Hardcore Volume 2 No. 3 1982 06 BASUG GB

| hard core THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITIGH APPLE SYSoTeMms USER GROUP TUNE 1732 £1 VOLUME 2-No. 3 —_—— Page 2 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Tune 1982 Business Software Recreational Software * * Level 1 Service Centre Supplies * Accessories BOOKS MORE Arrom MICROSOuURCE from the authors of BENEATH APPLE DOS # companion volume: BAG OF TRICKS which comes with # disk of programs. The disk contains 4 programs which are described in detail in the comprehensive book. There is new information on DOS nd hendholding tutorials to tke you through the use of the programs toe Sinks, change actor ordering, etc. Much more description than BENEATH Af 00S. and easier to understand. Tha programs are: 1. TRAX dumps, examines tracks, allows you 0 look ot errors and protected 2 oy reformate one or more tracks and allows more ecient use of the ask 3 possibly the best sector editor on the market. Can be used to iranster, DOs CPM or PASCAL hi ALEDCAT ovtconetes bre provees of repeieing 8 Garnsged dik cetelogue, with or without user intervention. ‘The book may be useful on its own; the disk is invaluable. Together they are not Only a tool. but also an educat the workings of DOS And the price is £27 including Pt “THE POWER OF VISICALC” VISICALC is one of the most exciting developments in computing. The manual is {hick and meaty. but whan you hava worked through it and mastered the use of this new language, you have # powerful too! st your disposal ‘Now with THE POWER OF VISICALC. there it » book which takes you through 2 of sxorcises on various aspects of VISICALC. which allows you to toliow the area ‘of VISICALC functions, and apply them to specific problem solving teamsamn you didn’t ‘Ail exercaee ere stp Dy stp with explanations ax wall as printouts of the screen ‘8 you should see ee FOWR CE VIAL come £8.90 nc post & packing [aes mee tome oF, or tna oxt now 20 vee pers of Professional J For everything qd as ring Lut Computer Services Lid. 108 THE PARADE HIGH STREET WATFORD WD1 2AW Telephone: Watford (0923) 29513 Courses °* Pascal Interfacing * Cromemco Systems Utilities * Colour Monitors Enthusiasm * Sat Open Tues INTERFACING YOUR APPLE Two books for extending your APPLE to interface with the outside world, APPLE INTERFACING by Titus, Larsen and Titus describes circuits and the controlling software in BASIC to allow you to build control devices, monitor external events, build communications devices, etc. After you are taken through the principles of interfacing to the 6502 processor, there is detail on specific problems of interfacing with the APPLE, details of the APPLE 1/0 ports and then 16 experinents covering Input and Output ports, D to A and A to D conversions etc, Price including P & P £8,30 ADVANCED 6502 INTERFACING by Holland Practical quide to design techniques and actual circvits for almost any situation using computer control. Covers 1/0 port design, serial communications, timers and timing, A to D and D to 2 conversion, data acquisition, noise illinination, Includes comprehensive quide to 6502 family including technical specs, Advanced solutions to complex problews are given in an easily understood manner, with clear and comprehensive explanations. Price including P & P £11.20 ALL PRICES INCLUDE VAT UNLESS SPECIFIC MENTION IS MADE. ALL PRICES INCLUDE P&P MICROSOURCE fei sieet Tel: Park Street (0727) 72917 June 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 3 hardcore THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH APPLE SYSTEMS USER GROUP P.O. BOX 174 WATFORD WD2 6NF EDITED BY DAVID BOLTON BRITISH APPLE SYSTEMS USER GROUP COMMITTEE FRANK KAY Chairman JOHN SHARP Secretary DAVID BOLTON ‘Treasurer JOHN RODGER Librarian/ Information Officer JOHN ROGERS Software Librarian TONY WILLIAMS Membership Secretary FRAN TEO Events Organiser BANKERS National Westminster Bank Ltd., Brompton Square, London SW3 1HH. MEMBER OF THE INTERNATIONAL APPLE CORE COPYRIGHT (C) - The contents of this journal are copyright of the British Apple Systems User Group and / or the respective authors. However permission will normally be granted for non-commercial reproduction by user groups affiliated to the International Apple Core, provided the author and source are properly credited. The opinions and views expressed are those of the various contributors, and are not necessarily supported by the British Apple Systems User Group. CONTENTS 4 Editorial 4 Game Review - Snoggle Stuart Morley 5 Local Groups 6 Beginners Page John Sharp 7 Epson Printer Page Quentin Reidford 11 Now you see itu. Peter Wicks 12 Random Tiling R.A.Fairthorne 13 Integer Basic John Sharp 15 So What’s a Psuedo-Opcode Tan Trackman 18 Using DOS From the Monitor & in Machine Code John Neenan 21 Personalised Disks Rex M.F.Smith 22 Write-Protect Tabs No More! Jurgen Wolda 23 Polishing the Apple Peter Blair 31 Shape-Draw Continued Peter Cave 33 Reader’s Letters 39 Applesoft Surgery Sharat Munjal 40 How to Supercharge your Apple Richard Teed 41 Append Hedley G Wright 43 Updating the DOS 3.2 Manual David Bolton 44 Star Trek Instructions Cover Illustration - Some examples of the output from R.A.Fairthorne’s RANDOM TILING program, featured in this issue, Page 4 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group June 1982 EBRITORIAL Looking back over the eight issues so far of HARDCORE, there has been a consistent trend of improvement in the size and quality of the magazine in general, There has, unfortunately, also been a consistent trend of deterioration in the size of the editorials, as deadlines loom with persistent, if not monotonous, regularity. Both these trends, I am pleased in the former case and ashamed in the latter case to say, continue! David Bolton GAME REVIEW 2 KK Kk i oi ok 2 2k ok SNOGGLE 2 KK 2k ike 2k ok BY STUART MORLEY Snoggle is a fast hires arcade game for 1 player, when the disk is booted on either a 13 or 16 sector Apple the program starts by issuing an attractive title page, as this page is displayed the main program loads, to the sound of about strange clicking noises. After 15-20 seconds the main title page is displayed and the game commences. The object of the game is simple , the (denoted by a round object with a and closes) has to small maze as shown in puckman (player) is steered by four keys :- A, Z,<-3-> Up, down, left,right respectively. The puckman must eat all of the dots in the maze to be allowed to proceed to the next level. However to make the game more difficult four ghosts also inhabit the maze, which may sound alright, but they have a tendency to eat you if you are not careful and bump into them !!! You do however have at your disposal four dots that are placed in all four corners of the screen. These help in the following ways : If you travel over these dots then the ghosts become almost invisable for about 5 seconds in which player mouth that opens travel around a the picture. The time, if you manage to bump into them, you eat them (it makes a change for you to eat the ghosts - not be eaten !!!). If you manage to eat the ghosts then you score points - 200pts for the first 400pts for the second 800pts for the third and 1600pts !! for the fourth. However if you do manage to get the better of them they will still be reborn again in the centre of the maze. The game consists of seven levels each represented by a fruit which also appears near the centre of the maze at random times allowing the puckman to eat it and receive more points. The first level is fairly difficult and after having the game for more than two months I have still not managed to get further than the * SECOND’ level with only 10800pts!!!. The documentation does say that at first the direction keys aren’t very responsive, this however as explained in the manual is due to your timing, you will after 10 or so games be able to handle the puckman much better. I have found that out of all the games I have I always seem to come back to Snoggle & never seem to either beat it or get bored with it. If you are frustrated by programs that are not easily mastered then don’t buy Snoggle !!! Clee - lore teeters 3 eee ee PC CET HE CCC OB C+ OS | t+? * +. + * of . [| of +r ee : : rah zal: i RAO Tor Tune 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 5 LOCAL GROUPS BASUG SOUTH LONDON GROUP Report by Tony Williams LETCESTER APPLE USERS GROUP _ FOR HELP AND SUPPORT (L.-A2U.GeHeS) FFilisted to BASUG)> This is a thriving group of lively Apple Users which started nine months ago. With our increasing membership we have now outgrown our present premises at the ‘Leicester Computer Centre’ and from 7th April 1982 we have been meeting ati The Winstanley Arms The Glade Narborough Road Leicester (Nr M1 Junction 21) Our meetings vary in content and include interesting discussions and speaklers, demonstrations of software and "Help Forums", Members’ facilities include (embryonic) software and text libraries and discounts on computer products, If you are a BASUG member or an Apple User living in the East Midlands area you would be welcome at our meetings which start at 7.30 pom, on the ist Wednesday of the month. If you require further information this can be obtained from the Secretary} Hazel Brown Bide Die or Mike Preston (Chairman) Tel. #774 a4? CROYDON APPLE USER GROUP May we through you kind offices provide further details of our Group? We meet at 7.00 p.m. on the 2nd Monday of the month, We are all professionally involved in Apples or ITT 2020's, nearly all do some programming, but are not impartial to producing and discussing games programs, Recent illustrated lectures have been on Structured Programming, Databases and Apple Comms. As our venue is still unsettled, readers might care to phone me at il=*?? TH eveninas for details, Paul Vernon Hon Sec, Eagle-eyed basuggers will at once have spotted the subtle renaming of the Raynes Park Group. Members recently did a quick tally of themselves and concluded that lo! they did not come from South West London at all - but from all over, actually. No shillyshalliers they, the modest title of "South Landon" was assumed forthwith, Meetings will continue to be held in the Raynes Park Methodist church. Worple Rd Entrance 2nd door up Tolverne Rd News in brief, Warren Avery has bowed out as Chairman after a year or so’s valiant and selfless service. Into his shoes stepped Michael Leeming, Tony Freedman is Hon Treas. and Neil Stephenson Secretary. I think, An Organized bunch this lot. They already know their Programme through to December! And here are the dates you need to know? 8th July: Printers 9th Sept! Microcomputers in Education (Jim Brannin) 14th Oct} Communications and Networking, 11th November: What do I do with my slots? (ie. peripherals and that) ?th Dect Games. South London has stabilized its meetings to the second Thursday in every month, except August, Neil Stephenson has promised to write a round up of reports on meetings already held, including Ian Trackman’s "Ins and Outs of Machine Code" presentation on May 13, B.A.S.U.6 SOUTH LONDON GROUP Raynes Park Methodist Church Worple Road Entrance 2nd Door Up Tolverne Rd. 2nd Thursday Of Each Month at 7-30 PM 10 June BASUG Software Library. 8 July Printers, 9 Sept Micros in Education.-Jie Brannin. 14 Oct Communications and Networking. 11 Nov What Do I Do With My Slots. 9 Dec Games. Page 6 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group June 1982 EEGCINNERS FACE by John Sharp At the end of the last Beginners Page, I posed the problem of printing the letters of the alphabet in pairs, AZ BY etc, Before going that far, how are we going to print the alphabet at all using a loop. We want to say: PRINT "ABCDEws.WXYZ" and the APPLE does not allow loops like 10 FOR N$ = "A" TO "2" 20 PRINT N$ 30 NEXT N¢ FOR=NEXT loops only work with numbers, as the computer can only work by countina, so we have to find a numerical code for the letters. APPLESOFT (but not INTEGER BASIC) has a command to convert numbers to letters {- CHRS(N) where N is a number or numerical variable, IF N= 65 then CHR$(N) = "A" and so on up to 90 when CHRS(N) = "2", So, to print all the letters we have the simple program 10 FORN=45 TO 90 20 PRINT CHR$(N) 30 NEXT N If we make line 20 PRINT CHR$(N)} they will print next to one another on the same line, Now when we want to print not ABCDEF,.., but AZ BY CX etc. we have two movements of the numbers so to speak. We have to find a way to allow the number to increase to give us the A to Z part and at the same time decrease so that we can run backwards, The decrease is regular} if we look in terms of the numbers we see {- AZ CHR$(65);CHR8(90) BY CHR#(66);CHR#(89) ' . : The numbers are increasing by one in the first column and decreasing by one in the other. The numbers are not related to one another or are they? If you look closely you will see that 45 + 90 = 155 as does 44 + 89 and so on, So the general case would be CHRS(N) } CHR$(155-N), Thus it is really quite easy, We replace line 20 in the above program by 20 PRINT CHR$(65 + N)} CHR$(155) - N Thanks to Vernon Quaintance for that solution, There is another way to use a similar loopi- 10 FOR N=0 to 25 20 PRINT CHR$(65 + N)} CHRS(90 -N) 30 NEXT Yet another way would be ‘- 10 LET M = 92 20 FOR N= 65 TO 90 30M=M-1 40 PRINT CHR$(N); CHR$(M) SO NEXT N This isn’t too elegant in this particular case} the other two are better, However, if the two are not connected we might need to use this sort of approach e.g, 10 FOR N =1 to 10 20M=M+2 30 PRINT CHR$(N); CHRS(M) 40 NEXT N So loops require juggling with numbers. A training in mathematical puzzles gives one a distinct advantage in such programming, By seeing such connections, very succinct programs can be obtained. Let’s now build up a set of loops to show what I mean. Suppose we wish to "draw" a checkerboard using the screen in the text mode, It would be similar on the GRAPHICS screen, We will use a character "*", As the screen is 24 characters high, we can use blocks of 3, Starting with three /#’s means a loop thus} 200 FORN=1 to3 210 PRINT "*"; 220 NEXT N Now if we build three rows of these by adding:- 150 FORM = 1 to3 250 NEXT M Remember that the loop for M must be outside that for the N loop, But wait a minute , this prints all in one line, since line 210 ends ina";". We need to send a "go back to the next line” command before going on, That is outside the "N" loop but inside the "M" loop. We can do this by addingi- Tune 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 7 230 PRINT Now we wish to move these blocks about the screen leaving a gap of three spaces. Adding the lines}- 100 FOR L= 0 TO 18 STEP 4 300 NEXT L The step 6 makes sure that 3 spaces are added as well. To make the movement across, we can make use of the HTAB command instead. BUT we must make sure that we travel the distance moved by the N loop as well as that of the L loop, otherwise we print on top of one another. If we add the movement down with a VTAB, we can remove the PRINT command in line 230, Line 10 has been added to see the picture cleanly, and slow it down to see exactly what is going on as the computer is moving too fast for the eye, 10 HOME : SPEED = 100 100 FORL=0 TO 18 STEP4 150 FORM=1TO3 200 FORN=1TO3 205 HTABL+N 207 VTAB M 210 PRINT "#"; 220 NEXT N 230 NEXT M 250 NEXT L Now we need to produce the rows, If we add 80 FOR K = 0 TO 21 STEP 3 400 NEXT K and alter line 207 to VTABM+K This gives a downward movement, but not the familiar checkerboard, We need to check if we are on an odd or an even row, to see whether we start at the end or at the next block along. So adding a some new lines 95/90 and altering 100 to take account of the changes gives the final program as follows, 10 HOME; SPEED = 100 80 FORK =0 TO 21 STEP 3 85 IF ( (K/2) - (INT k/2 + .005) > 0.4 THEN A = 0: B = 18: GOTO 100 90 A=3iIB=21 100 FORL=A TO BSTEP4 150 FORM=1TO3 200 FORN=1TO3 205 HTAB N +L 207 VTABK+M 210 PRINT "#"} 250 NEXT M 300 NEXT L 400 NEXT K 450 IF PEEK (-16384) < 127 THEN 450 Thus it is quite a short program, if tackled in the right way, with the computer doing the work, I was once asked ta show sameone how to do this, (not an APPLE) because despite having a 4K machine, he had run out of memory! What about that last line? Well leave it out and see what happens, EPSOM PRINTER: PAGES by Quentin Reidford /To ease the burden on John Sharp and the other stalwarts in the deep south Quentin of Sheffield has volunteered to take up writing the Epson Pages./ As John Sharp mentioned in his article in the February ‘82 ‘Hardcore’ the main source of erratic printing problems lies in the use of different PROMS on the interface card, My card uses the ‘D’ version of the PROM and has worked ‘by the book’ - and this includes the EMPHASISED driver submitted by John. Some curiosities, however, include the use of TABS in print statements. I find that I have to use the TAB (n) mode - counting the value of (n) from the last printed position on that line, plus the length of any string on that line. An example of this can be found in the useful utility by John Sharp in the Feb, issue - the Catalog Label Printer. This requires a variable (T) to allow tabbing, 685 T = LEN (NAME$(Z))! REM i Tabbing constant on first field 690 PRINT NAME#(2); TAB( 80 - T) jNAMES(Z + INT (N/Z) + Pi Perhaps the main disappointment in the MX-80, however, is in the distortion of graphics. The printer, in its F/T 2 quise, will, as you know, dump either of the Hi-res screens through software, On the F/T 80, however, the gearing of the print head is such that it travels too quickly resulting, for instance, in ellipses rather than Circles being printed, Even more irritating is the inability to print the whole screen in the EXTENDED mode, If anyone has any ideas that they wish to share, PLEASE write in. Perhaps the most newsworthy item is the availability of the LCC 8132 EPSON EPROM from Leicester Computer Centre, Page 8 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group June 1982 This EPROM is a direct replacement for the PROM in location 4a on the Epson Apple interface card, I have not had time to make a thorough review of its capabilities in this issue, but briefly it will allow the Epson ta behave with Programs like VISICALC, DB-MASTER and, apparently, APPLE-SPELLER, This is because the Prom obeys normal printer conventions e.g, - Ctrl I 80 N and can therefore be recognised by the software. Good news for those who have the misfortune of having DB MASTER and an Epson, At approx. £18,00 + VAT this EPROM is cheaper than going out for an Centronics, Other features include the use of CTRL characters instead of POKES for graphics dumps. CTRL IG2EI <RETURN>, for instance, will dump the contents of <G>raphics, page <2>, <E>xpanded and <I>nversed — easier to remember too, The PROM comes with a slim plastic—-bound booklet explaining the options and changes and complete with listings for three demonstration programs, I have had this one in for about four hours and I am now forced to think of plausible excuses to give my wife that it is an essential acquisition,,.,Seriously though, I would think that it has to be a must, especially for those with the Revision ‘C’ and earlier Epson PROM, The other EPSON utility program which is on the market is OMNIFONT, This allows the use of all the fonts from the DOS TOOLKIT within a printing program, with up to four of those fonts within the same program. The disc contains a modified driver for Apple Writer allowing the user to print a letter in any font, either your own or one from the toolkit. Obviously to make use of the whole package you require both Apple Writer and the Toolkit. The software supports EXTENDED, CONDENSED, UNDERLINED and INVERSE printing, although you can get some odd results trying to justify in the extended mode, The BASIC program’s ANIMATRIX module enables the user to print out logos or symbols, although you need to use the VARIABLE LINE SPACING alaorithm to ensure that all the pieces Join up, Any of you who have experienced the brain-ache in converting Binary to Hex. for Bit-image printing will appreciate this feature... Initial versions of the program had either a bug Or possibly only an unusual logic switch which caused the Applewriter section to crash Happily, later versions have cured this and the Program works beautifully, although using the standard program ie, without Apple Writer option can be hard going! Finally, for those who were lucky enough NOT to experience any difficulty in using the ENHANCED driver. If you have been using it to print from a constant address of 300 at option ‘J’ then you will find that if you change ‘J’ back to C100 your file will be printed out in CONDENSED mode, However it will only work AFTER you have PRINTED in Enhanced mode first. And don’t forget to alter your right margin !.4 Please write to me c/o BASUG and I will try to answer any problems. PLEASE send any solutions to problems that you have had and managed to Oovercomer..If you DO have a problem then be sure to include the DOS version you use and if Possible the PROM version in your card, My thanks to MICROSOURCE for allowing me review copies of both OMNIFONT and the LCC 8132 EPSON EPROM. There was a mistake in the listing of CATALABEL program by John Sharp in February’s HARDCORE, which a number of people Picked up. It concerned the DATA in lines 130 & 138. I have added a few enhancements as well, see lines 175/180/630/685/720/745} the revised listing isi- a: LISt 72 PRINT CHR (18) PRE Of INE 0: CALL 1002 100 DIM NAME$(105) 110 TEXT + HOME 120 D& = CHR (4) 130 FOR N = 8192 TO 82232 READ M + POKE N,Mt NEXT 132 DATA 169,32,160,10,32,181,1 83,96 134 DATA 0,0,1,96,1,0,17,0 136 DATA 27,32,0,33,0,0,1,0 138 DATA 0,94,1,0,1,299,216, 0 140 HTAB 15% PRINT "CATALABEL" 150 HTAB 8: PRINT "CATALOG LABEL GENERATOR" June 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 9 160 ISECT = 82073ICMD = 8214: IBUF A470 LH$ = STR (LGTH)$L = LEN ¢ P= 8211 LH) 170 REM XXxREAD CAT INTO MEMKXX 480 FOR W = 0 TO 2 —- LiLHs = "0" 175 TEXT ? HOME ¢ VTAB 10% PRINT + LH$? NEXT “ENTER TITLE OF DISC * "3% INPUT 4909 NAMES(N) = NAMES(N) # "+ 1 TTS Hwee" 180 VTAE 10% CALL - 868% PRINT 500 FOR M = 0 TO 30 "SET UF PRINTER AND SWITCH O 510 E = PEEK (A +3 +S «x 35 + M N-THEN="3 PRINT "PUT DISC IN ) DRIVE AND PRESS RETURN": GET 520 F = PEEK (A +4 +9 * 35 4+ ™ A$: IF A < > CHRS (13) THEN ) 180 530 IF E = 160 AND F = 160 THEN 190 TEXT t HOME $ VTAE 10: HTAB 570 13% PRINT "GETTING CATALOG" 540 IF E = 0 AND F = 0 THEN NAME 200 CMD = 1%BUFF =.33:SECT = 15% POKE $(N) =" "3 GOTO 600 ICMD,CMD 550 NAMES(N) = NAMES(N) + CHRS ( 210 POKE ISECT,SECT: POKE IBUFP, —) BUFP 560 NEXT M 220 CALL 8192 570 NEXT $ 230 SECT = SECT - 1:BUFP = BUFF + 580 NEXT R 12 IF SECT > = 1 THEN 210 590 PRINT 240 TEXT ? HOME $ VTAB 10% HTAE 600 TEXT $+ HOME $ VTAB 10? HTAE 13} PRINT "SORTING CATALOG O 10? FRINT "SENDING CATALOG T ut" 0 PRINTER" 250 VTAB 20 610 PRE 1% PRINT CHR$ (0)! PRINT 260 REM xxx FILE INPUT ROUTINE CHRE (0) FROM MEM TO ARRAYXXx 620 POKE 1657,100 270 B = 8459 630 PRINT CHR* (14);" CATALOG } 280 N= 0 "3TT$? PRINT CHRS (15) 290 FOR R 0. TO °L4 640 N= N= 1 300 =F 650 BD = N/ 2-=— INT (N/ 2+ 40 310 02)$ IF BD > «1 THEN P1 = 1% 320 GOTO 6703 REM &*x«xODD NO OF 330 PRINT "."$ FILES Kx 340 N = N + L3NAMES(N) =" " 660 FL = 0% REM xxx EVEN NO OF FI 350 IF PEEK (A + § « 35) = 255 THEN LES N= N= 13 GOTO 570: REM xx 670 REM x*KACTUALLY PRINTOUT#«®x« « IF FILE DELETED THEN IGNOR 680 FOR Z= 1TON/2Z Exxx 685 T = LEN (NAME$(Z))? REM xXx 360 TYPE = FEEK (A + 2 + § «x 35) TABEING CONSTANT ON FIRST FI ELD «xx 370 IF TYPE < 128 THEN NAMES(N) = 690 PRINT NAMES(Z)$ TAE( 80 — T) NAMES(ND + " "3 GOTO 390 NAMES(Z + INT (N / 2) + PA 380 TYPE = TYPE — 128%NAME$(N) = ) NAMES(N) + "x" 700 NEXT 390 IF TYPE = 0 THEN NAME$(N) = 710 FOR M = 1 TO St PRINT $ NEXT NAMES(N) + " T" 400 IF TYPE = 1 THEN NAMES(N) = 720 PRINT CHR$ (18)3 FRE Of INE NAMES(ND +" I" 0: CALL 1002 410 IF TYPE = 2 THEN NAME$(N) = 730 TEXT ? HOME ¢ VTAB 10% CALL NAMES(N) +" AN ~ 8682 INPUT "DO YOU HAVE A 420 IF TYPE = 4 THEN NAMES(N) = NY MORE TO CATALOG?" SANS NAMES(N) + " B" 740 IF ANS = "YES" OR ANS = "Y" THEN 430 IF TYPE = 8 THEN NAMES(N) = 140 NAME$(N) + " S" 745 POKE 1657,40! REM xxxRESET 440 IF TYPE = 16 THEN NAMES(N) = PRINTER -JUST IN CASE-IF NOT NAME#(N) + " R" CONTINUING WITH FROG. «x 450 IF TYPE = 32 THEN NAMES(N) = 750 END NAMES(N) + " B" j 460 LGTH = PEEK (A + 33 + S x 35 ? Verbatim. 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MEMBERS ONLY 10 x MINIDISKEITES ¢19+SOINCLUSIVE OF V.A.T. AND POST. T ENCLOSE A CHEQUE MADE PAYABLE TO B.A.S.U.G. CHEQUE No FORWARD TO ME BY RETURN AT THE ENCLOSED ADDRESS. Tune 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 11 NOW YOU SEE [Teese &, he Faartieia Farnham Huse ey 6-11-81 Dear Sirs, A week ago I boasted to a biologist at my college that was enquring about a Program to measure reaction time that it was easy!! He said prove it, so I sat down yesterday evening and wrote one for the APPLE TI which I enclose:-— © REM REACTION TIME 5S HIMEM: 24575 10 TEXT: HOME 20 START = 24576 30 COUNT = 24832 40 GOSUB 230 50 POKE COUNT,0:POKE COUNT+1,0 40 X = 3000 70 YTAB 10: PRINT "WHEN THE SQUARE APPEARS PRESS ANY KEY" 80 FOR PAUSE = 1 TO X:NEXT PAUSE 90 GR:COLOR = 15 100 X = 2500 * RND(1)1X = X + 500 110 FOR PAUSE = 1 TO XsNEXT PAUSE 12@ PLOT 20,20 130 CALL START 140 POKE -16368,0 150 TEXTsHOME 160 VTAB 10 170 IF PEEK(COUNT)=0 AND PEEK(COUNT+1)=0 THEN PRINT "TOO SLOW!!":GOTO 190 180 PRINT ( PEEK (COUNT + 1) & 256 +PEEK(COUNT)) * 23E - 6)" SECONDS." 190 PRINT:PRINT: INPUT "AGAIN (Y/N) "sas 200 HOME 210 IF LEFTS(A$,1)="Y" THEN SO 220 END 230 DATA 44, 16,192, 238, 0,97, 208, 11,238, 1,97,240,5,44,0, 192, 16,241, 96,234,234, 208, 246 240 FOR I = START TO START + 22 250 READ X: POKE I,X 260 NEXT I 270 RETURN Yours faithfully, Peter Wicks. SPECIALIST IN EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE i} Teacher's Toolkit: ‘Apple and Pet Disk £25.00 Pet Cass £20.00 German Teaching and Testing routines Apfeldeutsch: waa ase 18.0 package Apple only £130.08 (20% discount for schools) French/German Chip Pet £25.00 Shape Manager Apple disk £45.00 | Master Maths GAL Maths up to" level oy og ArT easeetes £20 | Aristotle's Apple : Multiple choice builder £25.00 Pilot it ta combine sean ete Gann £86.00 Lowbrook Tapes Numer rams for primary school Pet £10.00 Timetabling Book £10.95 Software for 3802, TRS80, PET, Apple £30.00 All prices include VAT Tel. 01-567 6941& 062882 5206 COSMOS SCREEN MIXER HIX THE DIFFERENT SCREENS including LO-RES, TEXT and HI=RES to produce completely new efects, THE SCREEN MIXER is a set of nodules which replace three ICs on the APPLE II motherboard, which allows mixing of any two screens from HGR, HGR2, GR and = GR2y TEXT! = and TEXT2y withoutsoftware but under software control, Does not use up any slots, By mixing HGR screens, it is possible to have 560 dot resolution across the screen» You can also have 280 dots of half tone, black or white dots in one line, PRICE INCL manual and software VAT ete £36.50 FROM MICROSOURCE 1 BRANCH RD, PARK ST ST ALBANS, HERTS Page 12 RANDOM TILING by R.A. Fairthorne Making patterns from repeated modules is a basic technique well suited to the computer. The modules, or ‘motifs’, can be chosen by rule or at random. The resulting patterns are of interest mathematically, and statistically, and are sometimes pleasing as well, Computer graphics experts have used this technique for quite a time, Here is a simple minded program to suggest possibilities.It simulates the laying of square tiles whose motifs and internal colouring are chosen at random.To preserve unity in the randomized patterns there are four sets of motifs, each appropriate to a common theme, The completed patterns can be stretched vertically or horizontally. This does not affect the number of plotted points in the original tiles, only the distances between them and the number of tiles in the pattern. The smaller the scale the longer it takes, and the worse the resolution. On the other hand too large a difference between the horizontal and vertical scales may turn slanted lines into almost vertical or almost horizontal ones. Apple hi-res does not take kindly to these except in long lengths. For this and other reasons it is best to keep to horizontals and verticals and slopes of 1-to-1 (as in ‘Chinese’), 2-to-1 (as in ‘Islamic’), and $-to-1 (as in ‘Kells’) or in combination (as in ‘Star’), Also, to avoid visual chaos, it is better to restrict colours. Here you have the choice of white/orange or white/green, Colours are fixed for ‘Islamic’ at white/green. They can be fixed for other themes by replacing the randomizing instructions for ‘A’and’B’ in line 125 by specific Hcolor numbers; Subroutines are used to define the motifs, though shape tables are the more powerful in general. This is to make it easy for the user to modify the program experimentally, The arrays dimensioned in lines 10 and 15 give the coordinates of the points to be joined in each motif, each row representing one motif. for example ‘DIM C(2,7)’ indicates that this theme uses 3 motifs (0)1,2) and 4 points each needing 2 coordinates} ie 8 data items for each motif. These data are given in line 2100, The subroutines tell how the points are to be joined, and the colours of the different paths of a motif, Thus line 500 is a subroutine for a single path joining four points (if the coordinates of the first and last points were the same it would draw HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Tune 1982 a a triangle), Line 600 uses this twice as a subsubroutine because ‘Islamic’ motifs consist of two joins of four points, Subroutine 700 joins three points and two points, Subroutine 800 joins two pairs of points. The step size ‘S’, in line 110 and subsequently, is the side of the basic square, For ‘Kells’ it is 5; for the others 4, If you wish to make patterns one at a time and retain them for saving to disk or to ‘fill in’, delete lines 130, 135, Then ‘RUN’ when you want to change, ‘Filling in’ a ‘Star’ pattern can produce interesting, if meaningless, results, 0 TEXT ¢ HOME 5 VTAB 4% PRINT TAB( 10)"RANDOM TILING"? PRINT 10 PRINT TAB( 12)"R.AsFAIRTHORN E"t PRINT } PRINT TAB( 15)" FEB. 1982" 15 FOR R = 0 TO 1000: NEXT R 20 DIM K(77? 25 DIM S(3,9)% DIM C(2,7) 30 FOR I = 0 TO 7! FOR J = 0 TO 7 95 READ K(I,J)? NEXT Ji NEXT I 40 FOR I = 0 TO 33 FOR J = 0 TO 9 45 READ S(I,J)% NEXT Jt NEXT I 50 FOR T = 0 TO 2? FOR J = 0 TO 7 55 READ (I,J)? NEXT Ji NEXT I 60 TEXT ? HOME t VTAB 4 65 PRINT TAB( 17)"THEMES"! PRINT 3 PRINT 70 PRINT TAB( 12)"1. KELLS"$ PRINT 75 PRINT TAB( 12)"2. ISLAMIC": PRINT 80 PRINT TAB( 12)"3, STAR"? PRINT 85 PRINT TAB( 12)"4, CHINESE"? PRINT 90 PRINT + PRINT TAB( 18)"5S. EN D PROGRAM" 95 PRINT t PRINT t PRINT TAR( 1 5)t INPUT "WHICH(1-5)?"3T 100 HOME t VTAB 4 105 IF T = 5 GOTO 210 110 PRINT TAB 10)? INFUT "WIDT H OF TILE(1-7)2?"3H 115 PRINT TAE( 10)! INPUT "HETG HT OF TILE(1-7)2?"3H 120 IF T = 2 GOTO 145 125 PRINT TAB( 2)? INPUT "WHITE /GREEN(0) OR WHITE/ORANGE (1) 2"5C 130 VTAB 20: PRINT "PRESS ANY KE Y TO CONTINUE, SPACE BAR FOR MENU"? GET A$ 135 IF A$ =" " THEN GOTO 60 140 GOTO 145 145 HGR t POKE - 16302,03 REM x *xFULL SCREEN ON PAGE ONEXxx 150 REM xxxTILE LAYING«xx 155 S = 4 IF T = 1 THEN S = 5 160 FOR M = 1 TO 241 STEF S * W June 198Z 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 498 500 600 610 700 710 800 810 1800 1900 2000 2100 3000 0 TO 165 STEF S$ x H 2 « INT ( RND (1) + .5) + 2*¢« C + 13B = 2 «x INT ( RND (1) + .5) + 2 * C + 13 REM x xXXSELECTION OF MOTIF COLOURS xxx REM xxXxXMOTIF SELECTIONXxx = INT (4 x RND (1)) IF T = 1 THEN GOSUB 500% REM MKKKELL SRKK IF T = 2 THEN P RND (1)) + 43 *XXTSLAMICKKX IF T = 3 THEN GOSUB 7003 xXKSTARKKXK IF T = 4 THEN P INT (3 x RND (1))%3 GOSUB 800 NEXT Ni NEXT M$ GOTO 130 HOME 3 END REM xxxSUBROUTINES FOR MOTIF SXXKELLS*XxX HCOLOR= Ai HPLOT M + K(P,0) x W,N + K(P,1) * H TO M + K(P, 2) & W,N + K(P,3) &® H TO M + K(P,4) * W,N + KCP,5) «x H TO M + K(P,4) & W,N + K(P,5) x H TO M + K(P,6) & WyN + K(Py 7) * Ht RETURN A 3% GOSUE S00 A= 13P = P + 2% GOSUB 500% RETURN HCOLOR= A? HPLOT M + S(P,0) x W,N + S(P,1) * H TO M + SCP, 2) & W,N + S(P,3) KH HCOLOR= B? HPLOT M + S(FP,4) x W,N + SCP,5) x H TOM + SCP, 6) & WyN + S(P47) KX H TOM + S(P,8) * W,N + S(P,9) & Hi RETURN HCOLOR= A? HPLOT M + C(F,0) x W,N + CCP,1) XH TO M + CCP, 2) * W,N + CCP,3) * H HCOLOR= B3 HPLOT M + C(P,4) x We»N + C(P,S) * H TO M + CCP, 6) ® W,N + C(FP,7) * H? RETURN DATA 040453515254+5,5,05051 999492954545 40424153,4,0,5,5 2044,3,1,2,0,5 DATA 040104154+34454,054,0 939 491545050545144,3,0,4,0,0 £041,0,3,4,4,4 DATA 0425240524 44145144,252 909492404243 414 2444442424452 9943¢340424244,0,242404145354 FOR N = A P INT (2 x GOSUB 6003 REM REM ’ DATA 042424042444442,0,2,4 0242404244405 2 424452505452 REM >> >>>>>33<4<<¢<¢<<<<¢ > < > R+eA+FAIRTHORNE < > < > FEB. 1982 < > < POPPE PEP S<L MLK HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group nr Page 13 INTEGER BASTC by John Sharp A number of members have written in with questions or problems about INTEGER BASIC, In the touching hope of cutting downon some of my work, here is a summary of the answers which will tell you all youwant to know about the problem. One of the mast frequent problems is "I can’t get some of the Integer programs to run, They just hana or go into monitor." This usually happens because the program overwrites INTEGER BASIC in RAM, The second most popular query is that the Integer Basic on the DOS 3.3 MASTER does nat work, First let me say something about loadina INTEGER BASIC into RAM, and secondly about how Integer Basic loads a program in contrast to APPLESOFT, On the DOS 3,3 MASTER which you should have received with your disk drive, or conversion kit, is a machine code proaram called INT BASIC, When you boot the disk the HELLO proaram looks to see if there is a RAM CARD (alias a Lanauage Card) in slot zero, If there is it loads the program into the card. If there isn’t, it does nothing, The program is meant to run only on the language card} if you try running it elsewhere, it will not work. Trying ta run it elsewhere means attempting to BRUN INT BASIC, It is possible to BLOAD INT BASIC, and you will find it will load at a location 1000 (hex), However, since it has been written to run at the very top of memory, (ive, on the lanquage card) it will not run, This would be like renumbering a BASIC program without renumbering all the GOSUBS, and GOTOs etc, So you haven’t got a language card, what do you do, Well, on the BASUG INTRODUCTORY DISK is a binary program called INTEGER, If you BRUN INTEGER, when it has loaded it will then come up with the INTEGER BASIC prompt ">" and you can write in Integer or load a proaram from disk or tape, If you look at where the program has loaded (see Beginners Page in HARDCORE last year), you will find that it too is loaded at 1000(hex), However, it has been relocated to run there and all the ‘Gosubs’ are correct now. But, 1000(hex) sits in the middle of memory and this is where problems arise, Page 14 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Tune 1982 To see what the problem is let us loak at where programs are loaded, An APPLESOFT program loads at 801(hex) and then 802 etc, unless of course you tell it to load somewhere else (e.q, above the HI-RES pages) by Poking or otherwise altering the start of program pointers. An INTEGER program is different. It starts at HI-MEM and loads BACKWARDS, The end of the program is loaded first. Now if the INTEGER BASIC is in ROM, or on the language card then there should be no snags because the program is always below the INTEGER BASIC, BUT, if the introductory disk Integer Basic is used, AND the program is long, they collide, The actual program loads OK, but wipes out the tail end of the Integer Basic interpreter and although all may seem all right initially, at some stage, the Integer interpreter needs to use part of the code that has been wiped out, So what happens? - it bombs into Monitor, Where do you go from there? On disk 11 in the library are a number of INTEGER BASICS which run at all sorts of places- a sort of Integer for allcomers. They are there for tape users as well, but I will come back to them in a moment, If you cannot find one suitable there, then you are just going to have to buy an Integer card or a RAM card, Collision problems may be avoided, but you might still run out of memory because you are using up a sizeable portion of RAM if you are not using the INTEGER on a RAM or ROM card, So, that answers the problems above, There is one more. If you have the INTEGER BASIC PROMPT ">" and you type "FP" you will be placed back in APPLESOFT and the APPLESOFT "1" prompt will return, If you now type "INT" the following will happen, If you have a ROM card (INTEGER in ROM) then the Integer prompt will return, because DOS knows it is there and switches it on. If you have a language card AND it is loaded with Integer, the same thing will happen because as far as your APPLE is concerned they are the same thing at this stage, I say switch, because this is precisely what it does. The same memory locations are used and so the APPLE has to switch the APPLESOFT ROMS off and turn on the lanquage card. If you have neither ROM nor RAM card then the message "LANGUAGE NOT AVAILABLE" will come up. Why, you may ask, when T just had it working, Answer! DOS has looked up to see if you have had a ROM or RAM card with INTEGER BASIC on it} since you haven't got one it says sa. You can either rerun it from disk, or you can call the start of the program (CALL 1003 in the case of the Introductory disk version). There is one other INTEGER BASIC, David Bolton’s RELOCATED INTEGER, which as a disk version, has had the DOS modified so that when you do type "INT" it starts up the RAM version of Integer instead of looking to see if there is a card there, If you are a tape user, on your Introductory Tapes is an APPLESOFT program which sets up INTEGER BASIC, You should have this running with the INTEGER prompt up BEFORE you try to load an INTEGER BASIC PROGRAM, otherwise it will not load. These programs are numbers 16-18 on the fourth side of the tapes, Why use INTEGER at all? This is yet another question, Firstly, it is a faster lanquage, because it does not have to do so much work with numbers, in sorting out floating paints, Secondly, there are differences such as a MOD function which can be useful in certain mathematical/logical handling of data. In other respects it is not really as useful, There is no string handling (with LEFT$, MID$ etc)} you have to dimension all strings} you have to be careful because all commands on a line are obeyed even if there is a not true condition in an IF... THEN statement. There are a few more minor drawbacks, which means that only the diehards use it these days. Finally INTEGER is spelt just so and not INTERGER ~ a truly horrible looking corruption, a rm S NSC) ‘io a * Softuare development = Gonsultancy = feple specialist J -R-Syustens 2 Rue Glose, flareenden, ferts.- fel. @5827 5196 = John Rogers =* Please also ask about computer tnsurance June 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 15 SO WHAT’S €& PREUDO-OPCODE? by Ian Trackman The last issue of Hard Core included a number of articles containing listings of programs and/or routines written in 6502 machine code, Basic-only programmers might have had a problem since noted none of the articles - my own included - explained to the reader exactly how to enter the programs into his/her Apple. In justification, may I make three points, The articles are just that - magazine articles - written for computer-literate BASUG members and are not fail-safe instruction manuals designed for first-time users. Secondly, the authors - if I am typical - want to put their effort into the main content of the article instead of writing a series of loading and saving instructions. Finally, BASUG is now running introductory courses on machine code programming, Nevertheless, having said that, I have been asked to write this article, Its purpose is not to teach machine code programming, but to explain how to read, enter and save machine code programs published in Hard Core, The 6502 micro-processor at the heart of the Apple responds to a series of on/off electrical pulses, These cause it to carry out the functions, such as addition, subtraction and comparison, of which it is capable. The code for each 6502 operation consists of 8 bits, making up one byte, and is referred to as an “opcode” (short for “operation code"), To carry out. an operation such as "Add 15 to 20 and save the result in memory location $340", we need to give the 6502 two other types of information, numerical values (15 and 20) and memory locations ($340), By using the appropriate opcode, we can tell the 6502 that the following one or two bytes contain data - a value or an address - relating to that opcode, rather than another instruction. It’s somewhat similar to a Basic command such as GET, which must be followed by a variable name, or PEEK, which must be followed by a memory address. For the convenience of programmers, the binary opcodes and data are expressed in hexadecimal (base 14) notation. If you enter the Apple’s Monitor with a CALL -151 and then type F800.F87F <return>, part of the Monitor’s opcodes and data will be displayed in hex. This is known as a “hex dump". Each line starts with the number of the first address, followed by the hex values of the contents of eight consecutive bytes of memory, There is no indication in the dump itself as to which bytes are opcodes and which are data, To find that out, you would need to refer to a table of 650Z instructions and decode each number, seeing whether it needs to be followed by none, one or two bytes of data, When we program in Basic, we hardly need concern ourselves with “memory management", that is, where exactly in the computer’s memory the program and its variables will be stored, The Basic interpreter takes care of that for us, In machine code programming, there is no such luxury. The programmer has to decide where to store the program and its accompanying data, making sure that it won’t be incompatible with anything else stored in memory, So we need a starting address or "origin" for our program, T. Tse’s Nicelister on pages 24 and 27 of Hard Core for April 1982 is presented in the form of a hex dump. Its origin address is the first address of the listing, 8000, Being machine code, this is $8000 (hex) and not 8000 (decimal). That‘’s an occasional trap for the unwary — location AA60 is obviously hex, but what about 800 ? If you aren’t certain, convert the origin into both hex and decimal (see Hard Core of August 1981 for Hex / Dec converters), Then look at the memory maps in the Apple Reference Manual to see which number ~ hex ar decimal - looks more sensible, To enter Nicelister, the first step is to give the Monitor the starting address of the program, Assuming that you are still in the Monitor, type 8000 } <no return> As you are in the Monitor, don’t prefix the number with a $%, If you do, the Monitor will reject it, after the next <return>, with a beep, (Not even a friendly "Syntax Error" message). Now start key-bashing, Type in each hex number, separated from the next by a space. Single numbers (00, OD, 09, etc,) can by typed as 0, D and 9. As you can enter up to 255 characters (i.e, key-presses including Spaces) between <returns>, you can type in several lines of hex numbers without pressing <return> at the end of each printed line, Don’t enter the address (8008, 8010, etc) at the beginning of each new line. For reasons which follow, I suggest that you enter exactly 8 lines of hex-dump at a time, As a warning against over-filling the keyboard input buffer, the Monitor will beep after 247 characters, If you ignore the warning, you’ll over—write earlier characters. After each <return>, start the next line with a colon, to tell the Monitor that you are continuing to put more bytes into memory, If you forget the colon, the Monitor will think that you are asking for a listing of the contents of memory locations and will respond after the <return> with something like {- Page 16 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group June 1982 20- 45 F8- FC E6- 91 and so on, If you are fast enough, press <reset> before your original typing scrolls off the screen, Now type a new origin address followed by a colon, If you enter numbers in 8-line blocks, it’s simply a matter of entering the address at the start of the correct block, Then move the cursor up and copy over your original typing. If you weren’t fast enough and your original numbers have disappeared, you’ll just have to re-type them, After twenty or so lines, you’ll begin to realise that direct entry, or "hand-coding", is very prone to typing errors. I suggest that you check your work as you go, After every $ lines, do your own hex dump and compare it with the printed listing, For example, to check your typing of the first 8 lines of Nicelister, type t- 8000 . 803F <return> If you have made a mistake in one byte, change it. For instance, if you entered Bé as the third byte of the third line, type !~ 8012 } Dé <return> If you have left a byte out or added an extra one iny you can shuffle the following bytes up or down by using the Monitor’s memory move routine, but the quickest way is probably to re-enter the incorrect section, To continue, enter the address at the beginning of the next 8 lines, followed by a colon, and type the next block, until you have finally entered the whole program, You now have to save it. DOS needs to know the origin address and the length of the program. Fortunately, DOS accepts hex numbers (preceded by a $ sign), The origin address is easy, As to the length, remember that a program starting at $800 and ending at $880 is actually $81 bytes long, Usually the subtraction sum “end address minus start address" should be easy to do, but if not, you can use the Monitor’s own hex number subtraction facility. For example, if a program starts at $9Dé and ends at $BIF, type i- iF - Dé which will give you t- =49 There is a "borrow" of $100. $B00 - $900 = $200, so that, taking into account the borrow and the last byte of the program, its lenath is $144. You can now save the program by t- BSAVE <file name>, A¢<hex origin>, L$<hex length> Working out hex numbers to make up a program is a very difficult way to talk to your Apple, There is a better method, called assembly language programming, in which the 4502 hexadecimal instruction codes are replaced by three-letter mnemonics, For example, the code for the hexadecimal command for subtraction is SBC, In the simplest form of assembly language programming, data (numbers and addresses) are still expressed as hex numbers, To enter a program, you need an “assembler” and to read it back you need a “disassembler", Let’s start with the disassembler, From the Monitor, type F800L. This will produce 20 lines of disassembled code. Apple’s internal disassembler has worked out - from the bit-pattern of the opcodes - which bytes are instructions and which are data. Look at the first 4 lines :- F800- 44 LSR F801- 08 PHF Fseo2- 20 47 FS JSR $F 847 F80S- 28 PLP The first column contains the memory address, the second column contains one, two or three hex numbers, the third column contains the mnemonic opcode and the fourth column may contain data, In the above example, only the JSR ("jump to sub-routine") opcode requires an address in the fourth column. If you now compare this with the hex dump (F800.F880), you'll see that the opening addresses in the first column and the hex bytes in the second column correspond, So, by entering the origin address (followed by a colon) and the hex bytes listed in the second column, you can now enter Les Budgen’s program on page 21 of the last issue of Hard Core, This time, checking is easier, Not only should columns 1 and 2 match the printed listing but so should columns 3 and 4, Next, we can improve the method of entering the program, Look at Les’ program. We could enter it by typing !- 300 1 AP 4C A2 18 and so on, as explained above. Unfortunately, we can‘t type i- 300 ! LDA #$4C LDX #$18 etc, However, there is a way. If you have an “old" Monitor, you can use the built-in "Mini-Assembler". If you have an Auto-start ROM, you’ll need a copy of the re-located Mini-Assembler from the BASUG program library. Instructions for using it are set out on pages 49 - 51 of the Reference Manual and I won’t repeat them here, Tune 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 17 When using the Mini-Assembler, it is not necessary to type the $ sign to signify hex numbers, although you must enter all # signs (which indicate real numbers) wherever they occur, You need only one space between columns and, unlike the hex-dump method of entry, you must type a <return> after each line, Other than that, entering a program through the Mini-Assembler is a case of setting the start address and copying out columns 3 and 4 of Les’ listing. The Apple disassembler tries to interpret every hex byte as part of a 6502 instruction, In reality, some programs contain variables or blocks of data which cannot be translated in that way. If the disassembler cannot perform its translation properly, it produces 3 question marks. Les’ Program contains such a data block and ??? appears at $314 and $314, You cannot enter thése bytes through the Mini-Assembler and you have to go back to the hand-coding method. These data bytes are always single bytes in the disassembler listing, When you come across ??? in the listing, I suggest that you make a temporary entry in the Mini-Assembler at that address of the opcode BRK, which corresponds to the hex byte 00. After typing in the rest of the Program, you can then alter those particular bytes to their correct values with the direct entry method, The "Mini" in Mini-Assembler means that it can’t do everything that a big assembler can do, For example, using a full assembler, we can add comments into our programs, we can refer to variables and address by giving them names (or "labels" as they are called), we can enter text as ASCII characters and we can give instructions to the assembler as to how we want it to produce listings of the program, Assemblers for the Apple offer different facilities and therefore their operating instructions (called "pseudo-opcodes" or “assembler directives") vary from one to another, This means that listings are non-standard, Nevertheless, they do have many features in cammon, so that it is still possible to enter programs using a combination of the Mini-Assembler and the direct hex entry method, Look at my Apple Writer Ramcard Patcher on pages 15 to 17 of the April Hard Core, The listing has now expanded to 7 columns wide. Columns 1 and 2, separated by a colon, are the address and hex code as before, The third column is the line number within the listing. It’s not used by the program itself, but merely for reference purposes when listing and editing the program, The next column contains an address label, It’s somewhat like a line number in Basic and we only use it when we need to refer to the line, such as in a "GOTO"-type command. The fifth column contains the familiar 3-letter opcode, It can also hold a pseudo-opcaode, such as "ASC" in line 95, which tells the assembler that what follows is some text in ASCII, Column 6 holds addresses, numbers, variables and data and the last column is for comments, The program itself will usually start with a block of "equates" which assign labels to addresses and constants to be used in the body of the program, There will also be an ORG pseudo-opcode, giving the starting address of the program. There are three ways of entering such a program, If you have the same assembler as the author, then just copy the listing, (Please see my comments about < and > signs in the DOS Toolkit Assembler in Hard Core of March 1981). If you have a different assembler, we’ll assume you know enough about assembly language programming to do any necessary conversion work. The second method is to hand-cade the program, Look for the origin (ORG) and then copy the hex bytes from column 2, The third method is to use the Mini-Assembler, Here, you'll need to translate the labels and variables back to hex numbers, The easiest way is to refer to the hex bytes in column 2, You'll have to keep in mind that in 6502 code, 2-byte addresses are always referred to in reverse order, so that the low-byte comes before the high~byte. Let’s look at my Patcher program in more detail, It starts with a title, followed a block of equates, then the ORG $9C00 statement at line 31, This tells us where to start assembling, (Remember to relocate DOS before you begin !). The first line, LDX #0, is straight-forward and can be typed into the Mini-Assembler without trouble i- 300 + LDX #0 In line 36, we can ignore the label "GO,LOAD" for the time being, However, in column 6, we have the label "TEXT", which needs translation. (“TEXT" has nothing to do with the Basic command TEXT - it’s just a name that I made up.) Look across to column 2, where you'll see the three hex bytes {- BD 47 9C Page 18 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group June 1982 The first one always corresponds to the opcode (LDA in this case) and the next two are the numerical equivalent of the label "TEXT". Remembering to reverse the low-high order, you can now type into the Mini-Assembler ‘- LDA 9C47,X Notice that the ",X" is not part of the label and must be copied exactly as listed, Another way of finding the correct value for TEXT is to look dawn column 4 until you spot it - on line 74, in fact. Then look across to column 1 - there is the address again - $9C47, The same idea is used in the next line (37), so that you‘ll be typing ‘- BEQ 9COD The next line (38) is slightly different. COUT is not a label within the program itself, but it appears in the equates list at the top, So we type JSR FDED In line 42, Hard Core’s printer was left in English character mode and so the hash signs have been printed as pounds, That line will be entered as i- LDA #9C When we reach line 74, we’ve already seen that the Mini-Assembler can‘t cope with text, You‘ll now have to go back to the ald direct entry method to put in the last few bytes of the program. If you list the program on the screen, columns 1 and 2 should correspond, although the disassembler will split up the text lines (75 - 80) differently. You should also see the similarity between the opcode and data columns on the Screen and in the printed listing. To close this article, let me add a tip about loading a machine code sub-routine from Basic, Of course, you can BLOAD it from within your Basic pragram. However, if it is short, you may want to POKE it in directly. There is a routine on page 77 of the DOS Manual, which creates a whole batch af POKE commands in your program, A neater way is to have a loop, such as t- 10 FOR I = 768 to 780 20 READ X 30 POKE I,X 40 NEXT S50 DATA 43,56,,,(the decimal values of the program) Put the machine code into memory in one of the ways explained above, then write lines 10 ta 40 in the normal way. Now enter this immediate command {~ PRINT "50 DATA"; } FOR I = 768 TO 780 } PRINT PEEK(I) ","} } NEXT The next line of your Basic program will appear on the screen ready for you to move the copy cursory over it, (Don’t enter the last comma.) As I said at the beginning of this article, I have not attempted to explain what the opcodes and pseudo-codes do. Perhaps you’ll now be tempted to find out ! _USING DOS FROM THE MONITOR AND IN MACHINE LANGUAGE By John Kleeman The following notes refer to DOS 3.2 on an ITT 2020 with 48K. All numbers are in hex. To use DOS commands from terminal in monitor (e.g, CATALOG) SEAG or A851G hooks in DOS (e.g.after RESET) CALL -151 enters monitor for Basic It is also necessary to (or at least it works if you do so) 74:FF (i,e.put FF into location 76) To trap DOS errors? Put address of error-trapping routine in to lo-hi format into locations 905A,905C,90SE ne error trapping routine will then be called with the DOS error code as per BASIC ONERR will be in the X-register, To suppress DOS error messages: Overwrite A6D8:F01S To use DOS in machine-code programs is similar to Basic- you just preface DOS commands with control D. Problems arise with text-files} these can be got round by 74:0 33i8F (this is putting the character ’?’in the monitor prompt register) The above works through I am not always quite sure why, in particular the use of location 76 (hex) is obscure, June 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 1? r Z 3 Apple Panic . 14: village Park pee Epoch e4 £19.00 computer services WORD PROCESSORS Magic Window Zardax Mailmerge - BUSINESS/UTILITIES Visicalc ... 0.8. Master . D.B. Master Utility . Data Factory .... Ramex 16K Card 32K Saturn Ram Card Locksmith 4.1 .. The Inspector Accu-Shapes Expediter I! x Zoom Grafix . x U-280 Card £95.00 Brain Surgeon . £30.00 Tasc Compiler - £85.00 Videx Videoterm . £180.00 Dos 3.3 Toolki £40.00 TG Joystick £33.00 Softstep . £24.95 Super Disk Copy I £20.00 Memory Manager GAMES Bug Attack . x Wizardry | £26.00 Wizardry 2 (needs 1) £22.00 Time Zone £54.00 Ultima ..... £21.00 Wizard & Princess £17.50 Zork Io. x Gorgon : Raster Blaster Flight Simulato We also stock the following: Hadron £19.00 Beer Run . £18.00 Autobahn £14.95 The Prisoner .... £16.20 Castle Wolfenstein Phantoms Five ... Cyber Strike Shack Attack Sargon Il. Cranston Manor Firebird Alien Typhoon ... £17.50 £15.20 £14.00 Olympic Decathlon £14.95 Tawala’s Last Redoubt £14.95 ONION Ss scsvancosavases £17.00 Russki Duck £18.00 Pegasus II £14.95 Tigers in the Snow £22.00 Threshold ... £20.00 00-Topos . £14.95 Genetic Drift £15.20 Robot Wer £22.00 Accutrack S/S S/D £1.65 each Ribbons — all makes BASF S/S S/D £1.65 each Print wheels. 3-M S/S S/D £1.90 each All makes plus other format disks Dysan S/S S/D £2.30 each Monitors Add £2 for plastic library boxes. This is just a small sample of what we have Postage and packing FREE — please add 15% VAT to your order. We stock the full range of Apple related books. in stock — please ‘ring or write for price list and further details. We also sell Apple 1! carrying/flight case. We are Consultants for small businesses. CALLERS BY APPOINTMENT ONLY Suite 1, 20 High Street, Highgate Village, London N6 5JG Tel: 01-348 0306 yo2Nor THAT BUTTONS You'LL WIPE --- Page 20 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Accutrack Disks... Because data reliability is the important difference in disk construction. Anatomy of a disk. Flexible disks ore simple information storage devices consisting of o magnetic disk enclosed in a semi-stitt protective jacket. The disk rotates within the jocket while magnetic recording heads on your dota or word processing systems “read” or “write” information on the disk’s magnetic suface Since disk operation is simple. it’s relatively easy to moke one that works But building in reliability is something else agaih It tokes speciolized technology -fo build disks that operate flawlessly over an extended period of time. What counts in disk construction. Key design objectives for a disk are listed below. How well o disk measures up to these objectives relates directly to the throughput. occuracy and overall costs for your dato or word processing system No disk measures up better than Accutrock * The magnetic coating must be precisely formulated and unifarmly applied Imperfections as small as five millionths of an inch cause signal dropouts, data checks and wasted processing time as well as errors ¢ The disk surface must be absoliWely clean. totally flat and permanently lubricated to prevent excessive head wear with subsequent signal degradation and eventual loss of information (This is the most critical objective and the one that’s most often compromised BASUG BULK BUYING —SOOort PRICE FOR IOs 2 since poor operating results toke o while to show up. It’s also the area thot mos! effects the long term reliability of your data.) * The disk must be free to rotate within its jacket without internal drag to avoid futher dato checks. excessive processing fimes and errors. * The jacket must protect the disk from external contamination and damage. It should also remove microscopic particles of debris from the disk surface before they can domage the disk Why you'll never find the best disk bargain in the bargain basement. While there’s little opporent ditterence between other disks and Accutrak, the performance differences can be substantial. Smply stated, an Accutrack disk is premium priced But the protection it gives your information the reliability it provides to your operations: and its substantially longer life make it the best disk buy. After all. the real cost of your operations is constructing ond processing the dato stored on the disk - not the disk itself It doesn’t make sense to trust thot data to anything but the best disk Accutrack £17:50 inctFREE LIBRARY CASE ! (ADD 50p POSTAGE / PACKING) BRITISH APPLE SYSTEMS USER GROUP P.O. Box 174. Watford WO2 6NF June 198Z Tune 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group PERSONALISED DISKS by Rex M.F.Smith DOS 3.3 disk personalizer will add an eleven character string of your choice to Track #2, Sector #2 at Hex $AF, This message replaces ‘DISK VOLUME’ and is displayed every time you boot the disk. The idea came from Windfall January, 1982, and the information on how to patch the disk came from ‘Beneath Apple DOS’. The routine will relocate itself at $3000 and load the sector at $2000, I chose these locations as the routine to call RWTS can then be used as in the DOS manual, page 94ff, It is probably not a good example of how to use RWTS, It also changes the DOS RAM image of the sector asi found that DOS does not read the information off the disk, but supplies ‘disk volume’ from RAM at 46011 decimal. Now when you call the catalog up, your message will appear (for each disk until you reboot with a different message) The programme exits by calling the catalog and thus displaying your message. If you wish to patch a master disk in this way, master the disk first and then use the routine. To add the patch to other masters, BLOAD ‘MASTER CREATE’ and change the disk for the master patched, then enter the monitor and type 800g to execute “MASTER CREATE’ which will load your patched master DOS from the switched disk, Easier still, use FID to put ‘MASTER CREATE’ on the patched master disk, then use that to master further copies. If you attempt to master afterwards, the patch will be overwritten, I have appended the monitor routines which save and restore registers as I found the programme slowly destroyed DOS without them. This patch appears to have cured the problem. 1 IF PEEK (104) = 8 THEN POKE 103,03 FOKE 104,48: POKE 122 88,0? PRINT CHR (13) + CHR (4)3"RUN DOS 3.3 DISC PERSON ALIZER" S TEXT } HOME 10 REM oO KOKO KOK OK OK THIS PROGRAM WILL * REPLACE THE WORDS * ‘DISK VOLUME’ x WITH A STRING OF * YOUR CHOICE ELEVEN * * * CHARACTERS LONG 911K 00K KKK OK OKO K RM MR MMM 20 30 40 60 65 70 73 80 90 100 110 145 120 130 140 160 180 REM 000001 CK KICK COOK * USES THE RWTS FROM x CODE STORED AT HEX x LOCATION 3000 AND * STORES THE SECTOR *x AT HEX 2000~-20FF JOO KOK KK KK KOK KKK 9K KKK KOK IT CHANGES TRACK 2 SECTOR 2 BY POKING THE USER STRING (BACKWARDS) INTO HEX OFFSET $AF OF THE SECTOR STORED 2K KKK OOOO ICCC OK OK OK EACH BYTE MUST BE x 128 + ASC VALUE OF THE CHARACER USED RWTS IS THEN USED AND REWRITES THE DATA TO THE DISC 2K KK KKK OK KKK OK KOK Deets sss sess e tees sessed IF YOU USE “MASTER’* FIRST, THIS DISC x CAN BE USED BY THE x MASTER CREATE PROG x BY BLOADING IT * THEN SWITCH DISCS x SSeS SSS SS SS SSS SSS SS SOG OK CCK KKK KK AND CALL MASTER BY 800G FROM MONITOR MASTER WILL THEN USE THE DOS WITH YOUR MESSAGE TO UPDATE THE DISC JOO OIRO KOKO KOKO KKK DIM A$(11)% DIM AC11) HOME t VTAB St HTAB 3% INPUT “WHICH SLOT IS THE DRIVE IN MMM MH REM * bad uM MH RM MMH REM HN MMM M RM MR REM MMM MH REM RM uM HM HM MMMM 2 St SL = INT (SL) TE Sl LOR Sl 6 THEN 70 VTAB 7? HTAB 32 INPUT “WHICH DRIVE IS THE DISC IN ? "3DR IF DR « 1 OR DR > 2 THEN 90 VTAB 9$ HTAB 3% INPUT "WHICH SLOT DID YOU LAST USE ? "3F SL PSL = INT (PSL) IF PSL. < 1 OR PSL > 6 THEN 1 10 VTAB 11:3 HTAB 3% INPUT "“WHIC H DRIVE DID YOU LAST USE ? " 3PDR IF POR < 1 OR PDR > 2 THEN 1 30 HOME ¢ VTAB St PRINT " “33 PRINT "9K KK" VTAB Si PRINT "MESSAGE (11 C HARACTERS) ?"3 Page 21 Page 22 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Tune 1982 190 GET AS$tAs$( POS (A) - 24) = A Seer IN atts eaabee 6A? S WRITE PROTECT TABS Sealey 220 NO MORE! 200 PRINT ? INPUT "IS THE STRING OK. P'3YS$ IF LEFTS (Y$,4 By Jurgen Wolda = "yn 2 ot) COR Nee yet seeasin) = "": Nexr| (first printed in USER Magazin Ny 5, 81, the Nt GOTO 160 ‘i é magazine of AUGE, the German user group, 220 FOR N= 1 TO 113A(N) = asc BUC Gla ieAEN ca oa OOe 500 CORRE st) yetttece og N Read on all ye who are too lazy to want to carry 20 POKE ADRS +169! POKE ADRS + 1 on with the drag of removing the write protect ie: 12 is x i tabs from disks and replacing them after your +12 540 POKE ADRS + 2,160% POKE ADRS Cpe AU ec ee tose 0 This contribution to the magazi i A A igazine describes a see Pepe Ee Ress are GRRE gt cheapo solution open to all owners of a soldering 22173 4 ’ : i . 580 POKE ADRS + 7,962 POKE ADRS + iron, a drill and a smattering of DIY skills, 8,0 : Beneath the left disk guide rail in the drive is a pe role eens Hi a : POKE ADRS + microswitch which reads the ‘write-protect’ 11, (SL x 16) oe ~ cut-out in the disk. If you break one of the wires i : ¥ leading to the microswitch you kid the system into oA0 mere ad ates PbS AGORE ADRS believing that the cut-out has been covered and ’ 640 FOKE ADRS + 14,2: POKE ADRS + s0 writing to disk is no langer possible, 15,2 3 A ‘ 5 : By now connecting this break point to a small flip eet POKE eons pa cae SEOKE, ADRS switch on the front panel of the drive you can 912 : ; , 680 FOKE ADRS + 18,0! FOKE ADRS + pas yourself all that sticky messing about with 19,32 % zo) Eo BUb2eeecU eh RORE ADRS + So much for the theory, now for the brass tacks, els 2 . 2 t “ 20 ee ia peer e RRKE ADRS <r The first thing to do is systematically dismantle 7 : op the drive, That sounds worse than it is, since only 740 PORE RAORS ih 28200 ¢ POKE ADRS eight screws have to be removed in all, The first 766 “RONESABRELS 24, 60K four can be found on the underside of the drive, 765 POKE ADRS + 27,0: FOKE ADRS + Once removed the drive cover can be slid off (to 28 ‘Ot POKE ADRS Mh 29 ‘ot POKE the rear!), The next four screws secure the black ADRS + 30,0% POKE ADRS + 31 frontal panel to the metal chassis of the drive and 0 RES 2 are located to left and right of the panel, < 7 Unscrew these and remove the ‘In Use’ diode 786 Bee vas PG NOs EEOBROADRS light. Now drill a hole in the panel next to or nt above the diode light big enough to take your en) unease: SR CENE | eat Solel Switch) and ALAC. Mact salar twa wires cram o to 820 CALL ADRS 7 cm long to the switch and slip two lengths of 840 FOR N= 1 70 11 insulating sheath over eachs Now cut the wire 860 POKE 8192 + 175 + NeACND leading to the drive’s microswitch, strip both ends 870 POKE (45999 + ND AWD and solder them to the wires coming from your 880 NEXT N 4 switch, Finally push the insulating sheath over 5 A i. F; the joins. Replace and screw down the frontal 789 Sent BORE Pee ee nee panel, After replacing the diode light the drive’s ADRS + 25,(SL x 16)! POKE AD De De Ce oe eames ee eee en RS + 26,DR * i : 940 CALL ADRS 960 FRINT CHR (4);"CATALOG" 970 PRINT % PRINT "DO YOU WISH T O ALTER ANOTHER DISC ?"3 950 “Ger YSt LF Ye. < > SY" THEN 1000 990 RUN 1000 PRINT } PRINT { PRINT “FROG 1010 RAMME POINTERS ARE BEING RES Ee PRINT CHRS 64) 3"EP™ June 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 23 POLISHING THE APPLE (or how to construct and install a lower case keyboard and display unit). by Peter Blair The reasons. One of the few annoyances of the Apple II is the lack of lower case and proper shift key operation. The keyboard enhancer from Videx is a possible solution but an expensive one. Other modifications seem to Sacrifice some compatibility with existing programs. The problem therefore, was to provide my Apple with full lower case cheaply and simply and Preserve all the existing display features. The circuit designs which follow were the result. These have been thoroughly tested and are installed and working on my own Apple (except the pre-revision 7 display circuit). They are simple to construct and require no modification of the Apple circuit boards except the addition of a few wires. One minor point is that there are no true descenders Possible because of Apple structures the text screen, but this does not make a lot of difference once you get used to it. the way the The logical approach. the full first step was to provide a upper/lower case capability to the existing keyboard plus a correct shift key operation and a shift-lock key. To simplify this and avoid an extra switch I used the SHIFT and CTRL keys together to give shift—lock. The diagram FIG.1i shows the logic circuit used. If both the SHIFT and CTRL keys are pressed together the flip-flop IC2a changes its output state. When the @ output is low the keyboard is in normal Apple upper case only mode.If the @ output is high then lower case is enabled, and the LED lights to indicate this. In this mode the circuit examines bit of the keyboard output and the state of the shift key. If bit 6 is high then a letter key has been pressed. If the shift input is low then the shift key has been pressed and bit 5 is left unchanged, otherwise bit 5S is inverted and the letter becomes lower case. Since pressing the shift key changes the keyboard encoder output, you can still access every character on the keyboard except three when in lower case. These are the upper case M, N, and P since these keys give punctuation characters when shifted. A software fix for this minor irritation is given later. 6 Ignoring the fact that the Apple Display changes. software would convert lower case input to upper case I decided that OLG de , Ic2e f ic2e Ile r LT Icla' Ice reid * oF ry Iced (our) 2 Tap im [TCR™ a pis (ovr) a & ‘Icib K ete Q 1 rer Reser ei Icle relf DiS (im) i eae Page 24 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Tune 1982 The logic controlling the display your Apple uses the 2513 character is shown in FIG.2. The circuit generator on the main board then detects when a lower case letter or the display section of the new punctuation (codes EO to FF Hex) is board should be laid out as FIG.4. being output by looking at bits 6 Notice that the two circuits are and S of the output data. Then if completely independent although bit 7 is high, the logic enables a built — on the same board for lower case character generator and convenience. of the normal If upper case happens. low then inverse disables the output character generator. is output the opposite Finally, af Thit, *7 is either flashing or characters are required and the normal generator is enabled. This means that it is not possible to display inverse lower case, and flashing lower case must be done with software, but gives absolute compatibility with all existing software without requiring a display change-over switch. One extra bonus is that POKE-ing control character codes to the screen produces a range of special characters. Construction. The parts required are given in the list at the end of the article. Having obtained these, then first you must check which version of the Apple you have. The revisien 7 board uses a custom programmed character generator ROM (actually a mask programmed 2714) while the manual gives the character generator as a 2513 type. FIG.3 shows the complete vero-board layout for the revision 7 Apple. If Start If you by inserting the IC sockets. do not use sockets for the TTL then leave soldering the IC’s until last, BUT you MUST USESOCKETS for the character generators since soldering their pins will invalidate any guarantee. Next make all the wire links using solid core insulated wire. Then insert the resistor, capacitors and transistor and solder in place. Solder connecting pins into the board for the connections marked SHIFT, CTRL, DLS, and DL7 (the last two are only required on the FIG.4 circuit), and also for the LED connections. Using ribbon cable make up the 16 and 24 pin header plugs, and then connect the other end of the cables to the board. The cables will need to be around 18" long. Note that the plug pin numbers are giveh for the connections from the board to the 16 pin header, but for the 24 pin plug it is just a pin for pin correspondence between the on-board socket and the plug. Also, for the 24 pin plug, wires are only required where indicated by a small I¢e4+e DLS Te4d CASE CHIP. Ic4b IcGe ENABLE (PIN 18) : ae e oo Ie4e De | | rea Iced howle CASE EnaBul (Pin 1) D7 Fig 2. Case SELECT LOGIC Tune 1982 HARDCORE ~ The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 25 circle on the diagram FIG.3 or generator at location AS and FIG.4, in particular NO CONNECTION carefully remove it. Fit this to is to be made to pin 18 of the plug’ the new board as IC7. in the FIG.3 version, or to pin ii for the FIG.4 version since these The extra wires should now be are the chip enable pins. Now make attached as follows. Turn over the all the track breaks that are keyboard section of the Apple so required (marked by X in the that you are looking at the rear of diagram) but be careful not to miss the encoder board. Cut two lengths any or to break any additional ones since some connections are made by direct link between IC pins. Lastly install all the chips except IC7 which must first be removed from the main board. Ensure that all IC’s have the indent loacating pin 1 to the top of the board as in the diagram. of wire about 12" long in different colour insulation. Locate the CTRL and SHIFT keys. These have a common connection which is to ground, with independent output connections. Trace these back to the plug betweeen keyboard and encoder and carefully solder one wire to each connection at the back of the . encoder board. On my Apple these installation. were pin 3 for CTRL (or you could PF connect at the slide switch el ele Areata) toils Garand terminal), and pin 24 for SHIFT, rs = but you should check this first. one of siti Biots noting jwtiece Make certain that these additions ba gi Netti - sega ball peta do not loosen or short any the Carefully reece Vege four meres SXiSting connections: Tons the from the bottom front edge notin cpaelay, pbeqey Somapne aus what th beok dak N bd apes! connections unless you are using a oil ieee! _ yee Sa nace bis FIG.4. To make these proceed as hake een a hi -~ ent follows. Locate chip Bii on the RERGUE hes Haas pill. abate th main board and carefully solder a t nd. bott Ginhetly is ther ee wire to pin 12 for DLé. Similarly eae pet as aera y Gentl connect a wire to pin 6 of the chip pale ittay ee nt edge cd ponerse tn, at B13 for DL7. Note that pin 1 of Keyhoard connecter eae tie aetiene «all jchipsiis | indicated by/ecwhite kabler ements be neeKet dot on the circuit board adjacent —— hi . completely. Locate the character fovbbsachi p. wae Ue A te Ft 6 4o 4s ra 55 go gs __ 69, oe * . a 7 . . 3 s » ror x x stat Te i ~ | went 3 * Fi x be x . x a3 * ay doe x wate x LSS iE | as : ; x 2 x x | x he ]]z : 20 fe 1 7 x E E | ror I | x ] ef x1] jes = ia! z ape ei ] K ]: or ] - on a eee <li | gece lse eel ies E a0 : ee x 1 th iT E ho x 1! , | fe : Pate * Bory || be BEE : | PEt ras 34 - Pccress ThacKs Ruin THB DRE CTION ~A_MPAESENTS A BREAK pe THE TaACK (SES TEAT) ayeuT Asie uit: Page 26 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group June 1982 the new board power supply case (at of the Apple) with cicuitry closest to the keyboard. To do this use a couple of double-sided sticky pads, one on top of the other, at each corner of the board. Make sure the soldering on the underside of the board does not touch the power supply case. Plug the 16 pin header into the keyboard socket at location A7 on the main board making sure pin 1 is in the right position. Plug the 24 pin header into the socket you removed the character generator from at location AS again getting pin 1 in the right place. Mount on top of the the rear left the keyboard The LED must be fitted now. Connect two insulated leads of different colours to the LED leads. These should be about 24" long. Note which wire connects to the cathode of the LED, which is the left hand lead when looking at the indented circle on the package. Twist the leads together but make sure they do not short. Gently prise up the cover on the power on light on the keyboard. Beneath you will see a bulb in a mounting with four pegs. Carefully break off the upper peg with a needle nose pliers. Feed the LED wires through the case top in front of the bulb and locate the LED against the bulb. This is shown in FIG.5. Press the cover back in position. Fit the top of the case back on the Apple making sure that the existing keyboard plug and your additional wires are all available. Fit the plug from the keyboard into socket SKTi on the new board. Solder the SHIFT, CTRL, DL6 and DL7 leads to the pins on the new board. Finally solder the LED leads to the board with the cathode going to the pin connecting to the resistor Ri. Testing. to test the new reconnect power and If the Apple beeps then if not you have short circuited a power supply connection somewhere in your additions. Re-check your connections and make sure all Ic’s and plugs are fitted the right way, with no bent or It only remains board, so switch on. OK so far, damaged initialises test It been Apple pins. If the Apple correctly then you may the board by typing something. should appear that nothing has changed at the moment and the should still operate normally and respond to control characters as usual. If this is not so then again a short circuit or incorrectly fitted will be the problem. Ic To test the lower case capabilities the following two line program will suffice: 10 X=PEEK (—16384):IF X<127 THEN 10 20 PRINT X:POKE -16368,0:G0TO 10 This will display the code of any key pressed (with the high bit set). Pressing SHIFT and CTRL together and releasing them will release the shift lock and the codes will change. Pressing shift will give upper case codes but will not affect the shift lock. To lock back into upper case press SHIFT and CTRL together again. To check the display, upper case codes (224 to 255 decimal) to the screen. Flashing and inverse modes should still work as normal. just poke the The finishing touches. as I case the may it and stated earlier, three upper codes are not available when shift is unlocked. This may or not be an annoyance to you. If is then a simple modification some software will alter things so that the upper case M, N, and P will be given when these keys are shifted but “, J, and at the expense of the @ symbols. To make this modification add a 1K resistor in the position indicated by Rx on the new board. Then connect 2a lead from the point marked (S) to pin 4 on the game controller socket on the main board (the PB2 input). This pin will now be high when the keyboard is upper case only and low when the shift is unlocked. The short machine code routine which follows will then test this and correct the output when necessary. The routine is Tune 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 27 ba 40 oc) So §5 GO S$ £9. ot I 3 x 1 prox x 17° x x dow 5 é . de xfl i Ae Je * of DLS x x HSL * x 10 x « 1S 20 Tia ar * Tox Du x er x x * x ¥ 25 x ‘ wx ! uv 41 * : x Hy ~ x Vv x 30 H x 4 » a Fr ia 4. MopiFi€o WiRnG LayouT for prs-gev.7 Appiss M see Text fully relocatable and should be You can now save your new version called after reading a keypress. of TEDITOR with BSAVE TEDITOR, A$803,L$1045 Finally I have worked out patches for using this lower case PRINTER: modification with Applewriter and these are also given below. These At OF56 chanae Ei to Al incorporate the key testing routine At 15DF change EO to Ao so that all alphanumeric characters v4 At 15E3 change FO to BO are available when the shift is Gniccrod At 15E7 change FA to BA = At 1S5FC change FO to BO Replace the instructions starting Patches for use with Applewriter: TEDITOR: Overwrite the bytes 0808 with 4C 20 18 At $086A and $1537 overwrite the JSR $1501 with EA EA EA (ie three NOP’ s) At OA12 alter the CO to will allow the sequence CTRL C to still perform case change. Using the monitor enter following code starting at $1820 $1820:AD 00 CO 10 FB 2C 63 CO 30 OF C9 EO BO OA C9 DD BO 04 C9 CO DO 02 49 10 C9 SE DO 02 A? DB AO O02 88 DO FD 8D 10 CO 60 at $0806 to 20. This ESC ESC a correct the at $12D8 with the following $12D8:29 7F Aé S7 FO 02 09 80 60 00 Now Save the new version using BSAVE PRINTER, At803,L%1020 Lame. Bos. insucaren Fok Fine Few LED. rage ~—— (BREN OFF Keak Lvs OnLy TOGWE koom Fok LEO. ) Fig 5 LEd inocAtTeR Fitndic Page 28 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group June 1982 Routine for upper case M,N and P_ when shift is unlocked. ENTRY POINT. BIT $C063 2C 63 CO Test for shift lock 3 BMI OUT 30 OF 3 Locked so forget it CMP #$E0 c? £0 3 Lower case ? BCS OUT BO OA 3 Branch if yes CMP #$DD c9 DD 3 M or N keys ? BCS CHANGE BO 04 3 Fix if yes CMP #$CO cs co 3 P key ? BNE OUT DO 02 3 Leave if not CHANGE EOR #$10 49 10 3 Alter MNP codes OouT RTS 60 PARTS LIST Ici 74LS14 Hex Schmitt Inverter Ic2 74LS76 Dual JK Flip Flop Ics 74LS132 Quad 2 input NAND Schmitt trigger 1c4 74Lso2 Quad 2 input NOR gate Ics RO-25i13 LC Lower Case Character generator Icé 74LS00 Quad 2 input NAND gate Resistor Ri 150 Ohms 0.25Watt Capacitors Ci,C2,C3 0.1 uF 12volt working Transistor @1 General purpose NPN type BC548 (BC108,BC109 also suitable.) LED Rectangular type , colour Red (Available from MAPLIN) Plugs Solder type Header plugs. 1 required 16 pin, 1 required 24 pin. Sockets Low profile DIL sockets 4 required 14 pin, 2 required 16 pin, 2 required 24 pin Note that the character generator is available from TECHNOMATIC Ltd who advertise in the computing press. You will also require a piece of vero-board (copper clad type) 69 holes x 34 tracks on 0.1" matrix. This should be available from any large electronic component suppliers. The approximate cost of components is £15 - £16. This journal is expensive to produce and distribute, but is SUPPORT YOUR LOCAL ADVERTISERS ! provided free to members 8s 3 benefit of membership. In order to afford to continue this policy we need advertising to defray these costs. So DEALERS ! — please advertise with us — the rates sre and we provide a select audience of active Apple users. and MEMBERS ! -— persuade your local desler to advertise whenever you buy from advertisers tell them you “saw it low — and in <n Hardcore™ —__—— ———— —= Tune 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 29 MICROS OuURCE 1 Branch Road, Park Street, St. Albans. Park Street (0727) 72917 are pleased to announce their appointment as distributors of BLUE CHIP SOFTWARE SUPER EDITOR £22.50 Super Editor is an essential tool for anyone writing programs in Applesoft or Palsoft. Using a simple command format, this machine-code routine will speedily list out every program line which contains a Basic command, function, variable or string designated by the user. highlighting it in inverse characters. Super Editor also enables the user optionally to substitute any other command, function, variable OF string for the item found, whatever their respective sizes. Remains in memory whilst programs are loaded and saved Reduce long descriptive variable names in final versions of programs List every occurence of a designated variable for debugging Check all GOTO. GOSUB and THEN references before deleting a line Change integer arrays to real arrays and vice verso Convert Integer programs to Applesoft and vice versa SUPER TRACE £22.50 Super Trace is @ high-speed 6502 machine-code utility routine for use in debugging Applesoft programs. As each of your program ‘Statements is executed, it is displayed at the bottom of the screen, together with the values of any variable types or functions that you may have pre-selected Programs can be written, loaded and edited without affecting Super Trace Does not interfere with DOS Can be invoked and disconnected as often as required during program run-time * Simple to use. Run-time control by single keystrokes Optional display of all statements or only statements containing selected variable types or functions Variables highlighted in inverse dispiay and their values displayed Normal screen display not affected 6 run-time speed settings plus instantaneous stop and single-step Optional review of previous 10 program statements without destruction of screen display Also available THE PACKING SUITE £22.50 and Symdis the Symbolic Disassembler £22.50 ANY TWO £40.00 — ALL FOUR FOR £75.00 XMON EXTENDED MONITOR Written by Colin Richardson XMON extends ihe Appie ii Systam Monitor to otter a number of new commands for exam! ace improved move command TRL.R ~ — relocate machine languoge programs comprehensive find command plus many more Powertul new editing teotu vided, and text page two can now be used in'axactly the same way 98 page one. 1m “xt Dawe two-car now be XMON comes with comprehensive documentation, making it both effective and simple to use, £22.00 INCL VAT SPECIAL OFFERS DIGITEK EXPANDER CARDS — 25% OFF ALL PRICES INCLUDE VAT. ADD £2 post and packing per card 280 SOFTCARD PARALLEL PRINTER CARD ‘SERIAL PRINTER CARD BUSINESS BASIC Now you can have APPLESOFT with the features APPLE left out Formatted output, Programmable TAG fields, Bi-Directional Scrolling. INPUT in strings, DISC store/recall commands giving 3 fold er jngresse end up to 3 fold apace reduction, Direct access to diac sectors, debugging, SCREEN’ or ‘PAGE’ output, INCLUDES be MIND TRSSEMOLER REQUIRES A 16K RAM card for use £28 EPSON OWNERS you an APPLE owner with an MX-80 oF MX-100 printar?: Are You having ouble Using VISICALG, GENERAL MASTER or other such software which conflicts with your EPSON TYPE Il interface card? Than we can help you with @ replacement ROM to go on your card which now allows allel intertece commends to eet up your printer correctly. For example CTRL-| 20N will get the column. no need to POKE number "340 locations: The card supports fault printing of page Replecemnent ROM for EPSON TYPE Il APPLE INTERFACE CARD .. £18 COMING SOON, A BOOK TO TEACH YOU HOW TO USE THE EPSON. OMNIDOS OMNIDOS 1s a disk wnicn when booted allows you to make access to 16 sector disks using EITHER or BOTH formats SIMULTANEOUSLY. +* This moons there 16 no need to use Mutfin. etc. You do not need to know format the disk i in. YOU DO NOT HAVE TO SWITCH in eny way (sofw hardware): the DOS d hing for You. Bet aken up NO EXTRA MEMORY SBace 1 utility program on the disk which allows you to customise 0: {sks which will boot on either 3.2 or 3.3 systems leaving you in a 3.2 ament, CHANGE DOS commands, error massages, in mamory oF on slave or master disks. Gives some program protection. **RELOCATE OOS for example low down to leave space for s rout memo: e "Prepare DATA DISKS with all the Lacks evsilable to the user #** PART INIT disks to restore DOS to a disk you have corrupted by starting to INIT the wrong disk ** MOVE DIRECTORY to make copying difficult. ** 22 MENU OPTIONS in all OMNIDOS DISK + DOCUMENTATION 22 TREE SORT peed utility t0 allow you {0 add fast sorting to your LESOFT a tthe top of TREE SORT is 3 hi programs from dat 198 1000 items in § secon can be Ascending of D sorted in another ercay. Ze s 800 words in 8 seconds nding. On whole or port of an array ‘moy be included oF excluded Gace anti toteony bees id and (eld ord Each ld can cary te orn specication of scancing or darcancing Ic Valuers in the specification may be defined using simple variable specified for rateral when two (or more) date are equi The second array data will then be sorted to determine th fer. COMES WITH EXTENSIVE DOCUMENTATION DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS complete with explanation In the manuel. APPLE SPELLER APPLE SPELLER between the many word processing programs for the APPLE and the large word proce APPLE SPELLER works with APFLEWRITER, APPLE PIE, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY. LETTER PERFECT, MAGIC WINDOW, and SUPERSCRIBE il, to name just a few, to Verity the spalling of your files APPLE SPELLER comes with » 30,000+ dictionary with additional spact 8,000 of your awn wards. You can add words. delete words, unlimited number of modified andor new dictionaries for speci ‘opplications. qnus ne need to worry about the problems of the ENGLISH ve American leagonaes LE SPELLER is unbeliew minute ith fumber of errors There are meny other features. q other such programs. THIS ONE CAME OUT THE TOP IN THE SOFTALK eviews. which is why we recommend it SPECIAL OFFER t4ns0 THE ENHANCER THE ENHANCER, is » board which fits under your REVISION 7 of tater APPLE Keyboard, give you upper and lowar case with sni-key abllty, besides many more attractive teaiu) TOREDEFINE THE KEYBOAR EFINE WORDS OR PHRASES USING SINGLE KEYSTOKES **TYPEAHEAD DUFFER allows you to type in G4 characters whilst the APPLE is ion something TREGRAES Wr MANUAL ANO OISK OF SUPPORTING SOFTWARE MORE FROM MICROSOURC Page 30 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group June 1982 WSF NOW YOU HAVE AN APPLE MICROCOMPUTER YOU'LL NEED OMNIS All you've ever wished for in an information management system. OMNIS sets new standards in database programs and levels of performance that you never believed were possible on a microcomputer stademarks of APPLE Computer inc + wademark of the Regents of the nwveraity of Caldera, San Diego SS i © Regstered Trade Mark @OmnNs js written in UCSD Pascal*. this means a better structured, faster running set of programs than could ever be posst- ble using Basic — We believe that UCSD Pascalt is the best microcomputer language available — OMNIS proves it — @ OMNIS js structured around powerful file handling modules. These modules give you the flexibility to store and retrieve your information in the way that you want. Full multi-key indexed access !s available to all your database files, you say what you. want — OMNIS does the rest @omnis provides you with a versatile report generating module that enables you to define your own reports, lists, mail- ing labels etc @ OMNIS has unparalleled search facilities to allow you to be selective. Those hours of fruitless searching through rows of card indexes becomes a thing of the past @OMNIS lets you design your own screen layouts for data entry and inspection you may have up to 10 screens per file. OMNIS has an application waiting for it in every business, school and laboratory and workshop. Wherever information needs to be stored and retrieved. OMNIS Is available for both APPLE Il and APPLE ///, We can also sup- ply OMNIS for use on APPLE microcomputer networks (yes. with true multi-user record lock: ing). Trade enquiries welcome. All registered users of OMNIS wilt be sent FREE BACKUP disc and you will be kept informed of all updates and upgrades. Free help will be given to alll registered users via an OMNIS hot- line. OMNIS — All you ever wanted APPLE II* version - £174.00 (incl VAT & pp) APPLE /I//* version - £225.75 (incl VAT & pp) BLYTH COMPUTERS LIMITED Wenhaston, Halesworth, Suffolk IP19 9DH <>» 050 270 565 24 hour phone service RSs 6 G: 6 Song p 206 LEE HI Tune 1982 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group Page 31 SHAPE—-DRAT CONTINVED In the February issue of HARDCORE we published Peter Cave’s Shapedraw program, but unfortunately forgot to include the program listing, That omission is now corrected! ILIST 10 GOSUB 4000: GOTO 1000 99 REM PLOT CURRENT FOS 1400 HELOT_X = L,Y = 2.70 X + 12y = {70 Xe iY © 1 10 Xo 1 Pin om SW 28 Cana Grek, 2a 8 110 RETURN 199 REM DECTOHEX 200 N = OtH$ = "" 210 AX = D / 16tB = AZ &K 163D = D - BNE N+ 1 220 IF D < 10 THEN C = D + 48:3 GOTO 240 230 C = D + 55S 240 H$(N) = CHRS (C)$D = AL 250 IF D THEN 210 260 FOR X = N T0141 STEP ~ i 270 HS = HS + H$(X)2 NEXT 280 RETURN 299 REM CALCULATE DATA AS 2 BY TES 300 H% = D / 2563L% = D - 256 x H %t RETURN 999 (REM. PLOT GRID 1000 IF N = NC THEN TEXT ¢? HOME t PRINT "SHAPE TABLE COMPLET E WITH "3NC3" SHAPES"? GOTO 3000 1010 HGR 3 HCOLOR= 7:N = N + 13T I= ItF = 0 1020 LRi= INT (¢279 - We 4) / 2 »tUD = INT ((159 - H * 4) 7 2) 1030 FOR K = LR TO LR + W x 4 STEP 4 1040 HPLOT K,0 TO K,189%3 NEXT 1050 FOR K = UD TO UD + H x 4 STEP 4 1060 HPLOT 0,K TO 279,K% NEXT 1070 X = LR + 23¥ = UD + H * 4 - 2? HPLOT X+¥ 1099 REM SAVE POINTERS TO CURR ENT SHAPE 1100 D = I — ST} GOSUB 300:5 = S + 1199 2: POKE S,L%: POKE S + 1,H% REM INPUT MOVES 1200 1210 1290 1300 1399 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1499 2010 2099 2100 POKE 34,0? HOME ¢ VTAB 22% INVERSE + PRINT <2 COMMANDS -> LEFT R IGHT UF DOWN PLOT MO VE SEE ~> "3 NORMAL VTAB 212 HTAB 1! PRINT "SHA PE #"3N;" OF "$NC3" SHAPES — "$I - ST3" BYTES USED" VTAB 23% HTAB 27% PRINT "CO MMAND? "3? GET AS IF AG = “DY THEN ¥ = C = 2 GOTO 1400 IF AS = "U" AND Y= 430 = 0% AS = "L" AND X > O THEN X - 43C = 3% GOTO 1400 AS = "R" THEN X = X + 43 © = 12 GOTO 1400 A$ = "FP" THEN F = 1% + GOSUE 100: GOTO 1210 IF A$’ = "M" THEN F = 0% 0: GOSUE 100% HCOLOR= 7% X,Y? GOTO 1210 IF AS = "S" THEN F = 0% 2000 GOTO 1210 REM FLOT CURRENT POSITION YY. tet Vo> GOTHEN: GOTO 1400 HCOLOR= HCOLOR= HPLOT GOTO HPLOT X,Y? ON F GOSUE 100 ACJ) = F kK 44+ CRU = dt 1 IF J < 3 GOTO 1210 IF A(Z) < 4 AND AC2Z) > 0 GOTO 1500 Q = ACZ)IACZ) = OSKEEP = 1 IF AC1) THEN 1500 KEEP = 2 IF NOT ACO) THEN AS = "X"3 KEEP = OtJU = 0% GOTO 2140 REM COMPILE MOVES INTO BY TES AND STORE POKE I,A(0) + AC1) * B + AC ZR O649Ts SoD ot At ACO) = OFAC1) = OFACZ) = = KEEPSKEEP = 0 IF J THEN ACJ - 1) = Q Ot GOTO 1210 REM LAST 2 BYTES OF CURRE NT SHAPE POKE IT,AC0) + ACL) x B + AC 2) e 6F20POKENT (+ 170s Dose -+ Zz ACO) = OFAC1) = OFACZ) = Ot = 0 REM DRAW SHAPE HGR + HOME $ VTAB 22! INVERSE TGRRENE VEETyPe “X* TO CAN CEL ‘’E’ TO ENTER "% NORMAL $ FOKE 34,22 Page 32 HARDCORE - The Journal of the British Apple Systems User Group June 1982 2110 HOME : HTAE Si INFUT "SCALE 4100 SCALE= 1% ROT= 03 SPEED= 25 ? "SAS 5: TEXT ¢ HOME 2120 M = FRE (0) 4110 PRINT “NORMAL CHARACTERS AR 2130 IF AS = "E" THEN 1000 E BASED ON AN"? PRINT "ARRAN 2140 IF AS = "X" THEN N = N — 1% GEMENT OF 5S X 7 CELLS WITHIN § = § - 2:1 = TI: GOTO 1000 AN"? PRINT "OVERALL GRID OF 2150 IF A$ = "S" THEN TEXT $ HOME 7 X 8 CELLS"? PRINT $ PRINT + GOTO 3000 “YOUR GRID CAN BE FROM 1 X 1 2160 SC = VAL (A$)$ IF SC < 1 OR TO 69 X 39" SC > 255 THEN PRINT "SCALE 4120 VTAB 7% CALL - 958% INPUT MUST BE BETWEEN 1 AND 255"33 “HOW WIDE IS YOUR OVERALL GR FOR Z = 1 TO 1500: NEXT : GOTO ID? "3;W: IF W< 1 OR W > 69 THEN 2110 4120 2170 VTAB 23% HTAB 243: CALL - 9 4130 VTAB 9: CALL - 958% INPUT 58: INFUT "ROTATION? "$R? IF "HOW HIGH IS YOUR OVERALL GR R > 64 THEN PRINT "MAXIMUM ID? "$Ht IF H < 1 OR H > 39 THEN VALUE FOR ROTATION IS 64"3% FOR 4130 Z = 1 TO 1500: NEXT : GOTO Z 4140 VTAB 12! PRINT "THE SHAPE T 170 ABLE CAN HOLD 255 CHARACTERS 2180 ROT= R? SCALE= SC3 HGR + HCOLOR= " 7? DRAW N AT 139,79 4150 VTAB 14% CALL - 958: INPUT 2190 VTAB 21: CALL - 848% PRINT "HOW MANY SHAPES IN YOUR TAE "SHAPE #"3N3" SCALE ";SC3" LE? "$NCi IF NC < 1 OR NC > ROTATION "3R 255 THEN 4150 2200 GOTO 2110 4160 VTAB 18! PRINT "THERE IS SP 2999 «REM STORE TABLE LENGTH AN ACE BETWEENS"3 PRINT ? IF LO D SAVE TABLE WER < = 8191 THEN PRINT LO 3000 D = I - ST? GOSUE 300 WER}" AND 8191", 3010 POKE 0,L%? POKE 1,H% 4170 IF UPPER > = 16384 THEN PRINT 3020 PRINT "LENGTH",D,"$"3% GOSUB "16384 AND "UPPER 200: PRINT H¢ 4180 PRINT : VTAB 22% INPUT "WHE 3030 PRINT “BEGINS",ST,"$"33D = RE SHOULD YOUR TABLE BEGIN? ST: GOSUB 200: PRINT Ht "3ST 3040 PRINT "ENDS",I,"$"33D = I? GoSUB 4199 REM = START OF SHAPE TABLE 200: PRINT H$ & STORE ADDRESS 3050 VTAB 8: PRINT "TO SAVE SHAP 4200 S = ST!:I = ST + NC x 2 + 23D E TABLE ON TAPE, ENTER = ST? GOSUE 300 MONITOR (CALL-151) AND TYPE? 4210 POKE 232,L%$ POKE 233,H%? POKE —" PRINT ST,NC$ POKE ST + 1,0 3060 PRINT " 0O.1W "3 4220 RETURN 3070 D = ST? GOSUB 200: PRINT H$" 63979 REM OOK OK KOK KKK KKK oS 63980 REM xX * 3080 D = I: GOSUB 200: PRINT H$"W 63981 REM * SHAPEDRAW 2.2 * ” 63982 REM *X x 3090 PRINT ? PRINT "USE SHLOAD T 63983 REM x SEE * 0 RECOVER" 63984 REM * PRACTICAL * 3100 VTAB 173 PRINT "TO SAVE ON 63985 REM X COMPUTING « DISK TYPE?-" 63986 REM * SEPT. AND DEC 80 * 3110 UTAB 19: PRINT " BSAVE ¢ 63987 REM * * TABLE NAME> sAT3ST GLE — 63988 REM xX * ST 63989 REM xX FURTHER * 3120 VTAB 21! PRINT "TO RECOVER 63990 REM x MODIFICATIONS BY * USE ‘SHAPE-PROG’ FROM THE 63991 REM X * BASUG INTRO. DISK" 63992 REM * PETER L. C