odd dot. However, this can only be done at the 20 places in each line where the two dots come from different bytes.) The fact that white can be made by combining a dot with either its preceeding or succeeding counterparts (e.g., green-violet or violet-green) serves as the only close claim to the much heralded “280-point” mode, and even this falls short by one! (There THE APPLE ORCHARD are only 279 pairs of dots across the screen, not 280.) Let’s return to the 560 x 192 Black & White mode for one last com- ment. It should be pointed out, if it isn’t already obvious, that we do not have complete unrestricted access to all 560 dot positions on each line. Once a dot is plotted some of its neighbors become restricted in the sense that any later attempt to plot them will cause a one-position shift in some of the already plotted dots on the line. But then Apple users are already used to such plotting con- straints. (For example, green lines cannot be plotted on orange back- grounds, etc.) And even in the worst case, the resolution obtained in the 560 mode is never worse than 280. (Again, that number!) So there is really very little reason to ever consider doing black & white plots in any other mode but the 560 mode. (Figure 4 is a listing of an Applesoft implementation of the 560 mode of plotting.) Color Issues The “traditional” problem of plotting one color near another and seeing a color change occur still exists, even in the “modern” view. Such “color conflicts” are not philosophical in nature, but are intrinsic to the hardware. For those “purists” who insist on color graph- ics without any “color conflicts” at all, we could postulate a third color graphics mode: 40 x 192 in six colors. But the utility of such a mode would probably be extreme- ly limited due to the 3.5 fold de- crease in horizontal resolution, a high price to pay for “purity”. The question of resolution be- comes even more cloudy when we start to talk about HI-RES displays containing more than six colors. By a process known as “dithering”,* the individual color dots in a HI- RES display can be viewed macro- scopically as forming “mixed” col- ors. (For example, if we turned on only half of the blue dots on the screen ina “checkerboard” fashion we would see the color, dark blue. If we then changed all the remain- ing black dots into white the result would be light blue. Etc.) Depend- ing on the order of the dithering and the exact nature of the algo- rithm used the resulting spatial FALL 1980 resolution could be 70 x 192,70 x 96, or even less. (This “color dithering” was the technique used in creating the COLOR SLIDE SHOW disks for both the Apple—Il and the Apple— MIL.) Black & White Issues “Spin-offs” of the ““280-point” myth are the “fictitious” blacks and whites, known affectionately as “Black”, “Black2”, “White1”, and “White2”. The fact that these are true, unique color states of the HI- RES display is not in dispute. But what is disappointing is that most of the Apple’s wares (soft and firm) require the users to actually specify which white or black is to be used. In practice most users don’t care! All they want is Black or White, period. They aren’t interested in the internals of how the graphics works. So why burden them with such needless details? The only difference between the “1” and “2” species of white and black is the state of the MSB in the byte. Since this bit only has an observable effect on the “colored” colors, a more sensible approach would have been to automatically set or clear the MSB only when dictated by the plotting of a “colored” color Plotting a white or black color would only set or clear the two “observable” bits and leave the “unobservable” MSB in its ambient state. Using this approach, only one black and one white would have been required instead of two. The result would have been a HI-RES package with a much cleaner hu- man interface. So, where do we go from here? Well, there are still some strange HI-RES anomalities that could be explored. Let’s go back to our earli- er experiments using the keyboard monitor. With a cleared HI-RES display we type the following: *207F:40 Nothing happens. But if we now type: *2000:80 (which simply turns on the MSB of location $2000), we see a phantom orange dot** appear in the upper- left corner at screen position: X=-1! Does this mean that the HI-RES *See “Color 21” on page 21. **See “The Mysterious Orange Vertical Line” on page 11. FALL 1980 screen has even more than 560 points per line resolution!? I'll leave that question for future inves- tigators to answer. Now that we have a more accu rate picture of the HI-RES process THE APPLE ORCHARD this powerful display capability of the Apple—Il more effectively. Unfortunately, much of the “280- point” myth is cast in silicon and, as such, is frozen for all time. But that should not stop us from taking advantage of what we now know PAGE 9 and applying it whenever we can. And above all, we should always try to determine for ourselves how things really are, and not simply accept the traditional explanations from the past. If we didn’t, the earth would still be flat. we are ina better position to utilize *847LL O853- 6A ROR 0864- 6A ROR 0854- 6A ROR 0865- 6A ROR 0847- AS 11 LDA $11 O855- 29:03 AND = #803 0866- 29:18 AND «#918 0849- 0A ASL 0857-05 15 ORA $15 0868- 05 14 ORA $14 084A- OA ASL 0859-09 20 ORA #820 OB6A- 85 14 STA $14 084B- = 29 1 AND = #$1C O85B- = 85 15 STA $15 OB4C- 60 RTS 084D- 85-15 STA $15 O85D- AS it LDA $11 O86D- 80 rrr O84F- AS 11 LDA Sit OBSF- 6A ROR O86E- AE 72 08 LDX $0872 o8si- 6A ROR 0B60- = 29 £0 AND = $$E0 0871- 60 RTS 0852- 6A ROR 0862- 85 14 STA $14 Figure 1: A typical HI-RES “base calculation” routine (from: ROCKET—PILOT, 1977) The routine is entered at $847 with the Y-coordinate stored in $11. Upon leaving, the corresponding base address is stored in $14 and $15. be M M s bo} 8 B B 6 X:Lo ' 2 3 4 5 6 ~|7,.8 9 106 276 277 278 219, — vale, lv, l@, |v, l¢/|v, [W |¢) |v Ie TV. WIG, lw IG |e ZVAVAAVAIAIALAAIA EAI ee z A—~ bw WHITE WHITE WHITE W T WHITE whit <— (BASE BYTE) —————>#e(BASE BYTE +f) — -- --—-(BASE BYTE +39)» ne E wane UNTE Figure 2: The “traditional” view of HI-RES There is only one plotting mode, and it consists of 280 plot positions across the screen formed from 40 clusters of 7 bits. Each cluster represents one byte of display memory with the MSB determining the color set of the byte. (Notice that the bits are mapped “back-wards on the screen; the LSB shows up first followed by the remaining 6 bits in reverse order.) —h4.2.+1) oes ; K—— (BASE BYTE) (8.8. #39)——> SSFSFSSFSESS Perrenrrrree .e. FSS FFF FS EES X(BWiloi234567880123451676901 Oo123456789 ; V BG Olv 46 oly BG olv BG olv BG olv BF Fooly eoolveao X (covor)s Oo | ee eres ae a veo 37 —He— 138 He-157 Figure 3: The “modern” view of HI-RES There are actually two separate plotting modes: one for black & white displays, and one for color. The black & white mode consists of 560 points per line while the color mode consists of 140. Each color point is actually made up of the 4 consecutive B/W mode dots: V, B, G, and O, respectively. The “280-point” myth results from the attempt at combining these two distinct modes into one general purpose mode that is display-independent. PAGE 10 Figure 4: The 560 B/W mode can easily be demonstrated in Apple- soft. This program first draws a steep vertical line in “traditional” 280-point mode. Then it draws an identical line in “modern” 560- point mode. Notice the smaller “stair-stepping” in the second line. 3 ALIST 10 HOME ¢ HGR 20 REM FIRST DRAW A LINE IN 280 RESOLUTION FOR COMPARISON 30 HCOLOR= 3: HPLOT 13070 TO 140 v59 50 REM NEXT DRAW A 560 RESOLUTION LINE NEXT TO THE FIRST ONE 100 FOR Y = 0 TO 159 110 X% = 280 + Y / 83 REN X% IS THE X-COORDINATE TO BE PLOTTED 120 YX = ¥3 REM YZ IS THE Y-COORDINATE TO BE PLOTTED 130 GOSUB 1000 140 NEXT Y 150 VTAB 22: END $ REM 1000 REN SUPER-HIRES PLOTTING SUBROUTINE XZ CAN RANGE FROM 0 TO 559 YZ CAN RANGE FROM 0 TO 191 1030 XXZ = XZ / 43M% = XE - 4 KX X% 1040 IF MZ = 0 THEN HCOLOR= 2 1050 IF MZ = 1 THEN HCOLOR= 6 1060 IF MZ = 2 THEN HCOLOR= 1 1070 «IF MZ = 3 THEN HCOLOR= 5 1080 HPLOT XZ / 29Y%% RETURN THE APPLE ORCHARD FALL 1980 GhG ce eh fel hi oD i, f mi e Leh hide fk WHAT'S THE ONE THING NO ONE HAS THOUGHT ABOUT DOING WITH COMPUTERS? 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The Life Dynamic Transformation Experience $15.95 The Relationship Life Dynamic ....... $15.95 The Creativity Life Dynamic Package . . $19.95 The Aliveness Life Dynamic .... $15.95 The Conditioning Life Dynamic $15.95 The Environment Life Dynamic $15.95 Super Draw & Write. + $15.95 Demo Disc . 1 $ 9.95 Complete Program Listings available ................$4,95 ea. ppd. i a) DEALERS: WRITE FOR FREE DEMO DISC! AVANT-GARDE CREATIONS. P.O. Box 30161 Eugene, OR 97403 Dept. NR-1 FALL 1980 THE APPLE ORCHARD The Mysterious Orange Vertical Line by Pete Rowe Computer-Advanced Ideas, Berkeley CA On occasion you may have noticed that while displaying an Apple Hires picture, an orange vertical line of dots, one third the height of the screen, appears at the far left side of the picture. In fact, it appears to the left of the left-most Hires column. Also, this orange vertical line seems to appear and disappear at will, not under your control. The Hires screens do NOT map to contiguous memory in the Apple. The first 40 bytes make up row zero (7 dots per byte times 40 bytes equal 280 dots horizontal Hires columns). The next 40 bytes are for row 64, followed by the next 40 on row 128. We have used only 120 bytes and the very next eight bytes are unused and do not map to the screen. The next set of three non- continuous lines goes to row 1, 65 and 129, again followed by 8 unused bytes. The following table shows the hex adddresses of the Hires page one unused bytes: Notice there are 64 sets of 8 bytes or 512 unused bytes in all for each Hires page. The cause of the mysterious orange vertical line has been recently discovered in the unused bytes of the Hires screen: first, every row in the top third of the screen (rows 0 to 63) must have the first byte with the most significant bit on, that is, the first byte of a given top third row must contain orange, blue, black2 and/or white2. And second, the sixth bit must be on in the last byte of the eighth unused byte that follows the screen byte mentioned above in memory. The result: An orange dot will appear to the left of column zero of the given row. What’s unusual are the facts that: (1) An apparently unused RAM cell is affecting our screen, and (2) the inter-byte culprit is not bit seven or zero, but bit six! To try it for yourself, enter the Monitor and type: verte line 2078-207F 2878-287F 3078-307F 20F8-20FF 28F8-28FF 30F8-30FF 2178-217F 2978-297F 3178-317F 21F8-21FF 29F8-29FF 31F8-31FF (2278-227F 2A78-2A7F 3278-327F (22F8-22FF 2AF8-2AFF 32F8-32FF (2378-237F 2B78-2B7F 3378-337F 23F8-23FF 2BF8-2BFF 33F8-33FF 2478-247F 2C78-2C7F 3478-347F 24F8-24FF 2CF8-2CFF 34F8-34FF 2578-257F 2D78-2D7F 3578-357F 25F8-25FF 2DF8-2DFF 35F8-35FF 2678-267F 2E78-2E7F 3678-367F 26F8-26FF 2EF8-2EFF 36F8-36FF 2778-277F (2F78-2F7F 3778-377F 27F8-27FF 2FF8-2FFF 37F8-37FF 3878-387F PAGE 11 *C050 C053 C057 *2000:0 *2001< 2000.3FFEM (clears the screen) *2000:CO (puts a blue dot in column seven, first row) *207F:40 (turns on bit six) Notice the far left orange dot — the beginning of our vertical line. *207F:0 (turns off bit six and the left orange dot goes away) A similar experiment can be ac- complished in BASIC: 10 POKE -16304,0:POKE -16301, 0:POKE 16297,0 20 INPUT VALUE 30 FOR ADDRESS=8319 TO 16383 STEP 128 40 POKE ADDRESS,VALUE 50 NEXT ADDRESS 60 END RUN this program with Hires page one containing orange, blue, black2 and/or white2 at the far left of at least the top third of the screen. For VALUE, you will find that entering a number containing 64 (e.g., 64, 127, 255), will turn on the now-not-so-mysterious orange vertical line. 38F8-38FF 3978-397F 39F8-39Ff 3A78-3A7F BAFB-3AFF 3B78-387F & 3BF8-3BFF | | 3C78-3C7F 3CF8-3CFF 3D78-3D7F 3DF8-3DFF 3E76-3E7F 3EF8-3EFF 3F78-367F SOME HIRES TEXT OR ) & 3FF8-3FFF PAGE 12 THE APPLE ORCHARD FALL 1980 UNDERSTANDING HI-RES GRAPHICS and how to include text in your Hi-res Graphics Programs by Loy Spurlock Reprinted from APPLESAUCE, Vol. 1, No. 7, Oct. 1979 and Call-Apple, January, 1980. This article is about APPLE II’s HI-RES graphics. It will cover three basic areas. They are: 1. How the screen is formatted. 2. Which RAM is used to get the picture you want. 3. How the RAM is used to get the picture you want. We will be discussing mainly how to put text into your gra- phics pictures. However, if you can understand how to put text in Hi-res, you will be able to define your own character set and put almost anything you want on the screen. We will do it with Integer Basic so that the majority of the beginners will be able to understand what is going on. If you know and understand assem- bly language, you will probably have no problem using the in- formation. The last page of this article is an Integer Basic program that will allow you to put text into your Hi-res pictures with just a few lines of BASIC. There are six charts throughout this article that might be help- ful in understanding the balance of the article. They are: Chart 41. — Full screen chart as it appears in the text mode. Chart #2. A blowup of the upper left corner of chart #1. Chart H3. A blowup of the upper left corner of chart #2. Chart #4. Total addressing of Hi-res page #1. Chart 45, © Addressing and data charts in binary. Chart H6. Final breakdown of each bit in each byte. At this point, | would suggest that you look the charts over and get familiar with them. Read the text that is with the charts so that you will know what that chart contains. After you do that, then come back and continue. To start off, we will discuss memory locations used by the Hi- res graphics. There are two pages of Hi-res graphics. You can have a different picture on each one of them and flip from one to the other by doing the proper pokes as listed on page 30 of the red manual. The first page uses the RAM from location 8192 to 16383 and the second page uses RAM from 16384 to 24575. This means that if you have only a 16K machine, you cannot access page H2 because you will not have any RAM to operate it. So we will only be covering the use of page 11 in this article. lf you wish to use page 2, you can use all this information by just starting at 16384 instead of 8192. Each RAM location in the Hi-res area is continually analyzed by the hardware in the machine to determine what to put on the monitor screen. Each RAM location controls 7 dots on the screen the size of the period. If the proper value is in any given RAM location, all 7 dots will be turned on, creating a line two dots longer than the line at the top of the ‘T’. Look at figure 1 on chart 5. That represents the 8 bits in every RAM location in the machine. Think of these bits as separate switches with which each can be turned on or off. The bit on the right represents the value of 1 when it is turned on. Box number 2 represents the value of 2 when it is on. The 3rd box is valued at 4, the 4th at 8, the 5th at 16, the 6th at 32, the 7th at 64 and the 8th at 128. To turn one or any combination of bits on, it is necessary for you to POKE the proper value into the location that you want to control. If you wanted to turn only the 1st bit on, you would POKE your location with the number 1, which is the value of the only bit that you want on. If you wanted only the 4th bit on, you would POKE the location with an 8 because that is the value of the 4th bit. Now let’s light up 2 bits. To turn the 2nd and 5th bits on, you add the 2 values together. The 2nd bit is valued at 2 and the 5th bit at 16. 2+16=18, so, you would POKE your location with an 18, which is the value of the 2 bits that you want on. Now, let’s put this to use. Before we go into detail about the RAM formatting of the screen, we are going to play with turning bits on and off. Turn your APPLE on. While in the monitor mode, we will clear the Hi-res graphics page. With the ‘*’ prompt showing, type ‘2000:0’, then hit return. Do not type the apostro- phies, only what is between them. Now type ‘2001<2000,3FFF M’ and hit return. Now go to basic and type ‘GR’. This will put you into LO-RES graphics. Now type POKE -16297,0 which will put you in HI-RES graphics. You should now be looking at a totally blank screen. FALL 1980 Before we get started with the experiments, | must tell you that the screen looks at the binary bits backwards from the way you use them in counting. What this means is that the left most bit is valued at 1 and the right most bit is valued at 128. Also, only 7 bits will show up on the screen. | am told that the 8th bit controls the additional colors on the newer machines. My APPLE is H86 and does not have the mod, so | have never used the 8th bit. Hopefully, someone out there who has extensive experience with the colors will submit a subsequent article. At this point, you should be looking at the blank Hi-res screen. Memory location 8192 is the one that controls the first 7 dots in the upper left corner of the screen. So, POKE a1 into 8192 by typing POKE 8192,1" and hit return. One dot in the B THE APPLE ORCHARD PAGE 13 corner should have come on. Now type ‘POKE 819264’. The dot that was on should have gone off and another one come on. That's because 64 is the value of the 7th bit, which is the last bit that the graphics will use. If you want both dots on at the same time, add the 2 values together, 64+1=65, and type ‘POKE 8192, 65’. Now, both dots should be on. This probably seems like a lot of work to get something on the screen. It is, if you do it all man- ually. However, when you can use formulas to figure out where to put the dots, the computer will do it all for you. Play with that for awhile. You can use any RAM location between 8192 and 8231 for the entire top line. Now that you know how to control each RAM location, let’s talk about the formatting of the screen so you can use the whole thing. é D AN 1024 0 0 1063 B 1152 1 3 1191 c 1280 2 6 1319 D 1408 3 9 1447 1536 4 12 1575 1664 5 15 1703 1792 6 18 1831 1920 7 21 1959 1064 8 1 1103 1192 9 4 1231 1320 10 7 1359 1448 1 10 1487 1576 12 13 1615 1704 13 16 1743 7832 14 19 1871 1960 15 22 1999 1104 16 2 1143 1232 17 5 1271 1360 18 8 1399 1488 19 1 1527 1616 20 14 1655, 1744 21 17 1783 1872 22 20 1911 2000 23 23 2039 CHART /#1 This chart represents the screen as you see it in the text mode, with characters on it. It is broken into a lot of little boxes, (40 across and 24 down). Only one character at a time can be in each box. Notice the ‘A’ in the upper left corner? It will be on all the other charts also. This will help you to keep proper perspective as to the size of the portion of screen that we are looking at. In the text mode it takes only one memory location to operate each one of these boxes. In Hi-res it takes 8 bytes of RAM to control each box. Unfortunately the RAM locations do not follow through from one line to the next. In this chart you see 4 columns of figures. They are: A-— The first RAM location used for that line in the text mode. B— The screen line number. C— The line numbers as they fall in sequential RAM locations. D— The last RAM location used for that line. The screen line # will be the one referred to from this point unless otherwise noted. Notice that line 1's first RAM location is 1024 and that the last is 1063. That is a total of 40 RAM locations for the 40 characters across on the first line. Also notice that line 42 does not have the next RAM location of 1064. It is on line 9. So, if following the RAM in sequence, it jumps to line H9 from line #1. The last RAM location on line 9 is 1103. 1104 is the first RAM location on line 17. The last RAM location of line 17 is 1143. Now, here is a more confusing part. There are 8 RAM locations that are not used (1144-1151). 1152 starts line 42. This continues until the entire screen is filled. PAGE 14 Check out chart #4. It contains all of the addresses of Hi-res page 41. By using this, you should be able to put a dot on the screen anywhere you want by manually poking them in. How- ever, what we want to do is figure out a way to get the machine to calculate where to put the dots. What we have to do is find a definite pattern that the RAM uses so that we can build a formula to give the machine an X-Y coordinate. First, notice that the first 8 lines all begin with a RAM loca- tion 1024 bytes from each other. That is definitely a pattern. The problem though, is that the 9th line goes back down. It goes down by 7040 bytes. Line H10, however, increases by 1024 bytes again and continues until line 4/17. How about that! All the way down the screen, the lines are broken into groups of 8 that incre- ment by 1024 until the beginning of the next group. Let's find a pattern there. Line H9 decrements by 7040 from line #8. Line #17 decrements 7040 from line 416. This keeps up until you hit line #64. That's another pattern for the top 1/3 of the screen. Line #64 decreases by 8024 from line 463 but then starts incre- menting by 1024 again. In fact, the whole pattern starts over for the entire middle 1/3 of the screen. Line #128 decrements by 8024 from line #127 just like line 4's 63 and 64. That com- pletes our entire pattern scheme. Let's recap the whole thing and see what we have. Starting at 8192, we increment by 1024 8 times, then decrease by 7040. Do this 8 times, then decrease by 8024. Call the above phase #1. Starting with the last address from phase one, you can now do phase //1 again. Now, starting with the last address from doing phase #1 the second time, do phase 1 a 3rd time. The screen is then broken into 3 main seg- ments, which are broken into 8 smaller segments the size of a text line, which has 8 fine lines each. The addresses we just dis- cussed are only the first byte, which controls only the first 7 dots in each line. To get to the other columns you would just add the X coordinate to the calculation of the Y coordinate (con- sidering that X is across and Y is down). Here’s a formula that will do the entire calculation. See if you can figure out what it is doing before you read the explanation. The variable ‘L’ is used for the final location address. The parameters of X & Y are: X (0-39 across), Y (0-24 down). Here’s the formula: ‘L=8192 + Y MOD 8 * 128+ Y /8 * 40 + X’. Here’s how it works. Let’s say that the X-Y coordinates are 15-18, which would be the 15th col- umn on the 18th line. Since the multiplication and division of formulas is done from left to right before any addition is done, we will calculate all the multiplication and division first, then go back and do all the addi- tion. To start with, if we convert all X’s and Y’s to the numbers that we chose, the formula would look like this: (L=8192 + 18 MOD 8 * 128 + 18/8 * 40 + 15). Y MOD 8 is the calculation that will give us the line number within the 1/3 of the screen that line Y (18) is in. The answer to 18 MOD 8 is 2. Next we multiply the 2° 128. This gives us the top text line address within that 1/3 of the screen. The answer is 256. Now our formula looks like this: (L=8192+256+18/8* 40+15). The next multiplication and divi- sion is Y/8*40. The Y/8 will give us the 1/3 of the screen that we want. For example, 18/8=2. The 2 represents the 2nd 1/3 (mid- dle) of the screen. We then multiply 2*40 to get the address of the middle section for an answer of 80. The formula now looks like this: (L=8192+256+80+15), or (location=startHineH+1/3 section+ column). The answer is: 8192+256+80+15=8543, which will be the top 1/8th of column 15 on text line #18. Remember that line #18 is really the 19th line of text because line HO is the Ist and line #1 is the 2nd. Our calculation comes out to the address of the 144th line of Hi-res + 15 bytes. The 15 bytes get us to the 16th column because remember the 1st column is col- umn #0. You can check this out by referring to chart #4. After you learn how to create your own characters, you can put text or any other character of your choice anywhere on the Hi-res screen by giving this formula an X-Y coordinate and using it. (text continued on page 17) THE APPLE ORCHARD FALL 1980 CHART ## 2 Notice that the ‘A’ is in the upper left corner as it is on chart The 2nd thing that you probably noticed is that some of the smaller boxes are divided into 8 sections. This is because it takes 8 RAM locations to control the same sized area as one controls in the text mode. There is another major difference, in that the RAM locations themselves are different. Instead of starting at 1024, we now start at 8192. Location 8192 is the location that controls the area that the single dot at the top of the ‘A’ is in. There are 40 RAM locations across the top of the screen, the same as in the text mode. However, each one controls only the top 1/8 of each box. When the top line is completed with 40 bytes of RAM, it then jumps down to what would be the ninth line and controls the top 1/8 of what would be line #2 of the text mode. This is actually the 9th line of Hi-res which is where the top row of the ‘Bis. The 2 columns of numbers on the right side of the chart are: 1, The Hi-res line 4. 2. The address of the first byte of that line. 0 8192 rat 8 8320 16 8448 24 8576 32 8704 40 8832 48 8960 56 9088 64 8232 72 8360 80 8488 88 8616 FALL 1980 THE APPLE ORCHARD PAGE 15 0 8192 e I 8193 8194 1 9216 OO 9217 9218 2 10240 @) @ 10241 10242 3.11264 e @ 11265 11266 412288 Qoggo 12289 12290 513312 @ O 13313 13314 6 14336 @ @ 74337 74338 1 15360 15361 15362 8 3320 | @@e EE CE) 9 9344 e @ 9345 9346 1010368 © @ 10369 10370 u 11392 eeee 11393 11394 1212416 ® G 72417 12418 13 13440 Oil C) 13441 13442 14 14464 e@eee@ TT 14465 14466 1515488 | | 75489 __15490 16 8448 eee 8449 8450 7 9472 C) @ 9473 9474 18 10496 C) 10497 10498 19 11520 CJ 11521 11522 20 12544 e@ 12545 12546 21 13568 © _| '@ 13569 13570 22 14592 ee 74593 14594 5 15617 15618 24 8576 e 8577 8578 25. 9600 6 C) 9601 9602 26 10624 C) @ 10625 10626 2211648 C) @ 11649 41650 28 12672 e e 12673 12674 13696 e ® 13697 FAGoe 14720 QOO0o 14721 14722 715745 15746 CHART #3 Here we are looking at the upper left corner of the screen with the same ‘A’ and RAM locations as chart 42. You can now see that the box is divided 8 times down and 7 times across. Each line down is controlled by a different RAM location. Each RAM location within it stores 8 separate (bits) of information. Think of these bits as 8 separate switches that can be turned on or off by the value of the num- ber POKEd into the RAM location. The bits as they work on the screen are counted from left to right. In binary, the bits are counted from right to left. To learn more about binary, check the figures on chart #5. To learn more about the address of the Hi-res lines, you can refer to chart #4. PAGE 16 THE APPLE ORCHARD FALL 1980 0 8192- 8231 48 8960- 8999 96 8744- 8783 144 8528- 8567 1 9216- 9255 49 9984-10023 97 9768- 9807] 145 9552- 9591 2 10240-10279 50 11008-11047] 98 10792-10831 146 10576-10615 3 11264-11303 51 12032-12071 99 11816-11855 147 11600-11639 4 12288-12327 52 13056-13095] 100 12840-12879 148 12624-12663 5 13312-13351 53 14080-14119 101 13864-13903 149 13648-13687 6 14336-14375 54 15104-15143 102 14888-14927 150 14672-14711 7 15360-15399 55 16128-16167 103 15912-15951 151 15696-15735 8 8320- 8359 56 9088- 9127 104 8872- 8911 152 8656- 8695 9 9344- 9383 57 10112-10151} 105 9896-9935 153 9680- 9719 10 10368-10407 58 11136-11175 106 10920-10959 154 10704-10743 11 11392-11431 59 12160-12199 107 11944-11983 155 11728-11767 12 12416-12455 60 13184-13223 108 12968-13007 156 12752-12791 13 13440-13479 61 14208-14247] 109 13992-14031 157 13776-13815 14 14464-14503 2 15232-15271 110 15016-15055 158 14800-14839 15 15488-15527 63 16256-1629 111 16040-16079 159 15824-15863 16 8448- 8487 64 8232- 8271 112 9000- 9039 160 8784- 8823 17 9472- 9511 65 9256- 9295 113 10024-10063 161 9808- 9847 18 10496-10535 66 10280-10319 114 11048-11087 162 10832-10871 19 11520-11559 67 11304-11343 115 12072-12111 163 11856-1189 20 12544-12583 68 12328-12367 116 13096-13135 164 12880-1291 21 13568-13607 69 13352-13391 117 14120-14159 165 13904-13943 22 14592-14631 70 14376-14415 118 15144-15183 166 14928-14967 23 15616-15655 71 15400-15439 119 16168-16207 167 15952-15991 4} 24 8576-8615 72 8360- 8399 120 9128- 9167 168 8912- 8951 25 9600- 9639 73 9384- 9423 121 10152-10191 169 9936- 9975 26 10624-10663 74 10408-10447 122 11176-11215 170 10960-10999 27 11648-11687 75 11432-11471 123 12200-12239 171 11984-12023 28 12672-12711 76 12456-12495 124 13224-13263 172 13008-13047 29 13696-13735 77 13480-13519 125 14248-14287 173 14032-14071 30 14720-14759] 78 14504-14543 126 15272-15311 174 15056-15095) 31 15744-15783 79 15528-15567 127 16296-16335 175 16080-16119 34 10752-10791 35 11776-11815 36 12800-12839 37 13824-13863 38 14848-14887 39 15872-15911 14632-14671 15656-1569 8272- 8311 9296- 9335 10320-10359 11344-11383 12368-12407 13392-13431 14416-14455 15440-15479 40 8832- 8871 41 9856- 9895 42 10880-10919 43 11904-11943 44 12928-12967 45 13952-13991 46 14976-15015 47 16000-16039 8616- 865 9640- 967 10664-1070 13736-1377 14760-1479 15784-1582 CHART #4 8400- 8439 9424- 9463 10448-10487 11472-11511 12496-12535 13520-13559 14544-14583 15568-15607 15312-15351 16336-16375) This chart is a complete list of all 192 Hi-res lines as they appear on the screen. The two adjacent figures are the first and last bytes of RAM used to control that Hi-res line. FALL 1980 Now let’s learn how to make our own characters. Look at chart 6, figure 41. Let’s suppose that the letter ‘A’ is the charac- ter that you want to put on the screen. First get some graph pa- per and mark off a box that is 7 squares wide and 8 squares high. Now you can use this box to devise the character that you want. Remember that on the screen, there will be boxes butted right up next to the one you are working on, on all four sides. So, if you do not want other characters to touch your character, you have to leave the Ist and 7th columns and the bottom row emp- ty. If you want to build a figure that will use two or more of this size box, you will then want to use these columns and rows to be sure that your characters are together with no gaps between them. Each row of squares in your box will be controlled by differ- ent RAM location, so it is necessary to calculate each one of them THE APPLE ORCHARD PAGE 17 separately. Remember, we learned to count in binary at the be- ginning of the article? It was mentioned that the screen looks at the bits in reverse, and that is what we have to do here. The 1st column from the left is valued at 1, the second column valued at 2, the 3rd valued at 4, the 4th at 8, the 5th at 16, the 6th at 32 and the 7th at 64. Let’s take the top row first. Only the 4th bit needs to be on, so we give that row the value of 8. On the 2nd row, the 3rd and 5th bits need to be on,so we add their values to- gether (4+16=20) to give the 2nd row a value of 20. The. 3rd row needs the 2nd and 6th bits turned on,so add their values together (2+32=34) to give the 3rd row a value of 34. The 4th, 6th and 7th rows are exactly like the 3rd row, so we can give them all the same value. The 5th row needs the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th bits turned on, so add them together (2+4+8+16+32=62) to give the 5th row a value of 62. FIGURE #1 |8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 128] 64] 32] 16] 8 4 2 1 ALW-}| PG #1-01 | FINE LINE IN|COARSE LINE IN CONTROLS AYS | PG #2-10 | COARSE LINE |1/3RD SECTION 1/3RD SECTION 0 0-7 0-7 & COLUMN rr 1 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ome 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FIGURE #2 128 | 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 FIGURE #3 32 16 8 4 2 1 767 |384 | 192 |096 | 048 | 024 512 | 256 |128 | 64 |32 116 ]8 4 2 1 8000] 4000} 2000/1000 800 | 400 200 |100 | 80 40 |} 20 |10]8 4 2 1 CHART #5 Figure 1 is a simple chart to help you convert decimal to binary and back again. The chart is representative of an 8 bit number be- cause there are 8 positions that can be used to make up the desired number. Think of each of these boxes as a separate switch that can be either on or off. The numbers in the top portion represents the bit number. The numbers in the bottom part represent the value of that bit. Let’s imagine that the location of our chart is memory location 800 in our machine. If we were to POKE 800 with a 1, we would have just turned bit #1 on in that location. All the rest would be off. Now, suppose we wanted to turn the 2nd and 6th bits on. We would have to add the value of the 2nd and 6th bits together (2+32) for a total of 34. So, if we POKE 800 with a 34, we would have just turned on the 2nd and 6th bits. All the rest will be off. Naturally if you just want to store a number in a memory. location, you could care less which bits are on or off, just as long as the number will still be there when you need to use it. However, when putting a Hi-res picture on the screen, it becomes very important which bits are orrand how to control them at your will. Figure 2 shows the 16 bits representing the address of the Hi-res pages. The top row explains what those bits within the address con- trol. The top number in the bottom row is the bit number within the range of the above explanation. The number on the bottom of the bottom row is the bit number of the entire 16 bit address. Figure H3 shows the values of the bits in the entire 16 bit address. It takes 2 bytes to make a 16 bit address, so the top row represents the bits as they would be counted in the second byte. The middle row shows the value of the bits in decimal. The bottom row shows the value of the bits in hexadecimal. PAGE 18 Now that we have assigned each row a value, we need to put it into the program. Look at the program listing at the end of this article and I'll show you how | did it there. First look at line 193. 193 is ASCII for the ‘A’, so | put it on line #193 to make it easy to access by using the ASCII number to calculate where to go. Now, look at the data on that line. It says A=8, which is the value of row A1. Then, it says B=20,which is the value of row#2. C=34, which is the value of row A3. Then D=C, F=C and G=C because we want them all to be the same. We also have E=64, which is the value of the 5th line. The only row we did not do is row 8 because in text all row 8's are = to 0, which is a blank line. If you want to use that last row in your own characters, you just have to give it a value and put it in. Now look at line #10 in the program. It has the formula to find the location using the X/Y coordinates, and then a series of pokes. The first POKE is into lo- cation L with the value that we gave the 1st row. The second POKE is into location L+1024. If you remember back when we P= THE APPLE ORCHARD FALL 1980 were discussing the formatting of the screen, we found that in going from one Hi-res line to the next, the address would increase by 1024 for 8 lines. That iswhy each of thesubsequent POKEs on line 10 will increase by 1024 each time. Notice the last ‘POKE uses the value of 0. That is for the bottom row which is blank. If you are using the bottom row in your characters, you will have to POKE its value, instead of 1, here. One last thing to mention before closing, is the fact that you may want to put your characters someplace besides exactly with- in the boxes mentioned. Take a look at figure #2 on chart 46. This represents a graph line that may have been plotted on the screen. Now you want to put a character out of the normal boundaries. You have two problems. 1 You have to have a for- mula that will shift the character and calculate the new values from those received from the data tables. #2 On the bottom left OOO0U QUO0U C) C) C) e@ Sees eee = ie! FIGURE # 2 CHART #6 Figure /1 shows the letter ‘A’ as it would appear on the screen in Hi-res. Notice that the 1st and last columns are not used. The dots as they appear on the screen are so close together sideways that it takes 2 spaces to separate the characters. The dots are al- ready far enough apart up and down so that only one space is necessary to separate them. Each row of the character uses a different byte of RAM in Hi-res, unlike the one character to a byte in text. Therefore, you see below the ‘A’, each row is sepa- rated from the rest. Each box in the row is representative of the 7 bits used in Hi-res to control the screen. By using information on chart 45 we can figure out what the value of each row of the 6 | |® O 7[ 7 @ 8 ‘A’ is. Remember though, the Hi-res screen looks at the bits in reverse order, so that bit #1 is on the left instead of on the right. Try to calculate what you think the value of each row is before reading further. The values of the rows are as follows: Row A 1=8, H 2=20, H 3=34, 4 4=34, H 5=62, 4 6=34, 4 7=34 and # 8-0. Figure H2 shows 4 areas, each the size of a normal character. The area could have come from anywhere on the screen. It depicts a portion of a graph with the letter ‘A’ beside it. You would not normally put a letter this close to a graph because the letter actually touches it. This is one way to demonstrate that sometimes you may want a letter to be in a place other than the normal squares where they usually go. | do not have the time or space to go into detail, however, there are some clues in the text of this article on how to do this. FALL 1980 box, you see that it is necessary to add the values of the graph to the values of your character. | haven’t got the time or room here to give you the necessary information to do this. However | will give you some clues. 1. To shift any row to the left or right, you just divide or multiply by 2 as many times as you want to shift. 2. To get the other side of the character that you. shifted out of the box, you have to shift the same data in the opposite direc- tion for 7 minus the number of times you shifted the first time. 3. If you only POKE the values of the character in, you may lose the graph if it is within the same area. | would appreciate any comments or constructive criticism. It is very difficult to try to put this type of information in very basic terms. | sometimes forget to mention something that | may take for granted, that a beginner may not know, and the fact that | am not a writer makes it very difficult to find the proper words and still stay within the allotted space. No part of this article may be printed or used without express written permission. THE PROGRAM This program will print text characters in Hi-res. Line #’s 160 through 223 are data lines. They are the lines that have the infor- mation for the program to use to put the characters on the screen. The line number that the data is on is also the “Apple” ASCII value of the character that the data will create. For exam- ple, ASCII for the ‘A’ is 193, so you will find the data for the let- ter ‘A’ on line 4193. Now, let’s analyze this program one line at atime. Line 100 sets up the routine to clear Hi-res screen 41. The CALL 468 is a built in routine in the APPLE to move data from one place to another in RAM. The first POKE puts a blank spot in the first screen location. The later POKEs set the pointers up to move that blank space to all the other screen places. Line 110 sets up the machine to look at Hi-res page 41, then goes to line 1000. Line 120 prints the character on the screen using the formula to figure out just where by using the X-Y coordinates. The 8 POKEs that follow the formula are the actual commands to put the data from the data line on the screen. Notice that each POKE is 1024 higher than the previous one. That’s because each Hi-res line down is 1024 bytes higher than the one above, with- in that 8 line area. Line 1000 gets the data from line 223 which has the data for the ‘_ ‘. It then goes to line 120 to print it on the screen. The ‘_! is what | used for the prompt sign. Line 1010 strobes the keyboard for an input of an ASCII character. If any key but the back arrow (ASCII 136) is hit, the program will ao to 1020. If it is hit then GOSUB 160 to get the data for a blank space. GOSUB 120 to print this space where the ‘—' was and decrement X. Line 1015 checks to see if you are already on the left edge of the screen. If you are, it will then decrement the Y coordinates by one and increment the X coordinates by 40. This will put you on the line above, all the way to the right of the screen. It then checks to see if you are already at the top of the screen. If you are, it will then increase the Y by 24, which will put you at the bottom of the screen. GOTO 1000. Line 1020 checks for a carriage return (ASCII 141). If not, then GOTO 1030. If yes, then increment the Y coordinates by 1 to move you down 1 line and then set the X coordinates to 0 for the far left column. It will now check to see if you are already at the bottom of the screen and if so, set Y to 0 to put you at the top of the screen. THE APPLE ORCHARD PAGE 19 Line 1030 checks to be sure that any remaining characters are a legitimate character (not a control character). If not good then go back to get another character on line 1010. If OK then GOSUB Z (Z=the negative ASCII value of the character) and get the data for the character. then GOSUB 120 to print the charac- ter. Line 1050 increments X to the next column. If already on col- umn. If already on column 39 then increment Y by 1 and de- crement X by 40. If Y is already at the bottom, then decrement Y by 24. GOTO 1000. 10 REM CREATING HI-RES CHARACTERS 20 REM BY LOY SFURLOCK 30 REM THE COMPUTER FORUM 100 POKE 8192703 POKE 60903 FOKE 619323 POKE 629255 POKE 63 763% POKE 66913 POKE 67932¢ CALL -468 POKE -16297:03 POKE -16302» 03 POKE -16304,0: GOTO 1000 L=8192+Y MOD 8k1284X+¥/8%40 3 POKE LoAt POKE L4+1024sB3 POKE L4+20485C? POKE L+30729D3 POKE Lt4096xE% POKE L+51209F$ POKE L4+61449G$ POKE L+7160903 RETURN A=0B=ASC=ALD=ASE=ASF=AtG= ay RETURN ‘OG=A$ RETURN =DG=D3 RETURN F=ASG=AS RETURN 110 160 161 162 163 + 2 modes of instruction— tutor and test + 3 quiz types—fil in, ‘multiple choice, and ‘matching, including alternate answers for fillin questions + Stores quizzes on disk for fast, easy access. + Multilevel learning reinforcement, Written by a specialist in Computer ‘Aided Instruction (CAD) + Highly interactive no programming knowledge necessary. + Good for students, home study and correspondence courses, government and ham radio exams, etc. $39.95 ekDisk ‘A computerized tutor for ANY subject, at ANY level by Scot Kamins 7 Includes one-time, weekly, Micro MEMO monthly, semiannual and by Barney Stone annual memos. A powerful, easy to + Wil remind you one week, two weeks or a month in advance to Prepare for meetings, make reservations, buy birthday presents, etc. + Display or print any day's or week's reminders. «+ A “perpetual” calendar: holds one full year, beginning with any month. ‘Automatically posts birthdays, etc., into new months. + Knows most major holidays. + Supports Mt. Hardware Apple Clock (not required). af Residents Add 6x Sales Tox NoC OD = Ad ES Hlndling, Use Check, Money Onder, aS ais ito ton chrg cord) BEALER NGUIIES omar of to Cort pie Tae: Tas seed oxpston 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 71 172 173 174 175 176 177 209 210 2i1 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 221 222 223 A=6¢ oe on uw ScooOnNDaOas FN RONY NM ODS oe D Dee oe Dre oe WON OO NG oe Wve ve 00 os oe oF 07 oe Prrrrrry uh ° it wun iin inn nw Re aANONS MOSONN Oa oe ronrnntninn nh ta a ANWKRARWNWONNES wi wu pare uuu nh wt wom eee Ceo n eine ow nt PPP PPP SIP PPP PPP PH PHD PPP HP PPP PLPSPP PHP YP PPD THE APPLE ORCHARD FALL 1980 Overt tno Wi OO D tes oe wl PUuMIMmmBMoOnNnNS TATE ro oe DO i ve Dee i oOo le RETURN =A RETURN wt $ RETURN % RETURN $ RETURN ¢ RETURN ‘AS RETURN 3G=143 RETURN RETURN RETURN ¢ RETURN $ RETURN ‘AS RETURN =Di RETURN $6=602 RETURN $ RETURN RETURN RETURN RETURN RETURN RETURN $ RETURN RETURN RETURN $ RETURN =A% RETURN $ RETURN 3 RETURN =443 RETURN G=B? RETURN ‘AS RETURN ETURN oe oe Doe oe Zz m a Ss a z RETURN $ RETURN $ RETURN $ RETURN RETURN ePalonriaog ou ti APPLE PRODUCTS FROM: PAPER TIGER GRAPHICS SOFTWARE $34.95 Software drives for hard copy graphics on IDS 4406 printer ENHANCED PAPER TIGER GRAPHICS $44.95 More versatile, easier to use driver routines for the IDS 4406 printer PASCAL TIGERGRAPHICS $44.95 Driver routines for Pascal users with the IDS 4406 printer BRIGHTERWRITER GRAPHICS $34.95 Driver routines for IP225 printer SINGLE DISK COPY $29.95 Back up your work with only one drive MACRO-SCED $49.95 Screen editor, macro builder VISILIST $19.95 Hard copy dump of formulas of VISICALC (TM) storage files PASCAL FAST FLOATING POINT BOARD $450 .00 High speed number crunching of transcendental functions with Pascal PROGRAMMER'S GUIDE TO THE APPLE II $4.95 Thick reference card (40 page booklet) DISKETTE HOLDERS $7.50 Handy diskette storage with index cards (pack of 10) Available from your Local dealer or Computer Station 12 Crossroads Plaza Granite City, IL 62040 (618) 452-1860 Add $2.00 shipping and handling (IL Residents add 5% sales tax) FALL 1980 THE APPLE ORCHARD PAGE 21 SIRIUS SOFTWARE SIRIUS SOFTWARE has just released STAR CRUISER. we're calling this one the ULTIMATE ACTION GAME. Fantastic Hi-res action, full color and great sound effects. This is one you won't get tired of. STAR CRUISER runs on any APPLE II with 32K and a disk drive, 13 or 16 sector, with game paddles or joystick. In the first week of distribution we've sold over 1200 copies of this game. Suggested retail $24.95. E-Z DRAW is still selling great. If you haven't purchased this one then you've missed the best graphics editing package out. Other software houses are using our E-Z DRAW for developing the graphics images in their software and so can you. E-Z DRAW requires a 48K Apple II with Applesoft in ROM anda disk drive. An easy to follow tutorial is included with the disk. Suggested retail is still $34.95. BOTH BARRELS is a two game package that includes HIGH NOON and DUCK HUNT. HIGH NOON is a great reaction time shootout between you and the bad guys in an old western town. You'll love the graphics in this one and the humor. Hires action of course! DUCK HUNT is a classic simulation of hunters in a duck blind, complete with dogs that retrieve the ducks and an occasional dog fight to add to the excitement and fun BOTH BARRELS requires a 48K Apple I! with Applesoft in ROM and a disk drive. Suggested retail price is $24.95. Contact your LOCAL DEALER for these products or call SYNERGISTIC SOFTWARE SIRIUS SOFTWARE SYNERGISTIC SOFTWARE Dealer inquiries invited. 1537 Howe Ave. #106 5221 120th Ave. S.E. Sacramento, CA 95825 Bellevue, WA 98006 (916) 920-8981 (206) 641-1917 These products are copyrighted® by SIRIUS SOFTWARE 1980. All Rights Reserved. Apple Il and Applesoft are copyrighted products of Apple Computer, Inc. Character generation by Ron and Darrel Aldrich. 1000 GOSUB 223: GOSUB 120 | JLIST 1010 Z= PEEK (-16384)3 IF Z<128 THEN 10103 POKE -16348/0: IF Z#136 5 REM " COLOR TWENTYONE " THEN 1020: GOSUB 160% GOSUB 1208X=X-1 IARRELL ALDRICH 1015 IF X<O THEN Y=Y-i$ IF X<0 THEN yw? =X+40% IF Y<O THEN Y=¥+24? 10 GR t HGR 3 HOME ¢ PRINT "TWEN GOTO 1000 . TY-ONE COLORS" 1020 IF Z#141 THEN 1030? GOSUB 160 20 DATA GREEN: VIOLETsWHITE»BLAC $ GOSUB 1203X=0%Y=Y+1! IF Y> Ky» ORANGE» BLUE 23 THEN Y=03 GOTO 1000 30 FOR I = 1 TO 6 READ AST) 1030 IF Z<160 THEN 10103 GOSUB Z? NEXT GOSUB 120 1050 X=X+1i IF X<40 THEN 10003X= 40 FOR & = 1 TO 6¢ FOR B =A TO X-408Y=Yt+it IF Y<24 THEN 1000 é t¥=Y-24% GOTO 1000 50 VTAB 233 PRINT AS B)"-"ASC A)" ” See in expanding Loy Spurlock’s pro- 60 FOR C = 29 TO 119 STEP 2 gram to include lower case letters by defining their own shapes | 70 HCOLOR= At HFLOT 40°C TO 240» for the balance of the ASCII character set, decimal 225-254. c A lower case letter may be printed by first hitting the “es- | 80 HCOLOR= Bt HPLOT 40°C + 1 TO cape” key, letting the program find it and set a flag (LC), then | 24070 +1 going back and reading the keyboard to get another character, : Which will then be converted to its lower case ASCII value by | 20 NEXT CsBvA% SOTO £0 adding 32 to the original ASCII value. An even more sophisticated modification may be attempted by setting ‘escape’ to signify a single UPPER case character, two “escapes” as an upper case shift lock, with a single ‘‘escape”” to unlock. “NIBBLE'IS TERRIFIC” (For Your Apple) NIBBLE IS: The Reference for Apple computing! NIBBLE I$: One of the Fastest Growing new Magazines in the Personal Computing Field. NIBBLE I$: Providing Comprehensive, Useful and Instructive Programs for the Home, Small Business, and Entertainment. NIBBLE I$: A Reference to Graphics, Games, Systems Programming Tips, Product News and Reviews, Hardware Construction Projects, and a host of other features. NIBBLE I$: A magazine suitable for both the Beginner and the Advanced Programmer. Each issue of NIBBLE features significant new Programs of Commercial Quality. Here’s what some of our Readers say: — “Certainly the best magazine on the Apple II” — “Programs remarkably easy to enter” — “Stimulating and Informative; So much so that this is the first computer magazine I’ve subscribed to!” — “Impressed with the quality and content.” — “NIBBLE IS TERRIFIC!” In coming issues, look for: C Numeric Keypad Construction Lab [] Assembly Language Programming Column C Pascal Programming Column [_] Data Base Programs for Home and Business C) Personal Investment Analysis (] Electronic Secretary for Time Management C The GIZMO Business Simulation Game And many many more! PS ee22 2222222 see NIBBLE is focused completely H nibble a H on the Apple Computer systems. l : | Box 325, Lincoln, MA. 01773 (617) 259-9710 Buy NIBBLE through your local H Ill try nibble! H Apple Dealer or subscribe now with i PP 1 Enclosed is my $15 (for one year). i the coupon below. O im i a Ci check money order Try a NIBBLE! BH lease allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery of Ist issue) i Bl BACK ISSUES of NIBBLE are available for ‘| J 52.00 + .50 postage and handling, l Name | — —— NoTE: B Address. | First Clas or Ai Mails required fr all APO. FPO and all foreign addresses vate eee eee I. l USA, Canada, Mexico, APO. FPO $7.50 City Cental and South Amerie 89.00 i t Europe $12.00 f Ela sat Zi H © 1980 by MICRO-SPARC..INC., Lincoln, Mass. 01773. Al rights reserved. "Apple Il isu registered trademark of Apple Computer Company Leeeeeseeeeee eee al FALL 1980 A description of the International Apple Core and many of its functions may be found elsewhere in this issue. If you have already read that description, then you know IAC is composed of more than 140 Apple user groups representing over 12,000 individ- uals. User groups serve their members in many ways, but in general, their purpose is to assist their members by providing product reviews, program- ming hints and instructional material. The IAC member clubs in addition, have access to the IAC APNOTES, covering a multitude of modifications and improvements, and information about existing products and software. These notes are made available to the member clubs at no cost, above and beyond the nominal membership fee, and may be freely reprinted in club newsletters or accessed through the club library. THE APPLE ORCHARD PAGE 23 NTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE MEMBER CLUB ROSTER This roster of member clubs is directed primarily at APPLE ORCHARD readers who either do not currently belong to any club, or are looking for additional sources of information. The roster is arranged alphabetically by state and foreign country so the reader may look for his/her own state and find a local user group. In addition, those groups that fall into one or more of the following categories: 1. membership in the several hundreds 2. national or international in nature 3. publish an above average newsletter are flagged by an asterisk (*). It is suggested that readers may wish to also contact these groups and request a sample newsletter. Some of the clubs make no charge for this service, but we recommend enclosing a check for two dollars to cover their postage and handling costs. ALABAMA APPLE CORPS OF BIRMINGHAM 2931 Pahokee Trace Birmingham, AL 35243 Phone - 205-967-4261 NEWTON’S TREE APPLE USER GROUP 3714 Lakewood Circle Huntsville, AL 35811 Phone - 205-852-0537 ARKANSAS LITTLE ROCK APPLE ADDICTS P.O. Box 55215 Hillcrest Sta. Little Rock, AR 72205 Phone - 501-568-5059 ARIZONA ADAM II P.O. Box 34056 Phoenix, AZ 85206 Phone - 602-248-4595, CALIFORNIA. APPLE FOR THE TEACHER, 5848 Riddio St. Cirtus Heights, CA 95610 Phone - 916-961-7776 ‘APPLE SAC 8074 Ruthwood Wy. Orangeville, CA 95662 Phone -916-381-4166 *SAN FRANCISCO APPLE CORE 3673 Bassett Ct. So. San Francisco, CA 94080 Phone - 415-878-5382 *ABACUS USER GRP 2850 Jennifer Dr. Castro Valley, CA 94546 Phone - 415-538-2431 MIDWAY COMPUTER CLUB 506 Ridgewood Dr. Vacaville, CA 95688 Phone - 707-448-8430 Dig in! SILICON APPLE PROGRAMMERS SOC. 18138 Bancroft Ave. Monte Sereno, CA 95030 Phone - 408-354-6120 L.A. APPLE USERS GROUP 9513 Hindry Pl. Los Angeles, CA 90045 Phone - 213-649-1428 SANTA CRUZ APPLE GROUP P.O. Box 1428 Santa Cruz, CA 95061 Phone - 408-335-8750 APPLE P.I.E. 333 Escuela Ave. #316 Mountain View, CA 94040 Phone - 415-968-7851 SP-A.C.E.. 4546 El Camino Real Los Altos, CA 94022 Phone - 415-493-8330 APPLE MUG. c/o Med Logic Systems 2030 East 4th St. #133 Santa Ana, CA 92705 Phone - 714-953-9151 THE ‘PITS’ OF SANTA BARBARA 3835 Connie Way Santa Barbara, CA 93101 Phone - 815-969-5607 APPLE PEELERS 391 Shipley Daly City, CA 94015 Phone - 415-878-0789 *ORIGINAL APPLE CORPS 12804 Magnolia Chino, CA 91710 Phone - HESEA APPLE COMPUTER CLUB 21111 Dolores #146 Carson, CA 90745 Phone - 213-549-9664 APPLE JACKS 3681 Cranford Ave. #44 Riverside, CA 92507 Phone - 714-886-6838 APPLE CREEK 1815 Ygnacio Valley Rd. Walnut Creek, CA 94598 Phone - 935-6502 LERC ACES P.O. BOX 551 Burbank, CA 91520 Phone - 213-899-2323 APPLE PI c/o Computerland-Marion Clarke 171. Thousand Oaks Blvd. - Ste 104 Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 Phone - 805-495-3554 JPL COMPUTER CLUB/JPL APPLE CLUB 24575 Spartan St. Mission Viejo, CA 92691 Phone - 213-354-7009 APPLEPICKERS, P.O. Box 4208 Santa Rosa, CA 95402 Phone - 707-544-4783 HFEA APPLE COMPUTER USERS GROUP 417 Meadowbrook PI. Anaheim, CA 92801 Phone - 714-776-6384 COLORADO *APPLE PI USERS GROUP: P.O. Box 17467 Denver, Co 80217 Phone - 303-355-2379 CONNECTICUT APPLE USERS OF WESTPORT 1439 Post Road East Westport, CT 06880 Phone - 203-227-6854 APPLELIST 55 Pardee Place New Haven, CT 06515 Phone - PAGE 24 NEW LONDON APPLE USERS GROUP 130 Jefferson Ave. New London, CT 06320 Phone - 203-447-1079 D.c. *WASHINGTON APPLE PI P.O. Box 34511 Washington, D.C. 20034 Phone - 202-332-9102 DELAWARE GRAPE P.O. Box 8904 Newark, DE 19711 Phone - 302-738-6365 FLORIDA ACES, P.O. Box 9222 Coral Springs, FL 33065 Phone - 305-941-7252 MAUG 2300 N.W. 135 Street Miami, FL 33167 Phone - 305-595-8728 SCAT 21 Clearwater Mall Clearwater, FL 33516 Phone - 813-961-5705 APPLE USERS CORE 307 Tarpon Rd., Mary Esther, FL 32569 Phone - 581-0002 SUN COAST COMPUTER ASSN P.O. Box 15294 Southgate P.O. Sarasota, FL 33579 Phone - 813-485-2564 HAWAII HONOLULU APPLE USERS SOC. 98-1451-A Kaahumanu St. Aiea, HI 96701 Phone - 808-261-3733 IOWA THE GREEN APPLES 4417 N. Zircon Ln. Lot 129 Cedar Falls, IA. 50613 Phone - 319-268-0572 GLITCH KICKERS COMPUTER CLUB 3711 Douglas Des Moines, 1A 50310 Phone - 515-265-6266 IOWA CITY APPLE USERS GROUP 134 Ravencrest Dr. lowa City, [A 52240 Phone - 319-353-3170 IDAHO AB.U.G. 1505 Ressigue Boise, ID 83702 Phone ~ 208-345-7149 P.I.N.E. APPLES ‘Alameda Plaza Pocatello, ID 83201 Phone ~ 208-232-1960 THE APPLE ORCHARD ILLINOIS *NW SUBURBAN APPLE USERS 1300 S. Elmhurst Rd. Mt. Prospect, IL 60056 Phone - 312-593-2709 CACHE. 359 Lawton Rd. Riverside, IL 60546 Phone - 312-447-6267 ‘APPLE P| COMPUTER CLUB 11630 S. Nagle Ave. Worth, IL 60482 Phone - 312-448-6548 DUPAGE APPLE USER'S GROUP 10 S 592 Windjammer Naperville, IL 60540 Phone - 312-420-8505 COMSAT 12 Crossroads Plaza Granite City, IL 62040 Phone - 618-452-1860 INDIANA THE APPLE PICKERS 1742 E. 52nd St. Indianapolis, IN 46205 Phone - 317-251-5181 KANSAS. APPLEBUTTER 10049 Santa Fe Dr. Overland Park, KS 66212 Phone - 913-884-8529 KENTUCKY LA.U.G.H.S. 8207 Pipilo Louisville, Kentucky 40222 Phone - 502-426-3815, LOUISIANA B.R.A.N.C.H. 324 W. Parker Blvd. #35 Baton Rouge, LA 70808 Phone -504-766-62265 CRESCENT CITY APPLE CORE 72 Old Hickory Ave. Chalmette, LA 70043 Phone ~ 504-246-8438 CENLA APPLE Box 1564, England AFB, LA 71301 Phone - MASSACHUSETTS *N.EA.T. 25 Emerson St. Medford, MA 02155 Phone - 603-742-3703 APPLESEED 17 Saxon Rd. Worcester, MA 01602 Phone - 607-755-2126 APPLE CORE OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY 32 Deborah Ave. Pittsfield, MA 01201 Phone - 413-442-4759 APPLE USERS - BOSTON COMPUTER SOC. P.O. Box 59 Rockport, MA 01966 Phone - 617-742-6100 FALL .1980 APPLESAUCE 118 Brookhaven Dr. East Longmeadow, MA 01028 Phone - MARYLAND MARYLAND APPLE CORPS 13A Allegheny Ave. Towson, MD 21204 Phone - 301-256-3560 MICHIGAN *MICHIGAN APPLE COMPUTER CLUB P.O. Box 551 Madison Heights, MI 48071 Phone - 313-353-7648 K.A.C.U.S. 455 W. Michigan Ave. Kalamazoo, MI 49007 Phone - 616-381-6476 GRAND RAPIDS APPLE 3268 Coach Lane #2A Kentwood, MI 49508 Phone - ANN ARBOR APPLE P.O. Box M-1047 ‘Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Phone - MINNESOTA MINIAPP’LES 13516 Grand Ave. S. Burnsville, MN 55337 Phone - 612-890-5051 MISSOURI APPLE JACKS P.O. Box 8452 St. Louis, MO 63132 Phone - 314-567-0321 MICRO/PERSONAL COMPUTER CLUB 41 Roland Dr. Ballwin, MO 63011 Phone - 314-227-6702 APPLE SQUIRES OF THE OZARKS c/o Milton Rhoads 1904 E. Meadowmere Springfield, MO 65804 Phone - 417-862-6500 APPLE BITS 1811 W. 43rd Street Kansas City, MO 64111 Phone ~ 913-831-3199 NORTH CAROLINA *CAROLINA APPLE CORE P.O, Box 31424 Raleigh, NC 27622 Phone - 919-781-3755 GREEN APPLES 218 N. Elm St. Greensboro, NC 27401 Phone - 919-275-2983 ‘APP-LE-KATIONS, 6525 Springfield Dr. Charlotte, NC 28212 Phone - 704-554-8709 NEBRASKA APPLESAUCE OF OMAHA. 7435 Pacific St. Omaha, NE 68124 Phone - 402-391-3737 FALL 1980 NEW JERSEY APPLE GROUP — NJ 1411 Greenwood Dr. Piscataway, NJ 08854 Phone ~ 201-968-7498 SOUTHERN NJ APPLE USERS GROUP 106 Ashbrook Rd. Cherry Hill, NJ 08034 Phone - 609-428-4429 NEW MEXICO NEW MEXICO COMPUTER SOC. 6609 Orphelia Ave. N.E. Albuquerque, NM 87109 Phone - 505-821-7418 MESILLA VALLEY ORCHARD P.O, Box 114 Las Cruces, NM 88001 Phone - 505-526-4218 NEVADA APPLE CORPS OF S. NEVADA 6325 Portola Rd. Las Vegas, NV 89108 Phone - 702-647-6502 NEW YORK SUFFOLK APPLE COMPUTER SOCIETY 64 Pinedale Rd. Hauppauge, NY 11787 Phone - 516-360-0988 BIG APPLE USERS GROUP 55 A Locust Ave. New Rochelle, NY 10801 Phone - 914-636-3417 APPLE POWER 21 Ridgedale Ave. Farmingville, NY 11738 Phone - 516-248-8080 U.A.U.G. C/O UPSTATE COM, 629 French Rd. New Hartford, NY. 13413 Phone - 315-399-1139 MID HUDSON MICRO USERS Imperial Plaza Wappingers Falls, NY 12590 Phone - 914-297-1223 TSAUG APPLE CLUB 216 Cherry Rd. Syracuse, NY 13219 Phone - 315-468-4262 APPLE C.I.D.E.R. c/o Jim Berube 1435 Tudor Way Victor, NY 14564 Phone - 716-924-7705 CAMS — APPLE USERS GROUP Box 348 Ridge Rd. - R.D. #1 Scotia, NY 12302 Phone - OHIO APPLE—DAYTON 4819 Leafburrow Drive Dayton, OH 45424 Phone - NEO—APPLE CORE 1646 Higby Dr. Stow, OH 44224 Phone - 216-261-5325 THE APPLE ORCHARD APPLE—SIDERS 5707 Chesapeake Way Fairfield, OH 45014 Phone - CENTRAL OHIO APPLE COMPUTER HOBBY 1357 Bernard Rd. Columbus, OH 43227 Phone - 237-3380 OKLAHOMA TULSA COMPUTER SOC—APPLE USERS P.O. Box 1133 Tulsa, OK 74101 Phone - 918-835-3926 OKC APPLE USERS GROUP 3600 N.W. 39 Oklahoma City, OK 73112 Phone - 405-755-1260 OREGON CORVALLIS APPLE CLUB 2013 N.W. Monroe Corvallis, OR 97330 Phone - 503-757-7496 A.P.P.L.E. PORTLAND 1915 N.E. Couch Portland, OR 97232 Phone - 503-283-8361 PENNSYLVANIA APPLE USER OF PA 29 S. New Ardmore Ave. Broomall, PA 19008 Phone - 215-356-6183 KEYSTONE APPLE CORE 4640 Carlisle Pike Mechanicsburg, PA 17055 Phone - 717-652-6655 ARG 16 Laurel Lane Glen Riddle, PA 19037 Phone - SOUTH CAROLINA SCAPPLE 1610 Longview Rd. Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464 Phone - 803-554-9171 TENNESSEE APPLE CORPS OF MEMPHIS 627 S. Mendenhall Memphis, TN 38117 Phone - 901-761-4743 MUSIC CITY APPLE CORE 765 McMurray Dr. Apt. #04 Nashville, TN 37211 Phone - 615-331-2287 TEXAS ‘APPLE CORPS P.O, Box 5537 Richardson, TX 75080 Phone - 214-324-2050 ‘APPLESEED 6812 San Pedro San Antonio, TX 78216 Phone - 512-657-3210 *HAAUGG 12502 Bexley Houston, TX 77099 Phone - 713-469-5805 PAGE 25 MICRO APPLE CORE 3920 Caruth Blvd. Dallas, TX 75225 Phone - 691-6140 RIVER CITY APPLE CORPS 12404 Split Rail Parkway Austin, TX 78750 Phone - 512-258-5486 ALD.E. 5700 Dixon Amarillo, TX 79109 Phone - 806-352-3563 HOBBY COMPUTER INFORMATION EXCHANGE 6718 Spring Haven San Antonio, TX 78249 Phone - 512-699-0146 UTAH APPLE SLICE P.O. Box 536 Bountiful, UT 84010 Phone - 292-4555 VIRGINIA APPLE ORCHARD OF SE VIRGINIA 117 Cardinal Dr. Hampton, VA 23664 Phone - 804-850-0626 APPLE T.A.R.T. 1706 Hanover Ave. Richmond, VA 23220 Phone - 804-320-2260 APPLE WORMS 3307 Indigo Rd. Chesapeake, VA 23325 Phone - 804-545-6404 WASHINGTON *APPLE PUGETSOUND PROGRAM LIBRARY EXCHANGE 304 Main Ave. S. — Suite 300 Renton, WA 98055 Phone - 206-271-4514 KITSAP APPLE USERS GROUP P.O. Box 1194 Silverdale, WA 98383 Phone - WISCONSIN ADAM & EVE APPLE GROUP 11S. Hancock St. Madison, WI 53703 Phone - 608-256-5306 WYOMING THE APPLE NET 129 Park Ave. — Orchard Valley Cheyenne, WY 82001 Phone - 307-632-4934 FOREIGN APPLE USERS CLUB 8 Leemon St. Condell Park-NSW, Australia 2200 Phone - TAS APPLE USERS CLUB 422 Elizabeth St. North Hobart, Tasmania Australia 7000 Phone - 349616 PAGE 26 APPLE USER CLUB AUSTRIA P.O. Box 51 A-1181 Wien, Austria 0 Phone - 0043-222-652795 BRAZIL APPLE CLUBE Rua Maestro Pena 90, Porto Alegre, Brazil 90 000 Phone - 0512-23-0577 APPLE CORE CANADA 409 Queen St. W. Toronto-Ontario, Canada MSU 2A5 Phone - 868-1315 CLUB APPLE DE MONTREAL 10;265 Hamelin Montreal, Canada H2B 2E7 Phone - APPLE B.C. USERS SOCIETY #101-2044 West Third Ave. Vancouver, B.C. Canada Phone 604-731-7886 OEDIP — APPLE 8 Place Ste Opportune Paris, France 75001 Phone - 1-5084621 THE APPLE ORCHARD APPLE CLUB ROEDINGHAUSEN Wehmerhorstsr.110, Roedinghausen, Germany D-4986 Phone - HONG KONG APPLE 15 Cumberland Rd Rear Portion, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Phone - APPLE USERS — DUBLIN 51 Lower Camden St. Dublin 2, Ireland X Phone - 751484 YEDA—NIKUV COMPUTERS 12 Karlibach St. Tel-Aviv, Israel 0 Phone - BAKED APPLE Miyadaira Apts No. 1; 1575 Sugao Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi Kangawa, Japan Phone - NZ GROUP OF APPLE USERS 90 Washington Av. Brooklyn 2, New Zealand * Phone - 894800 FALL 1980 EMU Box 3143 GP.O. Sydney 2001, NSW Australia Phone - APPLE BUGS 20-29 Banchi Yamate-Cho 1 Chome, Suita City, Osaka Japan Phone - APPLE — EDEN 10 Seton Terrace Glasgow, Scotland G31 2HU Phone - 041-554-3664 APPLE OF EUROPE P.O. Box 4068 Hattingen, W. Germany D-4320 Phone - 02324/67472 APPLE CLUB FRANKFURT Schweizer Str. 92, Frankfurt/M.70, W. Germany D-6000 Phone - (0611)-61-45-12 APPLE CLUB ZAGREB Ruzmarinka 3/11, 41000 Zagreb, Yugoslavia 0 Phone - X Since this roster was prepared in August, more than 15 Apple user groups have joined the International Apple Core. Data on these groups will be printed in the Winter 1980-81 issue of The Apple Orchard. Sass (/_SS= SS INTERNATIONAL = = APPLE CORE APPLE ORCHARD SUBSCRIPTIONS P.O. BOX 2227 SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98111, USA The International Apple Core will make individual subscriptions to "The Apple Orchard" available com- mencing with Volume |, Number 2 to be published in September, 1980. NAME STREET CITY STATE COUNTRY Annual Subscription Rate: $10.00 per year First Class Postage: $5.00 per year additional (required for Canada, Mexico, APO, and FPO addresses) Overseas and other foreign air mail postage (required): $10.00 per year additional TOTAL REMITTANCE ENCLOSED: $(USA) Make check or money order payable to "International Apple Core’ and return with this form to: Apple Orchard Subscriptions P.O. Box 2227 7/7/80 Seattle, Washington, USA 98111 FALL 1980 THE APPLE ORCHARD PAGE 27 S$ WINSS | Sirius Software announces TWO CONTESTS 1. STAR CRUISER Does something unusual when you score over 9999. Be the first t