MacWorld8407JulyAugust1984

MACWORLD The Macintosh Communicates! »>» Mac to Mac »»>» Macto PC >» Mac to Mainframe Drexel’s Brave New World MacProject Charts the Future The Word from Microsoft 07 tM 74820'08530 sents the link tha brings the world to your desktop. it} Maccessories! The Maccessories SWIVEL is a light weight, durable lazy susan that fits neatly under your Macintosh. The SWIVEL re- volves a full 360° and lets you adjust the viewing angle of your Macintosh with the touch ofa finger. Since the SWIVEL attaches to the bottom of your Macintosh computer, it goes everywhere your Macintosh goes, even inside the Macintosh carrying case. Maccessories STARTER PACK. Start your Macintosh off right with this money- saving kit containing the Maccessories SWIVEL, SURGE SUPPRESSOR plus an anti-static DUST COVER to keep your Macintosh clean and dust-free. The Maccessories SURGE SUPPRESSOR protects your Macintosh against power problems. Its 4 circuitry stops surges and spikes, sa and filters out aggravating line ee noise. Simply replace your Macintosh power cord with the Maccessories SURGE SUPPRESSOR and you're ready to go. Nowalso av; ble: Maccessories (PORTABLE) MODEM Operates at 300 bps with any communications software. It's inexpensive, ragged and easy to use. Warranted for 5 years It’s small (7¥2" x 3¥2" x 1¥2"), powered by a 9-volt battery, less than 1 lb. in weight, and slips easily into the Macintosh carrying case. Maccessories DISK CASE Provides safe storage for 36 Macintosh disks. Five dividers help you organize your disks. Comes with 10 spare disk labels. Available at Apple dealers everywhere. Kensington Microware Ltd 51 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10010 (212) 475-5200 Telex: 467383 KML NY ‘Trademarks: Maccessories—Kensington Microware Ltd. Apple and Macintash—Apple Computer tnc. © 1964 Kensington Microware Ltd Circle 11 on reader service card Tecmar Sweetens Macintosh with Hard Disk Power Mac Drive Tecmar’s Mac Drive gives you a 10 megabyte With Tecmar’s Mac Drive... fixed hard disk or a 5 megabyte removable hard disk. You can add a 5 megabyte ¢ Your Macintosh runs much removable hard disk to either of the above. faster than with the built-in floppy. ¢ Mac Drive will provide up to 38 times more storage than floppies. st e You can minimize the use of floppies. ¢ You can access files and save time by loading programs from Mac Drive. © You can take your removable Mac Drive cartridge with you for added security. TEQUAR Tecmar Sweetens Apples™ Tecmar Inc. 6225 Cochran Road Solon (Cleveland), Ohio 44139-3377 Phone:(216)349-0600 Telex: 466692 Circle 14 on reader service card MACWORLD The Macintosh”"Magazine 42 46 July/August 1984 Getting Started Communications Primer Cary Lu An excerpt from The Apple Macintosh Book explains how to use the Mac for telecommunications. Get Info Lon Poole Macworld’s tutor answers questions from readers about the Mac. State of the Art The Mac Lines Up with Mainframes Adrian Mello The new AppleLine hardware brings the Mac into big business as a terminal for IBM mainframe computers. 2 July/August 1984 52 72 Review Smoothing the Critical Path Kearney Rietmann A detailed exploration of MacProject, new program that helps business managers plan and track project deadlines. The Mac Connects Larry Jordan An evaluation of Apple's Modem 1200 and MacTerminal software combination that enables the Mac to communicate over telephone lines. The Word from Microsoft Paul Hoffman If you liked MacWrite, you'll be impressed by the added capabilities of Microsoft's sophisticated word processing program. The Macintosh Between Covers Evelyn Spire Macworld's Book Shelf presents a review of five introductory books published soon after the Mac's release. Macware News Edited by Erfert Nielson Announcements of the latest developments in Macintosh software, hardware, and accessories. an —_———— Defining a new mouse cursor is among the many applications of the Mac's QuickDraw graphics routines re- vealed in “Open Win- dow” on page 116, + Cobereerrrt 96 108 116 122 130 134 Hands On Stepping Into the Paint Bucket Jeffrey S. Young Further tips for Mac artists designed to help you go deeper into MacPaint. The MacWrite Sleuth Amanda Pellio A group of cleverly deduced enhancements for MacWrite that even Sherlock Holmes would be proud of. Open Window Edited by Andrew Fluegelman An exchange of Macintosh discoveries. Community Drexel’s Brave New World Eva Thury A photo essay on the excitement surrounding the Mac's arrival at a major university. Travels in the Orient with the Mac Robert Buderi Atale of transformers, currents, and customs as the Mac accompanies a journalist through Asia. Macworld Gallery Edited by Erfert Nielson An exhibition of Macintosh graphics. ed Hire eran 11 14 19 24 141 144 Columns More Than the Sum of the Mac's Parts Kearney Rietmann The Making of a Personal Computer Milestone David Bunnell Note Pad Jeremy Joan Hewes Creativity, Computers, and the Chip _ on My Shoulder Letters Macworld View Edited by Janet McCandless News and notes for the Macintosh i oanttcicenaeneentill community. An intrepid investiga- World Events tor applies uncanny Edited by Erfert Nielson intuition to exploring Acalendar of regional and national MacWrite, and un- events. covers some bidden passageways. See “The MacWrite Sleuth" on page 108. Index Advertisers Index Photo/illustration credits David Bishop, cover, 28, 34, 65-66, 130; Jobn Hersey, 97; Michael Jang, 9; Jeffery Newbury, 47-51; Bill Ravanesi, cover inset, 122-126; Fred Stimson, 108. Macworld = 3 ANY IMAGE with an AFFORDABLE, USER-FRIENDLY VIDEO-DIGITIZER for your MACINTOSH, Break through the video barrier! The Discrete-Time Systems video digitizer lets you transfer into your Macintosh, anything that you can focus your home video camera on. A whole new computer application is at your fingertips! Available Fall/1984 FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE WRITE: Discrete-Time Systems, Inc. 6649 e Roswell Rd. Suite 240 Atlanta, Ga, 30328 Macintosh is registered trademark of Apple Computer, Ine. Circle 19 on reader service card 4 July/August 1984 MACWORLD Editorial Hor-in-Chief: Andrew Fluegelman Rditor: Kearney Rietman Associate Editor: Daniel Farber Assistant Editor: Adrian Mello Editorial Manager: Janet McCandless Editorial Assistant: Erfert Nielson Copy Editor. Jefirey Bartlett Contributing Editors: Lon Poole, Jeffrey S. Young Art & Production Associate Publisher: Jacqueline Poitier Designer: Marjorie Spiegelman Art Director: Bruce Charonnat Senior Production Manager: Frances Mann, Production Manager: Lee R. Trevino Editorial Production Manager: Ellyn Hament Associate Designers: Dennis McLeod, Monica Thorsnes Design Assoctates: Darcy Blake, Molly Windsor-McLeod, Donna Sharee ng Traffic: Clare Bouey Publishing & Sales Publisher: David Bunnell Ad Director: Rox Conklin National Sales Manager: Benny Rigby Eastern Account Manager: Vince wey Circulation Associate Publisher: Cheryl Woodird, Direcior Single Copy Sales: George CI Subscription Director: Carma Winfrey: Hayes Deater Sales Manager: Bill Cox Communications Manager; Noreen A. Browning Special Projects Director: Susan Keller Administration Director: Janet McG ——_— Corporate PC World Communications, Inc David Bunnell Chairman Bartlett R. Rhoades President Andrew Fluegelman Vice Pre: Jacqueline Poitier Vice President Cheryl Woodard Vice President dent Volume 1, Number 3 July/August, 1984 Macworld™ (ISSN 0741-8647) is published 6 times a year: February, May/June, July/August, September/October, November, and, December by PC World Communications, Ine,, 555 De Haro St. San 94107, Effective November 1984 Macworld will be published monthly: Subscription rates, for the US, and Canada are $30 for 12 issues, $50 for 24 issues, and $70 for 36 issues, ‘orders must be paid in US, funds. ‘Outside the US. and Canada subscriptions must be prepaid in US. funds with additional postage at $12 per 12 issues for sucta ‘of $60 per 12 issues for airmail. For subscriber service questions ca S170 (in lows 800/532-1272) or write: Subscriber Services, PO, Box 20300, field, NJ 07621. Application to mail at Second Class pending at San Francisco, POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Macworld, ¥O. Box 20300, Bergenfield, NJ 1 business offices: 555 De Haro San Francisco, CA 94107, 415/861-3861, Macworld is a publication of PC World Macworld is an independent journal, not affiliated! in any way with Apple Computer, Ine, Apple and Mac are trademarks of Apple Computer, Ine, Macintosh is at trademark licensed to Apple Computer, Inc ‘The following are trademarks of PC World mmunications, Inc: NotePad, Macware News, Open Window; Macworld Gallery, Macworld View. Macworld is a member of the CW Communications/ine. group, the world’s gest publisher of computer-re information. The group publis! ter publications in 19 major countries, Nine million people read one or more of the group's publications each month, Members of the publication group include Argent Computerworld! Argentina; Aust Australia Computerworld, Australian MicroComputer Magazine, Australian M World and Directories; Brazil: DataNeus, MicroMundo; China: China Computerworld, Denmatk; mputerworld! Danmark, Microverden, ‘inkind: Mikro; France: Le Monde Informatique, Golden (Apple), OPC (IBM), Germany: Computerwocbe, Microcomputerwelt, PC Neelt, Software Market, GW Edition/Seminar, Computer Business, Commodore Magazine; lly: Computerworld tala; Jap; Computerworld Japan, Perso ComWorld; Mexico: ComputerworldiMexico, GompuMundo; Netherlands: CW Benelux, Micro! Info; Norway: Computerworld Norge, MikroData; Saudi Arabia: Saudi Computerworld, Singapore: The Asian Computerworld; Spain: Computerworld? Esparia, MicroSistemas; Swede ComputerSweden, Mikro-Datorn, Min Hemdator; United Kingdon Computer Management, Computer Business Europe: United States: Computerworld, Hot CoCo, In-Cider, InfoWorld, jr, Macworld, MICRO MARKET WORLD, Microcomputing, PC World, PCr World, Run, 73 Magazine, 80. Micro. ia Printed in the United States of Ameri Cope. ©1984 PC World Communications, Inc Sees | MacWork/MacPlay Lon Poole acWork/ MacPlay is a gallery of ideas for home and business on the personable Macintosh. Lon Poole, author of the popular Apple II Users Guide and “Get Info” columnist for MacWorld, brings you 24 original projects for using the Macs most popular application software: MacWrite, MacPaint and Microsoft Multiplan. Practi- cal...inventive...and loads of fun. $18.95 Available: August MICRGSOFT. PR ES: S Microsoft Press Presentation Graphics on the Apple® Macintosh" Steve Lambert step-by-step guide to using Microsoft's extraordinary Chart pro- gram. Even if you have no previous computer or graphics experience, you can create dazzling presen- tation graphics for corporate and professional use ina matter of only minutes. $18.95 Available: June Presentation Graphics} MACINTOSH The Apple® Macintosh™ Book Cary Lu ary Lu observed the creation of the Mac first- hand and takes you behind the scenes with this compre- hensive guide to how the Mac and its software work. You see exactly what you get —all in the friendly, visual style of the Mac itself. A unique insider's view of this historic advance in com- puter technology. $18.95 Available: Now 10700 Northup Way _ Bellevue, WA 98004 Available wherever fine books are sold. Dont buya spreadsheet A lot of electronic spreadsheets can't cover your needs. They just dont go far enough. They can't adapt to the way you think. They speak in eae (/GF$, /R, /S#S), instead of English. Time for Microsoft® ‘s Multiplan” the high energy spread. Software that's rich with understand- 4 ing. Full of high performance _g capabilities 4 for Apple’ ( IL, Ill or Macintosh" ™ Multiplan = loves you as you are. Other spreadsheets force you to learn how ~~ they think. Multiplan learns how you think. It remembers the way you work. Anticipates frequent commands. Even offers suggestions on spreadsheet set-up. Multiplan not only uses English commands, it allows you to create formulas in English. Instead of typing mysterious coordinates like H54—L73 = BK154, you can simply name worksheet areas: Sales—Costs = Profit. Multiplan can link data in different spreadsheets. Make a change on one, and every related one is changed. that spreads too thin. And if you have been working with VisiCalc? Multiplan can read its data files and teach it new tricks. Like how to set up variable column widths and sort data. The wish list. Only arc has engene Multiplan Application Programs that work wi | =» you to design and build MIC RSSOFT. custom spreadsheets for Budget Analysis or Financial > Statement Analysis in minutes. Not hours. Not days. Small wonder Microsoft gets more performance out of a spreadsheet. We designed the MS-"DOS operating system that tells the IBM” PC how to think. And our BASIC is the language spoken by nine out of ten micro- computers worldwide. To get the best spread call 800-426-9400 (in Washing- ton State call 206- 828-8088) for your nearest Microsoft dealer. Now featuring Multiplan at a reduced price: $195. Kearney Rietmann More Than the Sum of the Mac’s Parts The people at Apple who cre- ated the Macintosh have left a personal stamp on both its. hardware and software. In- cribed inside the Mac's case, for example, are the signatures of the people on the develop- ment team (see “Macworld View,” May/June). When you open MacPaint, an author credit—“MacPaint by Bill Atkinson”—appears briefly on the screen. And the first time I chose the About MacPaint op- tion, I was pleasantly surprised to see a MacPaint portrait of the person who wrote the program. A program seems more per- sonal when you know some- thing about its creator. I won- der if some day we'll choose our computers and our soft- ware by who the hardware de- signer or the programmer is. We select books and designer clothes because we like their creator's personal stamp, SO why not computers and programs? Just as Apple has its Macin- tosh development team, at Macworld we have what we call the “Macworld Task Force,” made up of six (sometimes seven) people: me, the Editor; Associate Editor Daniel Farber; Editorial Manager Janet McCandless; Assistant Editor Adrian Mello; Editorial Assistant Erfert Nielson; and Copy Editor July/August 1984 Jeffrey Bartlett. When we're lucky, we can count on the s enth member of the Macworld team, Andrew Fluegelman, our Editor-in-Chief. Macworld readers know his writing from “Word Processing's New Look” (Premier issue) and “The Com- pleat Disk Juggler” and “Explor- ing Microsoft Chart" (May/June issue). Daniel Farber was one of the first people to start working on Macworld. When you need tips for working with the Mac, he one of the best to ask. Having a background in literature and that the Mac changed his view of computers. He had kept his distance from other computers, but working with the Mac he has realized that computer technology can be shaped to meet the needs of people. Dan advises Mac owners not to assume that they can be- come experts on the computer ina few hours. He compares exploring the Mac to learning a foreign language. You can quickly learn enough vocabu- lary and grammar to develop “ Ils” in a language, survival skills but the ability to express your- self in all its nuances comes only with extensive practice in real-life situations. Dan be- lieves it’s worth the effort to get to know the Mac insicle out; that y you'll learn how to adapt it more creatively to your work style. researches and writes “Mac- world View,” keeps track of arti- cle ideas and assignments, and handles various administrative tasks such as paying authors. Janet predicts that the Mac will change the ways its owners work and think. To her, the Mac’s transportability means that the boundaries between home, business, and educa- tional computing will dissolve. People will use the computer at the office or at school and then take it home with them. Janet hopes that people who have Macs at home will com- municate electronically with other Mac owners and with large data bases and informa- tion services. She thinks that people don’t even realize yet the extent to which the per- sonal computer will alter the y communities create and distribute information. tant Editor Adrian Mello its Macworld arti- cles. His article on AppleLine appears in the State of the Art section of this issue, Adrian thinks that Macworld supple- ments the Mac's design philos- ophy of ease of use. The Mac has confirmed Adrian's belief that computers should be adapted to suit human beings, instead of the other way The Macworld editorial staff takes a five-minute break between issues. Left to right: Adrian Mello, Janet McCandless, Kearney Rietmann, Jeffrey Bartlett, Andrew Fluegel- man, Erfert Nielson, Daniel Farber. around. He appreciates that the Mac’s creators designed com- puter technology to match people's work and recreation habits. ‘To Adrian, the Mac's most im- pressive feature is the user in- terface, which makes it easy to switch from one program or application to another. Because the commands for one pro- gram function like those for other programs, people can go right to work with new soft- ware. This feature will encour- age people to buy more soft- ware and try more applications than they might if they had to learn command. cedures for Having a B.A. in Fine Arts from the University of Colorado and five years of experience copy editing computer books, Editorial Assistant Erfert Niel- son is the perfect curator for the “Macworld Gallery.” To pre- pare the Gallery, Erfert chooses 8 to 10 MacPaint drawings from the 50 or so submiss! she receives for each issue. After making her selections, she contacts the edits their descriptions of the techniques they used in their drawings. She hopes that Gal- lery readers not only enjoy looking at the drawings but try to incorporate the techniques in their own MacPaint docu- ments. Erfert also oversees: “Macware News” and “World ind when magazine “aw near, she lends a hand at copy editing. ‘To Erfert, the Mac is a practi- cal computer, but it also con- veys a lighthearted spirit. She has found that Mac owners are an enthusiastic group of people who enjoy using their comput- ers. Working at Macworld gives Erfert an opportunity to ex- change information with mem- bers of the Mac community. Jeffrey Bartlett is Macworld’s Copy Editor. A former college teacher who has a Ph.D, in En- glish, Jeff is qualified to edit Macworld articles, doing quick rewrites and checking gram- mar, spelling, punctuation, and other points of style. He notes that just as the Macintosh has a standard user interface for each program, Macworld has a “house” writing style; part of his job is tailoring articles to fit it. Jeff thinks that the Mac en- courages teamwork at the mag- azine. Our list of upcoming ar- ticles (called the status sheet), for example, is kept on disk in a MacWrite document. The edi- tors make changes to their printed copies of the status sheet as they progress in writ- ing and editing articles. Peri- ‘ally, someone updates the disk and circulates printouts of it to the other editors. Because Macworld authors write their articles on the Mac and send them in on disk, Jeff does some copy editing right on the disk. After the editing is finished, the disk is turned over to the maga- zine’s telecommunicators, who send the article electronically to the typesetter. For even the best computers, people provide the insights and creative applications that make the machine successful. A com- puter, a program, or a magazine is more than just the sum of its parts. The product reflects the combined efforts of all the people who make it. 0 Kearney Rietmann is the Edi- tor of Macworld. Before join- ing the Macworld team, she was the Editor of Special Edi- tions for PC World. Macworld 9 David Bunnell thousand Sinclair 1000s before suddenly discontinuing them, and Texas Instruments sold about a million TI 99/4 home computers before abandoning the line. In this business, 2 standard is set not by quantity but by the ability to generate a software base—which is im- possible in 3% months. Now that the deadline has passed, the Mac can proceed with the business of carving its initials on the industry's wall by meet- ing users’ demands with a vari- ety of peripherals and applica- tions software. As of now, the Macintosh is not flawless: it is too much lim- ited by its current memory and disk storage capacity to main- tain the rampant interest it has spurred. For a 32-bit computer, the Mac’s functional operation in many ways falls short of being the promised sweetheart of the industry, Just getting a disk to eject takes an eternity and is often baffling—and irri- tating—to anyone who has previous personal computer experience. Mac owners are adaptable and patient to a cer- tain extent, but until these problems are solved, the com- puter is on questionable ground. The emerging success of the Mac is reflected by the steady increase of new product adver- tising in Macworld and by the amazing amount of Macintosh software development. The first product wave should hit in the fall, when we can expect a mul- titude of software introduc- tions from developers who were fortunate enough to ob- tain Macintoshes before the nnouncement. By Janu- 7 1985, there should be at least 100 serious application 12 July/August 1984 programs running on the Mac. The number of programs is a truer test of the Macintosh’s. longevity as a new standard than is the number of Mac sold by May 3. If there aren't at least 75 application packages by the end of 1984, the ge mination effort will have failed and Apple can forget it. Along with software devel- opment, we need to see hard- ware improvements, including the ability to use the Mac with a letter quality printer. Jobs claims that Apple is listening to the marketplace. If this is true, the Mac has the potential to be great—512K of RAM, Steve, please! As publisher of Macworld, naturally | have confidence in the Macintosh; | expect its cur- rent deficiencies to become merely bac memories— trashed along with the Radio Shack TRS-80 cassette tape file storage system. We believed that the Mac was a safe gamble the first day we saw it, and our faith remains fervent. To coin- cide with the impending flood of Mac enhancements, Mac- world will be published on a monthh beginning with our November issue. This in- creased pace will help keep our readers aware of new prod- ucts as well as new ideas as the Mac matures. Meanwhile, those of us who purchased Macs during the first 100 days have something to be proud of: we are pioneers who. have worked through the initial criticisms and doubts to build the foundation for the Mac dream. Perhaps someone should establish a 100-day club—with membership lim- ited to those who can prove they purchased a Macintosh before May 3, 1984, 0 A data manager without simplicity is like a sportscar without wheels It will get you nowhere fast. Unless that program is easy to master, you might never get it into first gear. Main Street Filer Takes You Where You Want to Go Test drive the MAIN STREET FILER and you'll see that it offers you every- thing your business needs for informa- tion management, from data storage and retrieval to custom report genera- tion and personalized mailings. The FILER’s beauty is in its ease of handling, maneuverability, and de- — pendability. It’s menu-driven, so it’s — easy to learn, If you need help, each screen shows the page number of the manual on which that screen is ex- plained. Once in operation, the FILER allows you to move quickly from one application to the next. Its index sys- tem eliminates sorting, giving you in- Let the Main Street Filer and Mac- intosh put you on the fast track! | ee | MAINSTREET Available for Macintosh, registered trade- mark of Apple Computer, Inc. Also available for CP/M 2.x, registered trademarks Digital Research, Inc.; PC DOS, registered trade- rp.; MS DOS, registered Le The highest c squall case built specifically to carry your Macintosh” Computer. Now your Macintosh Computer can leave your home or office fully protected and in style. The MacTote computer case is clearly the finest carrying case manufactured especially for your Macintosh Computer, and for a number of easy: ‘to-see reasons: Padded pouch for mouse; 2, Open pouch for manuals or notes; 3, Open, padded pouch for keyboard; 4, Side handle for easy carrying and stability; Padded, Velcro handle (no snaps); Padded, non-slip shoulder strap; Zippered pouches for disks or accessories on both sides of case; Zippered pouch for accessories, modem, cords, etc.; 9, Padded pouch for disk drive, and extra padding to protect Macintosh’s screen; Reinforced bottom fully supports and distributes weight of Macintosh; Heavy-duty metal zippers. Optimum Computer Luggage has extensive experience in making top-of-the-line totes and accessories and MacTote is the latest in a long line of beautiful and functional luggage. Made of long-wearing and completely water-resistant Cordura, MacTote gives you every feature you'll ever need for carrying your Macintosh and peripherals. Another attractive feature is MacTote’s low price, which makes it even easier to pick up and carry away. Call today for the dealer nearest you so you can get a MacTote for your Macintosh. Who says you can't take it with you? Call (619)287-2886 Or in CA TOLL FREE (800)632-4200. OPTIMUM COMPUTER LUGGAGE Finest Quali Doesn't Have To Cost More. 4445 Fiftieth Street San Diego, CA 92115 sh isa trademark licensed to Apple Computer, Inc ia trademark of Optimum Computer Luggage. Circle 34 on reader service card Introducing OMNIS from OSC. Powerful, progressive, friendly. Three powerful, upgradeable database programs take you from file management to a sophisticated relational /hierarchical system. OMNIS* 1, OMNIS 2, and OMNIS 3, The new family of database software that grows with you. From basic file management to sophisticated information management. From applications development through comprehensive database management. OIVINIS. The File Manager. An easy-to-use entry level product with HELP screens, Ideal system for a variety of file management tasks, Full calculation capabil- ity, Comprehensive report facility with stan- dard, built-in letter/mail merge. Upward file and data compatible with OMNIS 2 and 3. The OMNIS trio offers more power, more features than other leading database pack- ages costing much more. Each OMNIS program is upward compatible. And each is easily upgradeable—you pay only the difter- ence in program cost plus a handling charge. OMNIS. The Information Manager. A sophisticated information management system. Capable of advanced error check- ing on data entry via a wide range of logical functions and operators. Multiple update and delete facilities. Upward file and data compatible with OMNIS 3. Supports hard disk systems and multi-user operation on local area networks. OMNIS 1, OMNIS 2, and OMNIS 3 are available for IBM" PC, IBM XT, Apple IIE, Apple Ill, DEC”, Sirius, Sage, and Apricot microcomputers. OMNIS 2 and OMNIS 3 are also available for Macintosh” and Lisa” OMINIS. The Database Manager. A com- plete database management system. Sup- ports up to 12 open files at any time, Oper- ates as a relational or hierarchical database system. Flexible screen and report formatting and user-defined entry sequences allow screen overlays, custom messages, and menus, Can generate complete turn-key systems. Supports hard disk systems and multi-user operation on local area networks. Compare the OMNIS family, Europe's best-selling microcomputer database software, with these database products For more information, contact Organizational Organizational Software Max. Built-in Customized Retail | Records | Fields per}Open| char. | Letter/tabel [Calculation | menus & | User DIF Multi-user| price | pertile | record | files|perrecord| merge fields messages_| interface | compatible | Hardware | _LAN OMNIS 1 $95 | unlimited 120 1 3000 yes yes no menu yes 1,2,3,4 yes PFS-File” 120 32k 32 1 1600 no no no menu no 1,2.3,4 no PFS-Report 120 -0- -o- | -o [ -o no |Report only no menu no 1.2.3.4 no. OMNIS 2 195__|untimited* 120 1 9600 yes yes no menu yes 1,2,3,4,5,6 yes Database Manager Il 295 |unlimited"| 40 1_| 2400 no yes no menu yes 1.2 no DB Master" App. | 350 | 250K 100 1 1020 no yes no menu yes 3,4 no 'eM | 595_| 100k 250 1_ | 3000 no yes no menu no 12 no OMNIS 3 295 | unlimited | 1440 12 25000 yes yes y menu yes 1,2,3,4,5,6. yes: dBase"! 695 65K 32 2 | 1000 no yes yes comm yes 1,2,3.4 no CONDOR"3 650 64K 127 6 | 1024 no yes no comm no 1,2,3,4 no R:BASE* 4000 495 | unlimited | 400} 40 | 1530 no yes yes menu yes 12 no “Limited only by disk capacity Chart compiled from published information AREER rtrrtenteeteetenrentetente 1-1BM PC 4—Apple Ill I ORDER FORM I 2—IBM XT 5—Macintosh 1 Please rush more Information. I 3—Apple HIE e—Lisa O Please rush: ___ OMNIS 1 program(s) I I —_— OMNIS 2 program(s) ____ OMNIS 3 program(s) 1 | iCheck/MO enclosed $______(Add $3.50 per H I program for delivery and handling.) Computers, | GVISA DO MasterCard Acct, No, : . . I Expire: Signature. 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Circle 22 on reader service card Letters A Critical Eye Congratulations on your early issues. | found Macworld #1 more useful and practical intro- duction to the Macintosh than several of the hurriedly pub- lished books now on the mar- ket. Overall, however, your premier number was too “cheerleadery:” You say that you're not affiliated with Apple Computer, but your breathl tone of approval makes one wonder, 1 hope that future issues will take a more balanced and criti- cal point of view toward the Mac. It is by no means a perfect machine. The helpful article on its tedious disk swapping pro- cedure [“The Compleat Disk Juggler,” Macworld, May/June] isa step in the right direction, Vicki Marasco Dalla Printer Problem Your tutor’s verdict on the lim- ited state of printing on the Mac [“Imagewriter or Nothing” in ‘Get Info,” Macworld, May/ June] is all too true. I need let- ter quality output from a printer; probably many other people do too. High resolution on the Imagewriter is good, but it’s still dot matrix, and anyone can tell that from letter quality. Tl bet I'm not the only one who's holding off on buying a Mac until I see evidence of compatibility with daisy wheel printers. 1 like what I've seen at my Apple dealer and in your maga- zine, but I'm puzzled by some obvious lapses in planning for the Ma e in everyday ap- plications. Jobn Poindexter Valdosta, Georgia Apple has plans to support daisy wheel printers in the near future.—Ed. Programming is Work So far you have shown us the Mac’s flash and its attractive- hess to people just starting to use computers. But you know, the Macintosh is not meant to be a home computer like the Apple 1, it's too expen- sive for that. The Mac will re- quire a wide range of practical applications to make ita real SUCCESS, aS: well as program- ming languages. What I want to. know is, will development lan- guages be available in the near future? Will you cover them in detail? Ultimately, the Mac will have to put those good looks to work, George Graves San Jose, California The Mac is ready to get its hands dirty, and so is Mac- world. As of press time, Micro- soft BASIC, Macintosh Pascal, and MacFORTH are in retail stores. For our coverage, see “Macintosh Pascal Preview” (Mayijune].—. Arrested Development I'm impressed by Macworld, its layout, and the computer un- ying it. However, your $4 price seems a bit steep. I think that the basic Mac is a litle short on RAM. The lack of color may prove to be more of a drawback than expected. And one can't be pleased with Lon Poole’s observation [The 64K Treasure Chest,” Macworld, Premier issue] that “most se- rious programmers will write Mac applications on a Lisa de- velopment system.” If so, all but the major software developers will be prevented from enter- ing the game at this time. Patrick Banchy New York City To Buy or Not to Buy Apple has a fine computer in the Macintosh. Their marketing strategy, however, seems de- signed to foster high levels of buyers’ remorse. After carefully surveying the options, I decided that the Mac is the machine I want. I w ady to pay cash and carry it home. But not so fast! | was. quickly made aware of an al- location scheme and a delay of 4 to 6 weeks. 1 made a down payment and prepared to wait. Very soon, some dealers began to bundle software (MBASIC or Multiplan) imo the price, and the local univer- sity announced that a deal had been struck with Apple to sell Macs to their students indivi- dually for $1100. Realizing how unstable the pricing was, I cancelled my order and got my money back. I may still purchase a Macintosh, but for now I will watch until 1 have an idea of what it is truly worth. Better yet, | may wander over to the university Robert A. Pekich Redmond, Washington Macworld 19 Letters An Infinite Mistake I was very surprised to see that Bill Gates, Chairman of the Board of Microsoft, doesn’t know wh turing machine is. Turing machines are one of the foundations that theoretical computing science is based on. By definition, such a machine has infinite memory, and for all practical purposes (though not literally) one may assume that computers are equivalent to turing machines. Rico Micallef Vancouver, Britis Columbia A number of readers pointed out that a turing machine was incorrectly described as hav- ing a finite amount of mem- ory in “Polishing the Mac” [Maeworld, Premier issue]. We misquoted Bill Gates, who knows well that a turing ma- chine has infinite memory. —Ed. Paint Correction In Jeffrey Young's article on MacPaint [“MacPaint: The Elec- tronic Easel,” Macworld, Pre- mier issue], there seem to be discrepancies in the wording of two procedures. On page 58 (second paragraph, third line), command key” should read “Option key.” Four lines later, “by selecting an object” should have “with the lasso” added to it. If L select an object with the rectangle, the procedure doesn't work. John Guar Morgan Cit) ‘0, J Louisiana One Man's Boycott I purchased a Mac recently, along with all the available soft- ware. Apple's software is fabu- lous, even better than I pected. Microsoft BASIC is very useful, despite some minor flaws, and Medtiplan seems to wor cept for bugs. However, Microsoft's copy-protection defeats the Macintosh concept of ease of use. You can make copies, but to use one you must insert the master disk each time you start it up. I returned Medltiplan and de- manded a full refund. I will not purchase any Microsoft prod- ucts—nor those of other soft- ware firms—that use copy- protection schemes. | urge everyone purchasing software to buy only items that can give them the freedom and flexibi ity to copy and back up their in- vestment of money and time, Andrew A. Koran Bartlett, Tennessee few A Vote for the Mac Ina few months of existence, the Macintosh has received a great deal of attention. Some people call it the greatest in- vention since the telephone and say that it will revolutionize the computer industry. Others say it's severely limited and nota serious machine. Their com- ments seem as confusing as a political debate in which the candidates sling mud at each other and never address the real issues. 20 July/August 1984 The only way I could find out if the Mac was any good was to try it myself I did, and came to the conclusion that it’s a terrific machine. And by the way, Afac- world has done well to stay out of the squabble of pros vs. cons—just keep giving us the facts. Ed Verde Fort Lauderdale, Florida Multiplan Blamed A purchased a Macintosh in Feb- fer studying the market carefully for six months. One of my primary needs was spread- sheet analysis. When I used Mi- crosoft's Multiplan on the Mac, 1 was sold. Everything worked fine until I went back to a Mudtiplan fi- nancial program | had set up a few days previously. To my d may, a bomb with a lit fuse ap- peared on the screen with the message, “A major system error has occurred”: the world’s easi- est-to-use computer doesn’t have decipherable error codes. To make matters worse, only the option to restart the dis would worl It took two weeks for my dealer to figure out that Mzdlti- planw t fault. Here Lam with a $3500 investment that won't do the work | bought it for. Another case of getting the product out before it ready. Asa consolation, | am using MacWrite with great success; the Mac itself is a wonderful tool. It's too bad that Microsoft has tarnished the image alre: Michael H. Moore Richmond, Virginia Apparently, you experienced the same problem as a num- ber of other users. Microsoft has fixed it in the updated ver- sion (1.01) of Multiplan, which is being sent free of charge to all owners who returned their registration cards. If you are still using version 1.00, follow the procedures listed in tiplan Warning” [ Macworld, May/June), Microsoft encourages users who have problems that can't be solved by product docu- mentation to call their help hotline, 206/828-8089. You may also send a description of the problem to Attn. Micro- soft Product Support, Micro- soft Corporation, 10700 Northup Way, PO. Box C-97200, Bellevue, WA 98009.—Ed. should be mailed to Letters, Macworld, 555 De Haro St, cO, CA 94107, or sent electronically to CompuServe 74055,415 or Source STE9OS8. ( ClickArt. AClassic Addition to Macintosh Software. Art for the Rest of Us ClickArt™isn’t software you have to learn. It’s a file of art, ready for use on demand. Click. Michelangelo's David appears on the screen. Add a fig leaf, It's simple. Looking for something more contem- porary? Choose from a collection of cars, skylines, cartoons, animals, arrows, borders — over 100 drawings for use with MacPaint™ or MacWrite™ Professional artists created the images so that you don't have to. Enlighten your Macintosh You'll have to admit that part of the reason you bought your Macintosh is to have fun with it. ClickArt makes it even more fun by taking : full advantage of the great graphics of the Macin- tosh and showing offits power. Available NOW To find ClickArt, don’t go to. a museum. ..yet. Go to your local computer dealer. If you already have a copy of ClickArt, you'll be happy to know that more ClickArt products are on the way. And the best part is— adding ClickArt to your collection costs a mere $49.95. That's a small price to pay for a classic, ClickArt Personal Graphics Jor the Macintosh ‘T/Maker Graphics 2115 Landings Drive Mountain View, CA 94043 415/962-0195 WB Taher Grapes ‘Macintosh sa trademark lensed 1 Apple Computer, tne MacPaint and MacWnte are trademarks of Apple Computer, ta. ClickAntisa trademark of T/ Maker Company sy N You can use the drawings as they are, or use them as a starting point for your own cre- ativity. Add excitement to your party invitations, announcements, flyers, or spruce up your reports with illustrations and symbols. ClickArt is for people who have the creative urge to draw but lack the time, patience or experience to produce good illustrations. ClickArt gives the non-artist (or impatient artist) the ability to produce a masterpiece. Point, Click, Create Have some fun moving, shrinking, expanding, distorting, altering, adding, deleting. Add words, add borders, and combine different images. And watch your personal, school or business communications come alive. Circle 29 on reader service card Introducing a pocketful of miracles. It's the new BASF Qualimetric™ 3.5" Micro FlexyDisk” Its name is a lot bigger than its size,and alotsmaller than its capacity—one astounding me; byte. Our new Micro fits into more than shirt pockets. Itfits into several of the hottest new small portable personal computers—like Apple™ Computer's new Macintosh™ and Lisa™ 2 and Hewlet-Packard’s HP-150 reen PC. The Qualimetric part is what makes our Micro FlexyDisk different from the others that will inevi- production, inspection, and testing, This stan- dard enables us to warranty the Micro for a lifetime* No more, no less. In addition, we certify that each bit of every byte on or between every track on each Micro FlexyDisk is 100% error-free. That's *Contact BASF fora copy of our warranty tably follow. Itindicates a new standard in design, because we know, while each Micro FlexyDisk may only costa couple of bucks, the hours and brain cells you put into itare priceles For those occasions when you need more than a pocketful of miracles, we provide a handy and virtually earthquake-proof5-pack. It's sized to slip easily into your briefcase, handbag, or backpack. Fora plethora of technical details about our new Micro FlexyDisk and even more important information on where to buy it, call toll-free. 1-800-343-4600. Celebrating 50 years of magnetic recording ai BASF WIBASE — Macworld View News and notes for the Macintosh community Edited by Janet McCandless Macworld View reports on new developments in Macin- tosh technology. We will cover items of interest to Mac users and predict industry trends, We talk with programmers and hardware developers, at- tend trade shows, and keep an ear out for Mac-related news. Macworld View welcomes con- tributions from readers. We'll pay up to $50 for the items we use. Please include your name, address, and phone number with your contribu- tions; send them to Macworld View, 555 De Haro St, San Francisco, CA 94107. Selling and the Campus The University Consortium Program is officially closed, its membership restricted to the 24 universities that committed themselves to the program be- fore the Macintosh was re- leased. But other colleges (and high schools) need not feel left out in the cold, according to Burt Cummings, Apple's pro- gram manager for university sales, Apple plans to continue to offer a special purchase agreement to universities, using a discount pricing sched- ule that varies with the extent of each university's commit- ment to the Mac. Apple's long- standing educational marketing program, which in the past has focused on the Apple I, will now also facilitate getting Mac into high school classrooms. There have been rumor the Consortium Program will produce a “black market" in Macs, with students buying cheap and selling expensive, or ends outside their buying for Burt Cummings says that Apple Computer bas faith in students. The University Consortium Program re- flects Apple's appeal to youth and experimental ideas. 24 July/August 1984 that university. Apparently, this s nario has not materialized. Each student is allowed to pur- chase only one Mac, and Apple believes that the student keeping and using them. Se eral industry-related nes that posed the question are re- ceiving a backlash of letters de- nying it. And ultimately, Cum- mings “We have faith in students, We expect a few bad eggs, but the students know this is an experimental pro- gram that they're privileged to be part of. They don’t want to see it jeopardized.” Because the university acts middleman (actually resell- ing to students the computers the school has bought from Ap- ple), it can monitor compliance with conditions of the pur- chase. As part of the sales agreement, each buyer is re- quired to sign a statement that he or she will not sell or lease the Mac for two years, AUsome schools, violators are subject to a large fine and expulsion from school. In addition, peer pres: sure may have an inhibiting e' fect on the black market. How would you like to see yourself identified in the student news- paper as the one who caused your school to be dropped from the discount program? Reports of dealer opposition to university discounts may also be premature. As one dealer told us, “We'll lose some of the initial Mac sales, but most of those people might not have bought a Mac otherwise, And it's to our advantage to haw -made market for the hardware and software from third-party manufacturers that will be coming out” Quality in the Box When it announced the Macin- tosh, Apple also declared its commitment to quality control, The company has attempted to follow up this policy as it has increased production to 1500 units a day, Atthe moment, Ap- ple seems to be falling short of its goal of “a less than 1 percent chance of defects” during each machine's lifetime. John Otterstedt, production manager at Apple's Fremont, California, factory, reports, “By industry standards, we're expe- riencing a failure rate of ap- proximately 2 percent, We have stopped shipment on some sy tems that didn't meet our high quality standards,” A recent problem involved discoloration of the CRTs, which were manufactured by a subcontractor, “We first saw it in the burn-in chambers,” Ot- terstedt says. “We shut down the production line to evaluate what we were seeing. As it turned out, the discoloration was related to the phosphorus in the tube itself” Apple culled the defective units and re- sumed production, To extend quality control procedures, the factory k tiated an “out-of-the-box” s tem chec! fe pull a random sampling of units, take them out of the box, plug them in, and use them as a customer would,” explains Otterstedt. In order to analyze the Mac's per- formance, the factory is monitoring feedback from dealers and customers. Even Apple's continuing efforts to strengthen quality control are little consolation to the owner of a Mac that mal- functions. If this happens, you must follow warranty pro- cedures and return the Mac to the dealer you purchased it from. Driver Bill Anderson poses with the Mac inside the BMW 331 that bis team took through the One Lap of America rally. The Mac helped the rally drivers calculate essential time and speed requirements. Coast to Coast and Back For a new generation of auto racers, Customizing a car in- cludes hooking up a power line toa Macintosh. Bob Weber, Bill Anderson, and Bill Hawk went to Otto's BMW for a 1984 BMW 7331, to Uniroyal for tires, and then to Perseus Systems Corpo- ration for a Maci Phey powered the Mac by running a line to it from the car battery and used a standard inverter to convert the battery's 12 volts DC to the 120 volt: (60 cy- cles) that the Mac requires. They used Multiplan to project their time and speed across the 8800-mile course of the One Lap of America rally that began in Darien, Connecticut, on s for the rally noted arrival times at checkpoints along the route. The drivers used the checkpoints to moni- tor their progress and to update their projections with actual odometer readings. “As we got closer to a checkpoint,” say Bob Weber, “we'd use the cal- culator to take readings of the odometer, the distance to go, and the time left. We then came up with the required speed and reported it to the driver” When asked why the drivers chose a computer over a hand- held calculator, Weber replied that the Mac offered more fle bility and power. The drivers could view the entire schedule on the Mac screen and update or even reprogram the work- sheet between checkpoints. In the next few years, rally parti pants may think no more of in- stalling a portable computer than many drivers today do of installing or removing c players. Lisa 2 and MacWorks One way to add muscle to Mac- intosh software is to run it on the Lisa 2. Now that MacWorks, the program that enables the Lisa 2 to run Mac software, has been released, Lisa owners can run applications that require up toa full megabyte of memory and take advantage of the Li larger screen. MacWorks ac- cesses the profile drive of the Lisa 2 and the hard disks of the Lisa 2/5 and Lisa 2/10. At press time, Randy Battat, Lisa product manager, indicated that a new version of the Lisa Office Sys- tem is also being developed. The update will offer func- tional enhancements to each application and more integra- tion between applications. Macworld = 25, Macworld View Mac Software Revisions As reported in our last issue, enhanced versions of the Mac- Write/MacPaint and System disks are now available at Apple dealers. During the upgrade period (May 15 through July 15), you can take your System and application disks to your dealer, who will copy the new versions onto your disks free of charge. The MacWrite/MacPaint disk now contains the Write and Paint applications, the System Folder, Disk Copy (which cop- ies an entire disk in four swaps), Empty Folder, and Sam- ple Memo, with 68K remaining Disk Copy Font Mover Fonts on disk. The System disk in- cludes System Folder, Disk Copy, Empty Folder, Font Mover, and the Fonts file. Another new enhancement is Set Startup in the Special menu, which enables you to en- ter an application immediately instead of selecting it from your desktop and waiting for it to Special Clean Up Empty Trash Krase@ Hisk Set Startup The Set Startup command allows you to specify a startup applica- tion other than the Finder (such @s MacPaint or MacWrite), open. You begin by selecting an application and then choosing Set Startup. You will go directly into the application the next time you start up the disk. If you want to start your disk from the Finder, open the System Folder, select Finder, and then choose Set Startup. Copying an entire disk has. been simplified by the addition of a new application called Disk Copy. This application has its own icon and is filed in the Sys- tem Folder, When you open the application, you are prompted to insert the disk you wish to copy in the drive. Four disk swaps transfer the information from one to another. Apple has been redesigning the Write/Paint fonts. The re- sults include cursive and pic- torial fonts, new font sizes, and a Fonts file to store fonts you seldom use. Now you can opti- mize available disk memory removing fonts from the Sys tem file (the file that conta the fonts you see when you open an appli n) to the Fonts file. In the new release, San Francisco 18 and ‘Toronto 9, 12, 14, 18, and 24 have been moved from the System file to the Fonts file. Font sizes 10 and 20 have been added to the Sy tem file for the Geneva and New York fonts. When you open the Fonts file, you will find, in addition to the fonts moved from the S| tem file, a new font size for New York (36) and two new fonts. The first new font is a cursive font, Los Angeles. The second is a pictorial font, Cairo, All the options in the Style menu can be used to customize pictures produced by Cairo. By using the Font Mover and the Fonts file, you can stream- line your application disk by as signing to the System file the fonts you use most frequently. 26 JulyAugust 1984 in System file Font Mover in Fonts file Disk Space: 5344 bytes Athens-18 a Help Cairo-18 *Chicago-12 Los Angeles-12 [_] *Geneva- 9 F<<cop yc] Los Angeles-24 Geneva-10 i New York-36 *Geneva-12 San Francisco-18 Geneva-14 Toronto- 9 Geneva-18 S| Quit Toronto-12 Name: Cairo Point size: 18 MP ye * required for system use You can move fonts from the Fonts file to the System file and vice versa. This feature enables you to customize your disks and optimize Los f{ngeles SSS The latest in trendy typefaces for the Macintosh is named for Tinse! Town—-tlos Angeles. Of fo @ cursive font, and leaks best i 12 ar 24 pOlAT. cor merasring racute, Wy asing the Style mend OPPons 7a enhanee ite appearange. abedefghi jkimnapgrstavw xyz 1234567890 ABCDEEGHIIKLMNOPARSTUVW XYZ is, copy both the Font Mover and Fonts file onto your application disks. If you copy the Font Mover and the Fonts file to your MacWrite/MacPaint disk, remove the Paint file be- finished with the font selec- tions, you can copy the Paint file back onto your MacWrite/ MacPaint disk from your Mac- Paint disk. While this may in- volve additional disk swaps, it will ensure that you have enough memory available to change fonts in the System file. You can also obtain a Paint disk reconfigured to allow more available memory (135K) for Paint documents. The disk includes MacPaint, System Folder, Empty Folder, and Disk Copy. MacPaint also has some new features, which are de- scribed in "Stepping into the Paint Bucket” in this issue. The new version of Mac- Write offers superscript and subscript options in the Style menu, Apple has replaced the Show and Hide Header and Footer commands in the For- mat menu with Open, Display, and Remove commands. The new commands clear up confu- sion about which command to use to enter or edit text in the header or footer, or to display or remove the header or footer from the document page. Mac owners will also dis- cover that the style options called from the keyboard are now toggle switches. These enhancements are de- bed in the new edition of the Macintosh owner manual, available at your dealer for $9.95. 0 © a ae % Bo EA GES Bt & x 8 GB 5 ao < o =) o c=] wo a al oO ae eS ~ x c yu b n m f ‘ / we SO © @2@ HT =F ¢# Bt @ = w S$ oY MacWrite’s new pictorial font Cairo offers a potpourri of special charac- ters. The font looks best in 18 point, as shown here. This is also the order in which characters appear on the keyboard. Macworld 27 INTRODUCING File/Print Edit Type Style Display Search [cE | 1954 calendar Wednesday/Hide Julian Dates 1:00PM 3:35PM Thursday 10:10AM Confirm UltraTerm purchase order. 1:30PM Production report due at 5:00PM today. 5:00PM Desktop Calendar production Friday et (tes Set Alert... Show Julian Dates Se CO GISEUSS; Set Holidays Toolkit Clear Holidays March 15, 1984 meeting. March 16, 1984 Vacation starts. .. Desktop Calendar for your Lisa 2 Desktop Calendar, a new tool for the Lisa 2, will im- prove the way you work because it helps you manage your time. Your're an important person. Working hard to get the job done. But what happens if you get so involved in your work that you lose track of time? Missing an im- portant appointment or meeting can mean disaster. If you put the times and dates of all your important appointments and meetings into Desktop Calendar, it will automatically remind you of them in time for you to meet your commitments. Once you place Desktop Calendar on your electronic desktop, you can use your computer to write a letter, recalculate a schedule, prepare a financial statement, or use any of the Lisa Office System Tools. At the proper time Desktop Calendar will interrupt, reminding you of your appointment. Circle 42 on reader service card Talking on the phone to an important client? Want to know all the dealings you've had with them for the last three months? Desktop Calendar will search through its electronic notebook and tell you. Want to know the address of an important business contact named ‘JONES’? Desktop Calendar will tell you that too. Desktop Calendar is more than just a calendar for your computer. It will also keep track of appointments, hold addresses for easy reference and remind you of important events, even when you are busy working with another tool in the Lisa Office System. Desktop Calendar will be available third quarter 1984 from Videx. 1105 N.E. Circle rvallis * OR 97330 503 758-0521 Megahaus proudly introduces the first of their many new software products to work hand-in-hand with Apple's Macintosh. MegaMerge. MegaMerge is a mail-merging program that turns Macintosh's ‘MacWrite’ into a powerful home and business word processor, And it’s available right now! With MegaMerge and MacWrite working together, you'll be able to: @ Print hundreds of form letters to everyone on your mailing list. @ Print all your mailing labels. @ Include standard “boilerplate” in all contracts, letters, reports and other documents, Now if that didn't sound like enough for you, MegaMerge will also hain. your Macintosh documents together with ease. Go ahead. Print as many documents as you wish as if they were one. Since MacWrite is sold with nearly every Apple Macintosh, ask your nearest dealer for MegaMerge. It'll work wonders for the Macintosh...,and your business. We'll even shake on it, iT rape pd, aaa = ergy fs ran aati 5703 Oberlin Dr./San Diego, CA 92121 "oa ‘ Phone (619) 450-1230 MegaMerge- EE Introducing MACWORLD The Macintosh Magazine The Exciting New Magazine for the World’s Most Creative Personal Computer—the Macintosh At Special Charter Subscriber Rates Save Up to 54% Off the Newsstand Price* (*when you subscribe for 3 years) Personal computing took a giant leap into the fu- ture when Apple introduced the Macintosh. We've created Macworld as your passport into this in- credible new realm of computing. Each issue we'll bring you everything you need to explore and get the most out of your Macintosh. From the latest product news to innovative business applications, from amazing graphics to personal productivity tools and games, each issue of Macworld will be packed with interesting, practical, readable informa- tion written by skilled, perceptive writers. Each month we'll be creating a Macworld com- munity; sharing ideas, problems, and creative solu- tions while we explore the world of Macintosh together. So why take a chance on missing a single exciting issue? For a limited time only you can subscribe to Macworld at special Charter Subscriber rates of only 4 $24 for 1 year (12 issues) That's a savings of 20% off the regular $30 subscrip- tion rate and 50% off the newsstand price! And you can save even more by subscribing for 2 or 3 years at Special Charter Rates. Don’t Wait...Subscribe Today and Save! Special Charter Subscription Offer Save 50% off the Newsstand Price! dag Newsstand 53d Regular Subscription Rate $24 Special Charter Offer Order Now to Take Advantage of This Limited Time Offer! VISA and MasterCard Accepted! Call TOLL FREE: 800-247-5470 (in lowa 800-532-1272) Macworld will be published in May, July, and September 1984 and will begin monthly publica- tion in November 1984. I ACCEPT! Please send me Macworld, the Macintosh magazine. CO Please Bill Me [ Payment Enclosed Please Send Me: [J 12 issues/$24 [] 24 issues/s46 [1 36 issues/366 Name Company Address: City, State, Zip Please allow 6-8 weeks for delivery of your first issue, Outside the U.S. subscriptions must be prepaid in U.S, funds, Outside the US, and Canada add $1 per issue for surface or $5 per issue for airmail, 43M3032 I ACCEPT! Please send me Macworld, the Macintosh magazine. (1 Please Bill Me [) Payment Enclosed Please Send Me: [1] 12 issues/$24 [1] 24 issues/$46 LD) 36 issues/866 Name Company Address City, State, Zip Please allow 6-8 weeks for delivery of your first issue, Outside the US. subscriptions must be prepaid in US. funds. Outside the US, and Canada add $1 per issue for surface or $5 per issue for airmail, (JM3032 I ACCEPT! Please send me Macworld, the Macintosh magazine. C Please Bill Me [J Payment Enclosed Please Send Me; (J 12 issues/$24 [] 24 issues/$46 (1) 36 issues/$66 Name Company Address City, State, Zip Please allow 6~8 weeks for delivery of your first issue. Outside the U.S, subscriptions must be prepaid in US, funds. Outside the US. and Canada add $1 per issue for surface or $5 per issuc for airmail, 33032 BUSINESS REPLY CARD FIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 79 BERGENFIELD, NJ POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE, Maeworld Subscription Department PO. Box 20300 Bergenfield, New Jersey 07621 BUSINESS REPLY CARD FIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 79 BERGENFIELD, NJ POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE Macworld Subscription Department P.O. Box 20300 Bergenfield, New Jersey 07621 BUSINESS REPLY CARD HIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 79 BERGENFIELD, NJ POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE Macworld Subscription Department P.O. Box 20300 Bergenfield, New Jersey 07621 NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN, UNITED STATES, NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN, UNITED STATES NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IP MAILED IN, UNITED STATES, MACINIVS® PRIMER The Apple Macintosh Primer ee William B Sande Here’s the easiest way to get qos \ and business applications. Plus acquainted with the Apple aie Wa special chapters on MacPaint Macintosh Computer!* The and MacWrite. Written in concept. The mouse. Menus. plain English, The Apple How to set up and use the sys- ‘i * Macintosh Primer has every- tem. How Mac can help you in Ww “Ais cy Hains you'll need to become home, school ae aes : MacLiterate! The most out of our minds. Datamost, Inc., 20660 Nordhoff St., Chatsworth, CA 91311. (818) 709-1202 Circle 25 on reader service card “Apple is 3 trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Macintosh is a trademark licensed to Apple Computer, Inc. The following is a chapter excerpted from The Apple Macin- tosh Book by Cary Lu, published by Microsoft Press. Lu had the op- portunity to go bebind the scenes, talk with the designers and pro- grammers, and work with the Macintosh during its creation. The result is a step-by- step guide to using the Mac. From mouse to menus and from sav- ing files to managing windous, his book covers every aspect of the new machine. § Getting Started: Communications Communications Primer Cary Lu Computers can help make your work easier and more efficient, and they should make exchanging work with others easier and faster, too. With a telephone line and the proper hardware and software, you can connect your Macintosh to public information services, data bases, electronic mail services, and other personal computers equipped with the proper hardware and software. What You Need To use your Mac to communicate with another computer, you need: ®@ Communications software, such as MacTermi- nal from Apple. ® A modem. Many modems work with the Mac; make sure that the communications software you choose is compatible with the modem. @ A telephone line (nota party line). You will also need information, called commmu- nications parameters, about the computer and the modem you want to communicate with. The first pa- rameter to consider is the baud rate: the modem's op- erating speed (300 or 1200 baud in most cases.) Baud rate measures how fast information is transmitted. For these modems, 300 baud means a data transmission rate of 300 bits per second (bps), and 1200 baud means 1200 bps. One baud is one change or modulation per second; at the common 300- and 1200-baud rates, one baud corresponds roughly to one bit per second. (This isn't always true; several bits can be coded into a single modulation.) Depending on the exact data-link layer protocol, 300-baud transmission carries 25 to 30 char- acters per second, and 1200 baud carries 100 to 120 characters per second. Although the baud rate can be continuously var- ied in some , the computer industry has settled on several standard speeds. If you use modems to communicate, they must operate at a common speed. For computers wired directly together, you can select the highest speed permitted by the equipment and the length of the wire; the longer the wire, the slower the speed. If in doubt, start at a slow speed and incre; the speed until you encounter errors, then decrease one speed step. Critical Parameters After setting matching baud rates, both computer operators must also agree on these other dlata-link layer parameters: © Character width: the number of bits that make up each of the characters being transmitted (seven or eight); also called data bits. © Stop bits: the number of bits that mark the end of each character, so that the computer knows when one character stops and another begins. Either one or two bits signals the end of a character. © Parity: a simple means of error detection that adds an extra bit; parity can be even, odd, or none. A single parity bit lets the communicating computers de- termine if there is a one-bit error in the received sig- nal. If both computers use even parity, the computers independently add up each bit in each character. If the sum is even, the sending computer adds a parity bit of 0; if odd, the parity bit is 1. Either way, the final sum is always even. If a one-bit (or three-bit) error occurs, the sum is no longer even. A two-bit error is not de- tected since the sum remains even. Odd parity works the same way, except the sum is always odd. What the receiving computer does upon encoun- tering a parity error depends on the software, The par- ity bit detects an error, so a program can signal for re- transmission when it receives a parity check—if the sending computer is set up to recognize the signal. (continued on page 38) Macworld = 35 IB Getting Started 36 Modem Methodology July/August 1984 Many Macintosh owners will find that they need a modem. Modems converta com- puter’s digital signals into modulated audio tones that travel on a telephone line, Mo- dems also do the reverse, demodulating audio tones from a distant computer and modem back into digital form. (Modem is a contraction of modulator/demodulator, See "The Mac Connects” in this issue for more information about Apple's modem, ) The Apple Modems Apple has produced both 300- and 1200-baud modems for the Mac. Most per- sonal computer owner ve used 300- baud modems, which transmit 25 to 30 characters per second (cps). Thirty cps is slow, taking a minute to filla Mac screen with characters, or up to 12 minutes to fill it with graphics, Despite the slow transmis- sion speed, 300-baud modems have been popular with computer hobbyists because of their prices, which range from $50 to $300. Higher speed modems use more ex- pensive components; 1200-baud models cost from $300 to $900. Unless you are on a very tight budget, 1200-baud modems are worth the extra money, They operate four times as fast, transmitting 100 to 120 cps. Most 1200-baud modems, including Ap- ple's, also operate at 300 baud. Compatibility among the many mo- dems and communications schemes avail- able is an extremely complex subject. For now, it is enough to say that Apple modems use the same signaling frequencies as other personal computer modems sold in North America, so different modem brands are compatible as long as they operate at the same baud rate. A modem protocol specifies details such as which audio frequencies carry the information. All 300-baud modems use the Bell 103 protocol; most modern 1200-baud modems, including Apple's, use the Bell 212A protocol. Bell Laboratories originally set the standards and gave the protocols Avoid other 1200-baud pro- st in North Ameri In addition to setting the correct mo- dem protocol, you must make sure several other layers of protocol are compatible. The Apple modems operate only asynchronously; they do not support syn- chronous communications. Modem/Software Compatibility The Apple modems contain control circuitry that can dial phone numbers, check the phone line, and hang up. To take advantage of these features, your commu- nications software must send instructions to the modem. The Apple modem’s in- struction set is similar to, but not com- pletely compatible with, the Hayes Smartmodems, which are among the most popular in the personal computer industry, The similarity will create considerable con- fusion because software for the Apple mo- dem may not necessarily work with Hayes Smartmodems and vice versa. (This com- patibility problem affects only the com- mands between the software and the mo- dem, not modem-to-modem compatibility. ) Well-designed communications soft- ware includes installation procedures for different types of modems. If you buy a non-Apple modem, make sure that it wor! with your software; as always, be wary of compatibility claims. Many companies swear that their modems work just like an- other modem, but they don't. Connecting the Modem Whenever possible, the modem should connect directly to the telephone Jine through a modular jack. If your phone connection at the wall uses a four-pronged plug, buy a high-quality adapter plug; the cheap adapters aren't reliable. Modems should not be connected to party lines. The computer link is disturbed if another person on the line picks up the telephone, and in case of an emergency the other person cannot ask for the line. Some telephone convenience features such as call waiting and forwarding that produce an audible sound may interfere with com- puter links. You may want to disconnect these features from your phone. When you travel, you may not be able to connect your modem directly to the phone lines available to you. You will have to resort to an acoustic modem with cups, which is a small microphone and speaker that fit over a standard telephone receiver. Acoustic modems are less reliable than di- rect connect modems such as Apple's be- cause of noise and other problems. Use a direct connect modem whenever possible. Line Quality The efficiency of modem communica- tions varies with phone-line quality. Mo- dem connections for local calls generally work satisfactorily, but long-distance calls frequently run into problems from noisy lines. You may find that some long-distance services have noisier lines than others. Line quality also varies with the time of day; during peak periods the lines have more cross-talk (leakage from other con- versations) than at night. In addition, the lines of some inexpensive long-distance services do not carry information at 1200 baud. If you have trouble at 1200 baud, try another line or switch to 300 baud and try the transmission again. Dialing The Apple modems and most other modern modems include automatic dial- ing and answering, so you can dial the tele- phone number from the Macintosh key- board (or use numbers stored on disk) and the receiving modem can automatically an- swer the call, Take care to turn off your modems automatic answering feature when you're not telecommu: ‘ing; other- wise a person calling will be greeted by an irritating, high-pitched tone. The Apple modems dial either tones or pulses; you select one depending on whether you have touch-tone (tone) or ro- tary-dial service (pulse). If the dial tone does not stop when the modem starts dial- ing numbers, find out if your telephone service can handle touch-tone dialing, If so, find a way to reverse the red and green wires of the phone line. Making Connection When you initiate a call, your modem operates on originate frequencies and the receiving modem on answer frequencies. The two frequencies let each party send in- formation simultaneously without interference. Apple modems contain internal speakers that enable you to hear the con- nection until it switches over to data com- munications. With two 1200-baud auto- matic answering modems, this is the exact sequence: ® Your modem dials the other modem. © The other modem answers the line with a 300-baud answer tone. @ Your modem responds with a 1200- baud phase-modulated originate tone. @ The other modem answers with a 1200-baud answer tone. © Your modem switches to data mode and disconnects its speaker. If the remote modem is a 300-baud unit, it does not respond to your modem's 1200-baud originate tone, and your modem switches back to 300-baud. Ifa person an- swers the phone, pick up an ordinary tele- phone to talk and hang up the modem electronically, To ensure smooth communications, you will probably find it handy to have a second phone line over which you can talk to the person operating the other com- puter while you set parameters. Once you have established a link, store all the param- eters. Unless the line conditions change, the connection should be easy next time. Macworld 37 BB Getting Started (continued from page 35) © Duplex: at 300 and 1200 baud, most phone links use full-duplex mode, which means that information can be transmitted between two computers simul- taneously. With a full-duplex link, the two computers use a different frequency band. ‘To ensure that both computers don't use the same band, one computer is set to the originate band, the other to answer. It doesn’t matter which computer is set to which band, as long as both sides agree. With most modems and soft- ware, the person who makes the call originates. With a half-duplex link, information travels in only one direction at a time. The line can be reversed with signaling codes, but frequent reversing slows down the transfer rate. If the application calls for mainly one-way transfers, there is no loss of transfer speed. @ Echo: when you communicate with a remote computer, how do you know that your characters are being received? With full-duplex and echo, each char- acter you send out is returned to you (echoed) by the distant computer. Echoing is only practical with a full- duplex protocol (because it takes too long in half-du- plex), but not all computers operating with full-duplex can echo. S888 Connect your modem to the Macintosh and to a telephone jack. When a telephone line is noisy, echoed characters are occasionally garbled. If the remote computer does not echo, your computer must generate the characters on your screen (called /ocal echo). If all your charac- ters appear doubled, turn off local echo; if you don't see anything, turn on local echo (some software con- fuses duplex with echo). Secondary Parameters For other da layer parameters, Communic: tions are more efficient if sender and receiver agree. If the messages are sufficiently receiver is willing to rework the received information later, complete agreement is not absolutely necessary. These parameters include the following: @ Handshake: a way for the receiving computer to tell the sending computer to pause (these signals are called XON/XOFF, clear to send, and none). This pa- rameter is not always needed for short messages or files. If the two computers do not agree on the hand- shake, portions of long files will be lost. Asending computer sometimes transmits data faster than a receiving computer can accept, but hand- shaking can overcome this problem. The receiving ma- chine sends a signal to the sending machine, which 38° July/August 1984 then stops transmitting until it receives another signal. Handshakes help when the receiver must write the transmitted information to disk. Unfortunately, many senders do not recognize handshakes: @ Line ends: in its internal files, the Mac uses a carriage return to indicate a move back to the left mar- gin and a one-line paper advance. Some computers distinguish between a carriage return and a line feed and require both, Communications software for the Mac should add line feeds to carriage returns if neces- sary and strip incoming line feeds when accompanied by a carriage return. If these steps aren't taken, you may see double line feeds in some cases, and the re- ceiving party may see your lines write over previous lines. © Filters and pauses: for some communications systems, you must remove certain characters, or spu- rious characters will appear on your screen. Some re- ceiving computers require a short pause at the end of each line to allow them to process the line. Getting Ready to Communicate ‘To prepare to communicate, connect your modem to the Macintosh and to a telephone jack according to the instructions in the modem manual. Insert the ations program disk into the disk drive. set-up instructions vary among commu- nications programs, although the general set-up pro- cedures are similar; the following instructions apply to Apple’s MacTerminal. Set the communications parameters. Choose the appropriate baud rate, character width, parity, and handshake. If you have control over the setting of both the sending and receiving machines, the choices of charac- ter width, parity, and the others aren’t important as long as the two computers agree. If you are communicating with an information service for the first time and don't know i - eters, start with: 8 data bits no parity XON/XOFF hand- shake. This combination often works. Enter the terminal type. If you don’t know the type, start with TTY or VT52. The wrong choice leads to problems only if the other computer expects you to. have full-screen editing or other features not com- monly used in the average personal computer commu- ications link. When you have selected all the parameters, enter the telephone number—for example, 555-1234—in the dialog box. If your phone line requires you to dial 9 first, enter 9555-1234. If you normally wait a moment to get a second dial tone after you dial 9, enter a comma after the 9 (9,555-1234); the comma inserts a two-second pause in the automatic dialing sequence of Operators, Credit Card Calls & PBX Whenever possible, you should make mo- dem connections to other computers purely electronically. An automatic dialing modem, for example, should call an auto- matic answering modem. In some cases, you may need to start the link through an operator. A typical procedure might be: Dial the phone number manually through an operator. ® When the operator answe ur range for a collect or credit-card call, @ Wait for the connection to be completed. © If the call is collect, the answering party must accept the charges. ® Arrange with the other party to switch to data mode. @ Switch together to data mode. You may not always have to dial through an operator for credit-card or al- ternative long-distance service calls. The exact procedure varies depending on the area, but you normally do one of the following. For a credit-card call (touch-tone dial- ing services only; not available in all areas); ® Dial 0 and the complete long-dis- tance number. ®@ After two or three rings, you hear an acknowledgment tone. ® When the tone sounds, dial your credit-card number. (If you wait, the spe- cial tone stops and an operator comes on the line.) For an alternative long-distance se: ice call: ® Dial a local access number. @ After two or three rings, you hear an acknowledgment tone. ®@ Dial your account number. ® Dial the complete long-distance number. To perform the entire dialing pro- cedure with an automatic dialing modem, you must time the delay between comple- tion of dialing and the beginning of the ac- knowledgment tone. For Apple modems, insert a comma into the dialing string for each two-second delay required. If you dial from inside a company through a private branch exchange, for ex- ample, the dialing string 9,02135551234,,,.1222-5551111 instructs the modem to: © Dial 9, and wait two seconds, allow- ing time to receive an outside dial tone (the Apple modem does not detect d tones ). © Dial 0-213-555-1234, indicating to the phone company that you are’ making a long-distance call with ance (even though you will not actually use an operator). ® Wait eight seconds, long enough for the call to clear the phone company’s ex- change, ring the operator twice, and get an acknowledgment tone, @ Dial 55-1111, the credit-card (calling-card) number during the acknowl- edgment tone. The operator will not come on line if the card number is dialed at this time. For the exact sequence, consult your modem and communications software manuals, You can change between pulse and tone dialing as required, Mueworld 39 IB Getting Started an Apple modem or a Hayes Smartmodem; for longer delays, use more commas. You can put in hyphens to make your number more legible; the modem will ig- nore them. Make sure no one else is using your phone line. The Apple modem and other modems connected di- rectly to a computer and a phone jack don't need a tele- phone for operation. You may; however, want to keep a telephone connected to the line for voice communi tion, when the modem isn’t in use. The Connection Itself With the preparation out of the way, you are ready to make the connection with the other computer and start transmitting data. Instruct the program to dial the phone number. The Apple 300 and 1200 modems contain speak- ers, so you hear the modem dial the number and then the shrill answering tone from the other computer's modem. Your modem then switches autor from voice mode into data mode and silen film producer for When you have finished communicating, instruct the program to hang up. With luck, all your transmis- sions will work correctly and you can enjoy computer communications. 0 ooo a Cary Lu is an Exec- utive Editor of High Technology maga- zine. He has worked as an independent me Street,” asan associate producer for “NOVA,” and as th nce and technology adv The Children’s Television Works) Sueeeeeoeee MacTerminal Apple Computer, Inc. 20525 Mariani Ave. Cupertino, CA 95014 800/538-9696, in California 800/662-9238 List price: $99 dem’s answering tone, hang up the phone. If you hear someone's voice, pick up a telephone and talk to the The Apple Macintosh Book person before hanging up. Cary Lu Once the two computers are connected, whatever Microsoft Press, Bellevue, Washington, you type at the Mac keyboard ansmitted to the r 1984 mote computer. For many computer systems, you must send a Return or a 3 -c—sometimes more than one— to elicit a response. 383 pages; $18.95 Announcing... MacLine The monthly newsletter for the Macintosh. Informative. Provides a complete and up-to-date list of Macintosh soft- ware and hardware with price guide- lines. Saves you valuable shopping time in choosing the most appropriate applications for your needs. Brings you incisive and well-edited reports written by Macintosh system experts. SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER YES, please zend me 12 igsuez of MacLine for otly $24 (20% off the regular rate of $30). If lam ungatizfied after receiving my first newsletter, my money will be promptly refunded. O$24 check enclosed. C1] Bill me at $26. Timely. Delivers the most up-to- Mame date product information of any Address City State _ ZIP monthly publication. Offers pre- release news of many products to help you plan your future buying decisions. Pleaze mail to MacLine 218 Leland Avene Metdo Park, CA 94025 40 July/August 1984 Circle 41 on reader service card ST IS LABELED BY APPLE . AGAIN. First we were certified as the diskette duplication service available for autho- rized Lisa™ software developers. Now our Software Publishing Service is Apple-endorsed to copy Macintosh™ software. And not only are we certified to copy Macintosh microdisks, but we use the only automatic microdisk duplication system available today—ours. We offer top quality, high-volume, fast turn-around software services for Macintosh software developers. This includes everything from copying to packaging and shipping. With our 6 years of expertise and unmatched quality in the diskette copy- ing business, it is no wonder Apple labels us among the best—we are. Get involved with quality, give MST a call today. Media Systems Technology 16950 Armstrong Ave. Irvine, CA 92714 Phone: (714) 863-1201 or outside CA 1-800-443-8515 MST Media Systems Technology, Inc. Circle 17 on reader service card AAs yh I want to get involved with Quality... Contact me about your introductory offer for diskette duplication for Apple Macintosh... Name. Company. Address. City. State. Zip. Mail to: Media Systems Technology, 16950 Armstrong Ave. 4. (714) 863-1201 or outside CA 1-800~ MAIO R54 y arks of Apple Comput rk licensed to Apple Cor Apple and Lisa Macintosh isa t ater, Inc Get Info Macworld’s tutor answers questions about using the Mac Lon Poole 42 This column answers ques- tions about the Macintosh and how it works. While it seems certain that most inqui- ries will center on working with applications, no topic is too elementary or too ad- vanced. Expect to see discus- sions ranging from setting up the Mac to programming in BASIC and Pascal. Next time you have a question about using the Mac, drop me a line. This issue’s column explains some of the Mac's idio- syncracies. Two readers were puzzled by the seemingly strange behavior of the “startup” disk. Another reader wants to know how to salvage files on a corrupted disk and how to initialize a disk that the Mac refuses to accept. And sev- eral readers were curious to know the esoteric interpreta- tions of the error codes that ap- pear when you get a “serious system error” dialog box. July/August 1984 Startup Disk Q. I'm confused. When I have two disk icons showing on the desktop and I want to put the original disk icon in the trash to free up memory, the Mac tells me I can’t, because it’s the startup disk. But I can eject that disk, insert another, and open an application from the second disk. Then when I quit the application and go back to the desktop, the original “startup” disk icon is gone. Why can the Mac throw out the startup disk if I can't? Matt Brosten Chicago, Illinois A. The first disk you insert after switching on the Mac is called the startup disk. When the Mac needs information about fonts, dialog boxes, alert boxes, which commands to list on a pull-down menu, and so forth, it goes to the startup disk. Furthermore, the contents of the Clipboard, the Scrap- book, and the Note Pad are stored on the startup disk. Without that information on the startup disk, the Mac desktop could not exist, so the Mac does not let you remove the startup disk icon. When you open an applica- tion that resides on a disk other than the original startup disk, the new disk takes over the startup disk's responsibilities, and the original startup disk loses its status as startup disk. Later, when you quit an applica- tion, the only disk icon the Finder leaves on the desktop is Can't throw away the image of the startup disk. This alert box shows that you are prohibited from deleting the startup disk, without which the Mac desktop couldn't exist. Opening an applica- tion on another disk makes that disk the startup disk; then you can de- lete the icon for the original disk icon. the current startup disk icon. nder also automatical removes any other disk icons that were on the desktop be- fore you opened the applica- tion. Vanishing Scrapbook and Note Pad Pages Q Ihave MacPaint and Mac- Write on different disks. I made several drawings with Mac- Paint and saved each one in the Scrapbook. Then I quit MacPaint and started my Mac- Write disk, intending to paste the drawings into a report. When I opened the Scrapbook in MacWrite, my drawings were gone! What happened to them? Bernard Harrison Anabeim, California A. The Note Pad desk ac- cessory stores its eight-page scratchpad in the Note Pad File, Likewise, the Scrapbook desk accessory stores all clippings on disk in the Scrapbook File. Every disk can have its own unique Note Pad File and. Scrapbook File documents, with contents different from the files that have the same name on other disks. Neither of the two desk accessories, however, shows a dialog box with an Eject button that would allow you to access Note Pad or Scrapbook items stored on an- other disk. Both the Note Pad and the Scrapbook use the startup disk’s Note Pad and Scrapbook Files by default. You started up your Mac with a MacPaint disk, which made it the original startup disk. When you copied and pasted some drawings to the Scrapbook, they were stored in the Scrap- book File on the MacPaint disk. Later, when you opened MacWrite from a different disk, that disk became the startup disk, The Scrapbook File from the second startup disk was opened when you chose Scrap- book from the Apple menu. If you want access to the Scrapbook File from a disk other than the current startup disk, you must copy that Scrap- book File to the current startup disk before choosing Scrap- book from the Apple menu. To do that, first rename the Scrap- book File on the startup disk (for example, “Old Scrapbook File”). Next, eject the startup e Sorry... A serious system error has occurred. You may choose to restart the system or attempt to resume the current application. 1D = 02 The Mac's ominous error alert box appears for many different reasons. The “ID” number at the right is keyed into a code that explains the na- ture of each error, but most users won't have a clue to what it means. disk and insert the disk that has the Scrapbook File you want to copy. Drag the Scrapbook File icon into the startup disk. The Mac will display dialog boxes that advise you to swap disks several times. That's all there is to it; the same procedure works with the Note Pad File. Bomb Error Codes Q e What do the numbers mean that appear in the dialog box with the bomb icon? Sonia Ellison Baton Rouge, Louisiana A. Mac software is supposed to wear a bulletproof vest, but occasionally something you do sneaks a bullet through an armhole at just the right angle, stopping the Mac dead. When you stump the Mac, it displays the “serious system er- ror” alert box—the one that shows a bomb icon in the up- per-left corner and a myste- rious number in the lower-right corner. These numbers trans- late to equally esoteric phrases. In most cases only someone who is intimately familiar with the program code for the Finder or the particular ap- plication software understands why a code might have ap- peared. But for the curious, the table labeled “Error Codes” lists interpretations for num- bers 1 through 56. Macworld 43 \ Get Info PEL EL ETE TCT V eee: Error Codes 1 bus error 2 address error 3 illegal instruction 4 zero divide 5 range check error 6 overflow 7 privilege violation 8 trace mode error 9 line 1010 trap 10 line 1111 trap (breakpoint) 11 hardware exception error 12 unimplemented core routine 13 uninstalled interrupt 14 VO core error 15 segment loader error 16 floating point error 17 package 0 not present 18 package 1 not present 19 package 2 not present 20 package 3 not present 21 package 4 not present 22 package 5 not present age 6 not present age 7 not present 25 memory full 26 bad program launch 27 file system map trashed K ran into heap 29 none 30 disk insertion error 31 no disk insertion 32-56 memory manager errors 44 Resurrecting Disks Q Something happened to one of my disks so that I can’t use it at all. If | try to boot up with the disk, or if] try to in- sert it after starting up with a different disk, I get a bomb er- ror and have to restart. The disk used to work fine and it has some important docu- ments on it. Can it be saved? If not, can it at least be reused? Richard Ashemskii Boulder, Colorado A. The problem you describe occurs when the Finder loses track of what the desktop should look like. Normally the Finder knows which docu- ments and applications are pre- sent, what their icons look like, and where the icons are lo- cated on the desktop. I 9 re- members the names and loca- tions of folders and the contents of each. The Finder keeps two copies of all this in- formation, one in memory and one on disk in a hidden Desk- top file. Every time you change any of this desktop information, the Finder records the changes in memory and should send them to the Desktop file on disk. But for expediency, not all changes are immediately recorded on disk. Instead they may be held until a sufficient quantity accu- mulates, when the whole batch is written to disk at once. If the Mac’s power is shut off before the changes are written to the disk, the Desktop file is not updated. Even worse, if the power goes off while the changes are being written, the Desktop file may be corrupted. Usually the Finder recognizes a corrupt Desktop file and dis- plays the alert box with the message that begins “Repairing this disk. All Folders were lost...”. When you click the OK button, the Finder constructs anew Desktop file. July/August 1984 At times, however, the Desk- top file is so corrupted that the Finder rebels and you get a “se- .“alert box. When this happens, the Finder can usually recover if you tell it to ignore its desktop record and construct a new one. To do that, hold down the Option and 8 keys while you Magic Finger Simply by pushing the pin inside the disk drive after ejecting a disk, you can reinitialize a disk that would otherwise be permanently ruined. start the Mac with the wounded disk. Release the keys when you see the menu bar. The Finder reconstructs the desktop from a list of docu- ments and applications on that isk. The document lis pendent of the Finder's Desk- top file. Furthermore, the doc- uments and applications. contain information describing what their icons look like, which the Finder also uses. Folders, however, are not stored anywhere except in the Finder's Desktop file. If that file becomes garbled, the folders will be lost. Should the Finder be unable to resurrect a disk, you can probably still reinitialize and reuse the disk by fooling the Mac into thinking you have in- serted a brand new disk. To do that, eject any disk that is in the drive, and with your finger, carefully and gently press down the little black pin located just inside the disk slot on the right side (see the figure labeled Magic Finger”). You will hear the disk motor whir faintly. A few seconds later, the Mac will display its “This disk is unread- able...” dialog box. You can now insert the disk you want to re initialize and click the Initialize button. Be careful to insert the correct disk at this point be- cause initializing a disk erases all the data on it. Jmportant: The serious sys- tem error alert can occur for many different reasons. Use the $€-Option key sequence to re- cover only if you cannot restart the Mac any other way. If you use the keys indiscriminately, you may needlessly lose your folders. You can forestall about 90 percent of the desktop file problems if you always eject the disk before switching the Mac off; all the information in memory will be written on the dis Send your questions to Get Info, Macworld, 555 De Haro St., San Francisco, CA 94107. Lon Poole is a Contributing Editor of Macworld and the author of several computer books including The Apple I Users Guide and MacWork/ MacPlay, forthcoming from Microsoft Pre pull ib $39 at finer software stores everywhere e @ @ © al bd | | em] (| || [s Isl ie Tl Sal itl [| |< LS [>] Ps) Bisiosie ro [BE [| | D ¥e] [65] b=] [Qe el 8 3) [©] [Ke] [K. A Clip Art Treasury \ fei for the Macintosh. with MacPaint. We you first laid eyes on that fish in the scrap- book file th ith your Mac, didn’t Seer ile that came with your Mac, didn’t you wish for a whole disk full of such clever illustrations? decree QEEENRPDEHRDEHOODD Well, now there is such a disk—Mac the Knife. It’s chock full with over 500 useful illustrations, borders, icons, and maps... all in convenient MacPaint files. And every file has its own unique set of textures. MILES COMPUTING, INC. 7136 Haskell Avenue / Suite 300 / Van Nuys, California 91406 / (818) 994-7901 Om lr itediratv«i Mont it ad are half their oviginal six. Mac the Kites. trademark teense to Milks Computing fre. Mavi’ Computer hn. Apple, te Apple logo. and Mac Paint ave trademarksof Apple Comper Inc Circle 37 on reader service card & State of the Art: Communications The Mac Lines Up i with Mainframes Adrian Mello The phrase mainframe computer conjures the image of a cavernous air-conditioned vault that houses monolithic cabi- nets covered with panels of flashing red lights and spinning tape reels. The picture of giant machines attended by men in white coats is a far cry from the cozy environment of the Mac- intosh. A typical IBM mainframe costs millions of dollars, has perhaps 10 megabytes of RAM, and can store gigabytes of data; the Mac costs about $2500, has 128K of RAM, and can store 400K on a single disk. Setting a Mac next to a mainframe is like parking a Volkswagen next to a locomotive. Some IBM 370 series mainframes are 15 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 6 feet high; the Mac is 11 inches long, 10 inches wide, and 14 inches high. Corporations and other large organizations use main- frame computers to handle huge amounts of information. A large bank, for example, may use a mainframe to keep rec- ords of all its customers’ accounts and transactions. Most of the bank’s employees never see the computer that they use every day to check balances and enter deposits and with- drawals. They do see terminals on their desks that serve as command posts for controlling the mainframe. 46 July/August 1984 aa State of the Art Figure AppleLine incorpo- rates the Mac into a mainframe network by making a coaxial connection to a 3274 communications con- troller performing lo- cal (as on the left) or remote (as on the right) communica- tions, Notice that the Mac can communi- cate with AppleLine from a distance by modem. Aterminal is a combination keyboard and moni- tor that looks like a personal computer but doesn’t store or process information. Some terminals, such as IBM 3278 terminals, also have extra function keys dedicated to commands like scrolling and cursor movement. Terminals used with IBM mainframes always hook up to a device called a communications control- ler with a coaxial cable (which looks like the cable used to hook up cable television). A communications controller works like a traffic cop, directing the flow of data between terminals and the mainframe. Many ter- minals can hook up to a single controller, just as many controllers can hook up to a single mainframe. The en- tire hierarchy of terminals, controllers, and other de- vices makes up the mainframe network (see Figure 1). 48° July/August 1984 Meet AppleLine Apple Computer recognizes that a large number of IBM mainframes are used by corporations, and Mac- intosh product developers see the importance of inte- grating the Mac into the mainframe environment. As different as the Mac and mainframe computers might seem, Apple has built a bridge between the two worlds, AppleLine, an external hardware device used with Apple's Mac7erminal communications software (see “The Mac Connects” in thi 1¢ for a review of the program), allows the Mac to work with IBM 370 se- ries mainframes in two ways. First, AppleLine enables the Mac to operate on- line like an IBM 3278 Model 2 terminal and completely