MacWorld8409SeptemberOctober1984

. Canada $4.75 ~ rare Cece Disa il October 31984 De" ae MacDraw enables architects, : of engineers, and designers 2 to create professional-looking i graphics without the aid of en : »+ +++ “pencils, rulers, or mechanical ~~ ae Se Se eH a om drafting tools. . By eed : ‘ . pe | mEaK — 4 a [pte t ee oe "Enter the Wi) als |i $22,000 - oe eet eal a 3 Macworld ats’ Fe a Art Contes : , S| | ieee a iL ee = = s y £ + it , ; eneeneneoee enonenaann . Seeenenenes Meet the The Imagewriter. Chart and Multiplas : Macintosh - _ and Beyond - Team Up rd ae Game Wizards - PR Bs He a : i , : poisons Fre : : The end is near! For homeless printers. Dangling disk After November 19th, that is, drives. Misplaced manuals. And run- Until then, we're keeping our newest auvay mice. accessory under wraps. But if youd like to Because on November 19, we will reserve a copy of our free brochure, introduce a Macintosh accessory unlike any other, -3000, Dept. 201 (In Oregon or outside USA: Call 1-503-684-3000, Dept. 201) One that will organize you. Conserve precious desk space. And protect your valuable investment in hardware and software. While making you wonder how you ever used a Macintosh without it It’s the perfect Christmas gift for your Svante Mat sp “This is our suggested retail price, 2000 dealers favorite Mac owner nationwide set the actual selling price Which might very well be you! Macintosh andl Mac are traclemarks of Apple Computer, Ine By the way, we've saved the best news for last: You can take one home for just $95*! Tecmar Sweetens Macintosh with Hard Disk Power Mac Drive Tecmar’s Mac Drive gives youa 10 megabyte With Tecmar’s Mac Drive... fixed hard disk or a 5 megabyte removable hard disk. You can add a 5 megabyte e Your Macintosh runs much removable hard disk to either of the above. faster than with the built-in floppy. PeTRED e Mac Drive will provide up to 38 times eae MERE ‘ - more storage than floppies. e You can minimize the use of floppies. e You can access files and save time by loading programs from Mac Drive. e You can take your removable Mac Drive cartridge with you for added security. Tecmar Sweetens Apples™ Tecmar Inc. 6225 Cochran Road Solon (Cleveland), Ohio 44139-3377 Phone:(216)349-0600 Telex: 466692 Circle 14 on reader service card MACWORLD The Macintosh"Magazine September/October 1984 Getting Started 32 The Mac’s Special Keys 50 Daniel Farber A look at the keyboard options that help you perform unusual operations and bypass the mouse for choosing commands. 42 Get Info 60 Lon Poole Macworld’s tutor answers questions from readers about the Mac. 68 76 Review The Electronic Drafting Set Danny Goodman A thorough examination of MacDraw, the new program that aclapts the Mac's graphics capabilities to structured drawing. Three Faces of the Mac Bill Grout Three new products compete for the right to handle your business information and communications. Macware News Edited by Erfert Nielson Announcements of the latest developments in Macintosh software, hardware, and accessories. State of the Art The Imagewriter and Beyond Edited by Daniel Farber and Adrian Mello An interview with Owen Densmore, who helped design the Mac’s first printer and is working on the further evolution of Mac printing. What does this Yan- baru Tenaga Kogane have to do with the Mac? Find out in “Macworld View” on page 24. Hands On 88 Making a Case with Multiplan and Chart Steve Lambert Spreadsheet and charting programs team up to prevent a costly court battle. 101 The Mouse Will Play Mitchell Waite Presenting an action game, created on the Mac in Microsoft BASIC, that you can type in and play yourself. 106 Panda Kong Agonistes Mick Wiggins A legendary monster rises from the MacPaint palette; here's how to bring him into your world. 114 Open Window Edited by Daniel Farber An exchange of Macintosh discoveries. Community 120 The Wizards Behind the Screen Shay Addams A preview of some of the many games soon to run on the Mac, with comments from their designers and programmers. 131 Macworld Gallery Edited by Erfert Nielson An exhibition of Macintosh graphics, 14 17 24 136 Columns The Key to Great Mac Software David Bunnell Note Pad Michael McGrath Getting Down to Business Letters Macworld View Edited by Janet McCandless News and notes for the Macintosh community. Index Advertisers Index Photo/illustration credits David Bishop, 60-61; Ed Kashi, cover (inset), 34, 42, 76-77, 121-127; George Steinmetz, 9, 14; Fred Stimson, 26, 32-33, 88-89; Mick Wiggins, 24-25, 27, 107. Macworld 3. eoeeeeceece Take a tour of games being prepared for the Mac and see this “Mage” character from Wizardry (above) and his clever crea- tors, Andrew Green- berg and Robert Woodhead (below), in “The Wizards Behind the Screen” on page 120. IGSIGIGI CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-MAC ONLY Order Line: 1-800-622-6659 Order Processing & Other Information: 602-224-9345 Order Line Hours: Mon-Fri 8:30 - 5:30 Saturday 9 - 1 ‘* No Surcharge for Visa or MasterCard ‘* For Shipping & Handling Add $5.00 '* Send Cashier's Check or Money Order To ‘Avold Two Week Delay © Prices & Availability Subject fo Change ice (DATA BASE MANAGERS. Haba Sottware Hobadex.. Habodex Adopter . Living Videotex = $425 = as SPREADSHEETS. Microsoft ‘Multipion . LANGUAGES. Microsoft Basic . $99 MONEY MANAGEMENT Continental Software, Home Accountant $59 ENTERTAINMENT Blue Chip Software Zork | Ill in Transyivania. 20 ‘Maker Graphics Click art 32 ACCESSORIES BSAF Moc Disks § Pack . $9 Kensington Microware Diskette Box . 24 Dust Cover 9 Starter pack . 59 Surge Suppressor 35 Swivel Stand 23 Maxell Mac Disks 10 pack .. 35 Memorex Mac Disks 10 pack Micro Totes ‘Mac Sac (Carrying Case) Printer Soc (Printer Carrying Case). For Your IBM Software Needs Call Toll Free 1-800-IBM ONLY SEND FOR A FREE SUBSCRIPTION TO THE SOFTWARE ADVISOR NEWSLETTER EE) 9-84 Circle 55 on reader service card 4 September/October 1984 MACWORLD Editorial Editor-in-Chief: Andrew Fluegelman Editor: Kearney Rietmann Associate Editor: Daniel Farber tor: Adrian Mello Editorial Manager: janet McCandless Editorial Assistant: Erfert Nielson Copy Editor: jeffrey Bartlett Contributing Editors: Lon Poole, Jeffrey S. Young Art & Production, Associeue Publisher: Jacqueline Poitier Designer: Marjorie Spiegelman Art Director: Bruce Charonnat Senior Production Menager: Frances Mann Production Manager: Lee R. Trevino Editorial Production Manager: Ellyn Hament Associate Designers: Dennis Mcleod, Moni Design Associates: Darcy Blake, Molly Windsor-MeLeod, Donna Sharee Advertising Traffic: Clare Bouey horsnes Publishing & Sales Publisher: David Bunnell Ad Director: Rod Conklin National Sales Manager: Penny Righy Eastern Account Manager: Vincent Wwey Circulation Associate Publisher: Cheryl Woodard Director Single Copy Sales: George Clark Fudfillment Manager: Carma Winfrey-Nlaves Single Copy Sales Manager: Bill Cox Dealer Sales Manager: Mary Ruth Kristoff Communications Manager: Noreen A. Browning Special Projects Director: Susan Keller Administration Director: Janet McGinnis — Corporate PC World Communications, Inc Day Bunnell Chairman Bartlett R. Rhoades President Andrew Fluegelman Vice President Jacqueline Poitier Vice President Cheryl Woodard Vice President Volume 1, Number 4 September/October, 1984 Macworld™ (ISSN 0741-8647) is published 6 times a year: February, Mayne, July/August, September/October, November, and December by PC World Communications, Inc., 555 De Haro St.. San Francisco, CA 94107. Effective November 1984 Macworld will be published monthly, Subscription rates for the US. and Canada are $30 for 12 issues, $50 for 24 issues, and $70 for 36 issues. Canadian orders must be paid in US. funds, Outside the US. and Canada subscriptions must be prepaid in US. funds with additional postage at $12 per 12 issues for surface mail ‘or $60 per 12 issues for airmail. For subscriber service questions call 800/247-5470 (in lowa 800/532-1272) or write: Subscriber Services, 0, Box 20300, Bergenfield, NJ 07621. Application to mail at Second Class pending at San Francisco. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Macworld, PO. Box 20300, Bergenfield, NJ 07621 Editorial and business offices: 555 De Haro St., San Francisco, CA 94107, 415/861-3861 Macworld is a publication of PC World Communications, Ine. Macworld is an independent journal, not affiliated in any way with Apple Computer, Inc Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Macintosh is a trademark licensed to Apple Computer, Inc The following are trademarks of PC World Communications, inc: NotePad, Macware News, Open Window, Macworld Gallery Macworld View: Macworld is a member of the OW Communications/ine. group, the world's, largest publisher of computer-related information. The group publishes 55 computer publications in 24 major countries Nine million people read one or more of the group's publications each month, Members of the publication group include Argentina: Computerworld! Argentina; Asia. The Asian Computerworld: Nustealia Computerworld Australia, Australian Micro Computerworld Magazine, Australian PC World and Directories Brazil: DaraNews, MicroMundo: China: China Computerworld; Denmark: Computerworld! Danmark, Microverden. Finland: Mikro; France: Le Monde Informatique, Golden (Apple), OPC (IBM); Germany: Computerwoche, Microcomputerwelt, PC Welt, Software Market, WW EditiontSeminar, Computer Business, Commodore Magazine: Italy Computerworld tralia: Japan. Computerworld Japan, Perso ComWorld: Mexico: ComputerworldiMexico, CompuMundo; Netherlands: CW Benelux, Microsnfo: Norway: Computerworld Norge, MikroData: Saudi Arabica: Sateclé Computerworld: Spain: Computerworld! Exparia, MicroSistemas: Sweden: ComputerSweden, MikroDatorn, Sit Hemdator, Svenska PC World: United Kingdom: Computer Management, Computer News, Computer Business Europe: United Computerworld, Hot CoCo, In-Cider, InfoWorld, jr, Macworld, Micro Marketworld, Microcomputing, PC World, PGjr World, Run, 73 Magazine, 80- Micro. Printed in the United States of America ©1984 PC World Communications, Inc. How can you get your Macintosh. to print with a daisywheel, letter quality printer? By using the new Mac: Daisywheel: Connection.! From the team who wrote MacWriter comes a powerful application program that allows you to print your text with any popular daisywheel, letter quality printer. The new Mac Daisywheel Connection comes with the interface cable you'll need, the software program and a quick start-up guide. The application program is straightforward and maintains the visual fidelity of your file even when you mix text and graphics. The Mac Daisywheel Connection supports MacWrite and Multiplan and other Macintosh software products. The Mac Daisywheel Connection is as easy to use as your Macintosh mouse. Just point and print! The MAC: DAISYWHEEL - CONNECTION is now available through your local Apple Computer Dealer. List price $99. Or call toll-free: 1-800-MAC-5464 In California, toll-free: 1-800-421-0243 In Canada, direct-dial: 619-243-7993 Other quality products available from Assimilation Process: * Ten-Pack of blank 32” diskettes for your Macintosh $55 3%" diskette hanging file holder $6.50. iii mie Assimilation Process... Apple Computer and MacWrite are trademarks of Apple fac. Macintosh isa trademark licensed to Apple Computer Multiplan isa trademarkof Micro Soft+ Mac Daisy wheel Connectionisa trademark of Assimilation Process. Circle 68 on reader service card Apple’ new baby has Its called Macintosh: And it has a lot of our personality. Were called Microsoft And our part of Macintosh is five new programs that are bright, intuitive, outgoing, understanding and born to perform. Microsoft BASIC " Our pride, your joy. on Apple’s new Macintosh Taking advantage of Macintosh mouse and rich graphics, weve designed software that works like you, even thinks like you. = All our programs share [ds J the same plain English Microsoft Multiplan Microsoft Chart commands. So what once took days to learn, now takes hours or minutes to learn with Macintosh. Meet the family. Our financial whiz is MULTIPLAN; an electronic spreadsheet that actually remembers how you work. Even offers suggestions on spreadsheet set-up. When it comes to writing, nothing will travel faster than Microsoft and Multiplan are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Apple is a reyistered trademark and Macintosh is a trademark licensed co Apple Computer. Inc our best features. our WORD, available this Fall. Using the mouse, it will let you select commands faster than you can say “cheese” Our most artistic child will be CHART: Available late this Summer It gives you 42 presentation-quality chart and graphic styles to choose from. Later this year, welll offer our most manageable child, FILE, an advanced personal MICRSSSOFT. record management program. —_The High Performance Software And BASIC, the language spoken by nine out of ten “— microcomputers world- wide, is the granddaddy of them all. t | Now enhanced to take Microsoft Word Microsoft File fll advantage of the Macintosh mouse, windows and graphics. So call 800-426-9400 (in Washington State, Alaska and Hawaii call 206-828-8088) for the name of your nearest Microsoft dealer. enna — Sly ad Make Your Macintosh the Master of Ceremonies TRIVIA FOR THE MACINTOSH" Entertainment Software from Mirage Concepts Over 5000 TRIVIA questions and answers are packed into this dynamic new application of the worlds most popular parlor game. With TRIVIA by Mirage Concepts, your Macintosh becomes quiz master, score keeper and final authority...the perfect master of ceremonies for your next party. Available Now...at Apple Dealers and Software Stores Nationwide for Just $49.95 PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS © Over 5,000 Questions and Answers © 5 Categories — 3 Difficulty Levels For Information © Special “Genius” Section (800) 641-1441 © Variable Length Game In California, Call: * Use of Macintosh “Mouse” for Ease of Operation (800) 641-1442 * Screen Clock to Time Answers © Store Incomplete Games for Future Play ‘TM: Macintosh is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Circle 70 on reader service card David Bunnell The Key to Great Mac Software A landmark book on software design suggests that you go to the movies The wave of software that will establish the Macintosh as the next personal computer stan- dard is building up on the hori- zon. The element of suspense depends not on when it arrives but on the force and content of this concentrated introduction of application programs. A sig- nificant number of program- mers and software publishers is preparing software for the Mac, but a common complaint is that it is more complicated to write software for the Mac than for first-generation personal com- puters such as the Apple II, CP/M machines, and IBM stan- dard personal computers. While much of the problem lies in the technical aspects of dealing with the 68000 micro- processor's idiosyncracies, the Macintosh ROM, and the lack of development software (such as a C compiler), the Mac's new kind of user interface poses a creative problem as well. Its icons, pull-down menus, win- dows, and mouse represent a departure from the way most computers interact with people. When the IBM PC was introduced, much of the CP/M- based software could easily be transported to run on the PC. With the Mac interface, recod- ing existing software is not so straightforward. Obviously, the technical problems are not insignificant, but the real challenge facing software authors is the deeper understanding of the software audience that the Mac demands from programmers. Just as the Mac brings out the artist in people who use it, the com- puter requires people who pro- gram it to be artists first, and technical wizards second. I recently read a book which should become the bible of Macintosh software authors. Disregarding bits and bytes, The Elements of Friendly Soft- ware Design makes many won- derful suggestions about how to transfer the techniques of es- tablished communication arts, such as film and writing, to the new communication art of soft- ware design. The book’s author is Paul Heckel, who first be- came famous for developing the handheld Craig Language Translator. It is the first comput- ing book I've ever read non- stop from cover to cover. The main reason I endorse The Elements of Friendly Soft- ware Design so enthusiasti- cally is that it’s one of the few books I've read on any topic that actually delivers what it promises: in this case, the se- crets of writing successful soft- ware. “Writing easy-to-use soft- ware is a communication craft,” Heckel says. “The successful software developer will learn the techniques and thought processes of writers, film- makers, salesmen, teachers, Macworld = 9 David Bunnell journalists, and other profes- sional communicators. He will change from practicing an en- gineering craft to practicing an artistic one. ... The general reader need not be afraid that this book is too technical for him. Indeed, he has a distinct advantage over computer ex- perts. He has less to unlearn.” In his first chapter, Heckel identifies the problem facing most personal computer soft- ware authors. Although they are experts at communicating with computers, this is an “abil- ity substantially different from communicating with people” He then turns his attention to filmmaking, which he sees as the most appropriate commu- nication art for software au- thors to learn from, because it began as an engineering disci- pline and gradually converted to an artistic one. Heckel points out that Thomas Edison, who virtually controlled filmmaking in its early days, “stubbornly fought” people like Edwin S. Porter, who wanted to make narrative films. As engineers lost control, movies flourished. Porter fi- nally got his way in 1903 when hecreated The Great Train Robbery, the first film to tell a complete story. In Birth ofa Nation (1914), the pioneer D. W. Griffith became the first to use many of the basic tech- niques of filmmaking as we know it today—techniques such as the close-up, the moving shot, the fade, the cutaway, and the dissolve. Heckel goes on to compare this filmmaking evolution to the processes used in VisiCalc, the first breakthrough software program. By creating a pro- gram in which the results of an actionare instantly flashed on the screen, Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston will someday be seen as the D. W: Griffiths of software. 10. September/October 1984 Instant recalculation isn’t the only virtue of VisiCalc, justas filmmaking isn’t the only com- munication art from which to develop a programming style. VisiCalc’s visual effects indicate that its manufacturer Software Arts was aware that good sales- people and writers constantly use a variety of visual commu- nicators such as photographs, drawings, and charts. Faced with visual communication that describes rather than judges, people become less defensive and gain a greater sense of con- trol. People don’t want to be penalized for making mistakes, and they don’t want to feel helpless. Software is the key to giving power to the people- not to the computer. The Mac gives software au- thors a tool for creating pro- grams that are not only much more visual than those of the past but also much more inter- active. Paul Heckel’s book is “must” reading for Mac soft- ware authors, particularly those who aspire to write “the next VisiCalc.” For my money, it is probably more beneficial than attending Apple Computer's MacCollege-though it wouldn't hurt to do both. As Heckel re- ports, it was Albert Einstein who said, “Imagination is more important than knowledge.” 0 The Elements of Friendly Software Design Paul Heckel Warner Books New York, 1984 205 pages; $8.95 A Springboard For Your Imagination... Practical. . inventive. . .and loads of fun... MacWork/MacPlay is a gallery of ideas for home and business use on your Apple Macintosh. Lon Poole, author of the best-selling Apple // User's Guide and a leading authority on Apple technology, provides you with an inspired assortment of applications for today’s popular Mac software: MacWrite, MacPaint and Microsoft Multiplan. MacWork/MacPlay gives flight to your imagination with this collection of over 20 original ideas. Included are projects for your 9 to 5 day: sales commission schedule, travel and enter- tainment ledger, report writing and net worth statement. Plus more for after 5: greeting card and letterhead design. landscaping diagram and mortgage prepayment plan. MacWork/MacPlay.. serious fun and amusing labor! $18.95 at book and computer stores everywhere. Microsoft Press 10700 Northup Way Bellevue, Washington 98004 The reviews are in and everyone agrees. There's never been a personal computer that's easier or more fun to use than the Macintosh™ Especially with terrific programs like MacWrite™ and MacPaint™ to get you started. But if you really want to take full advantage of your Mac’s tremendous abilities, you'll need to go a step further than just writing letters and painting pic- tures. You'll need some serious business tools to make you more productive. And the first one to purchase is Habadex. Desktop management has arrived. Habadex is pioneering an entirely new category Its time to get in computer software— desktop management. It's the only program that lets you do on your Mac what you now do on your desk. So you can put your ad- dress and phone directory, appointment calendar, things-to-do list—and any other paperwork that clutters your desk and your mind—right into your Mac. And because Habadex was designed specifically for the Macintosh, it incor- porates all of the same graphic capabilities that have made Apple's new computer so incredible. And incomparable. A data base based on your own needs. Habadex lets you create and sort hundreds of records. You can arrange the large number of fields however you choose. By first name, last name, com- pany, category, zip code, etc. You can even rename fields, and rearrange or change information easily for complete flexibility. You've found your calling. Habadex lets you create and arrange an entire phone directory within your data base. It dials direct and long-distance calls, automatically insert- ing your O.C.C. like Sprint or MCI. It has a quick- dial feature for storing commonly-called personal or emergency numbers. And it works with the in- expensive HabaDialer or your current modem. Habedex is a trademark of Haba Systems, Inc, 15154 Slagg Street Van Nuys, Califomia 91405-1025 (818) 901-8828 Macintosh isa trademark licensed to Apple Computer, Inc.€1984 Haba Systems Inc OK Mac. down to business. It gets you through the check items off. Plus mailing labels and custom day. Every day. complete area code and lists in any format and size Habadex is also one of zip code directories with of your choosing. It mail the most complete calen- ranges for all cities in the merges form letter text with dars you'll ever your data base need. It pro- vides monthly overviews and day-at-a-glance scheduling, through De- cember 1985. Lets you keep track of all your appointments and automati- cally updates them through- out each day. Even leaves room and prints them for any or all of your records —in virtually any order, arrangement or quantity. And in your choice of fonts. Are you ready to get more from your Mac than just words and pictures? Then for valuable travel you're ready and expense information United States and Canada. _ for Habadex. It's the It also features a things- serious business tool that to-do list which is automati- Print it your way. still lets you have some cally updated when you Habadex also prints serious fun Q habadex' Making Apples more tempting than ever.™ Circle 32 on reader service card the business community 4 Note Pad: Michael McGrath Getting Down to Business Concerning the Mac’s entry into More people than ever before are asking me about comput- ers. As soon as a new acquain- tance finds out that my job in- volves personal computers, our conversation turns to the mer- its of various combinations of software and hardware. In the past, I didn't really endorse any of my suggestions. Although my advice flowed freely and caused intelligent people to part with thousands of hard-earned dol- lars, | never imagined spending my Own money on a computer. Deep down, | despised the ma- chines. I resented having to read volumes of obscure techno-babble and memorize arcane keystroke combinations. That was before the Macin- tosh. As soon as I saw the new marvel, | knew it was for me. Here was a computer that could inspire me to spend several thousand dollars on a piece of machinery. September/October 1984 The Mac also had a profound impact on the kind of advice 1 gave. In fact, my enthusiasm for the Mac was so great that I spoke of little else. | became blind to many practical consid- erations. When someone pressed me about the availabil- ity of software or more mem- ory, I just assured them that it would be well worth the wait, and I was sure that there would be plenty of software by this summer. Then one day I got a phone call from my father. Dad was stuck with his Apple II] and hoped I could lead him to the promised land of user-friendli- ness. Finally, after all this time of giving advice I had to get se- rious. Here was the guy who knew the answer to every ques- tion I'd ever asked him, and now he was soliciting my ad- is as if one of my En- ssors had asked me what book to read. I suppose I had finally arrived-my father was looking up to me and my “computer literacy” Dad has always been a cor- porate man. Blue suits and IBM are as natural to him as black coffee and the Wall Street Jour- nal. He bougit his Apple HI in the pre-IBM PC days and has probably regretted it ever since. His friends talk about PC-DOS. and the XT. They give him blank stares when he mentions SOS. Despite his regrets, he has a lot of respect for Apple Com- puter. He didn’t quite get the gist of the “1984” TV ad, but he still thinks they know their stuff, digitally speaking. That why I wasn't surprised when he asked, “What about this new Macintosh, Michael? You seem to talk about nothing else these days. Should I buy one?” “Well, Dad, what are you going to do with it?” I asked. “Oh, you know,” he respond- ed, “the usual. I want a data base manager for my customer records and a spreadsheet for my budgets. A decent word pro- cesser and some sort of graph- ics program for sales presenta- tions. Your brother wants to play games, and who knows, I might even buy several Macs to network together and share a letter quality printer. Now that I think of it, I'm really going to teach myself to program this year, maybe in Pascal. And don't forget, I need a hard disk and I'll probably be running 12:3." I didn’t want to ask the next question, but I had to. “When do you wantto start using thi new machine?” “In a week or two,” he replied. I began to sift through his re- quirements for the new system Obviously, this was a job fora mature computer that has proven itself in the marketplace and has had time for third- party software and hardware options to be developed. As much as I wanted to put dear old Dad on the cutting edge of technology, I just couldn't rec- ommend the Mac. Not if he wanted all this computing power next week. Itried to explain that the Mac is in an embryonic stage and that you pay the price for ad- vanced technology by waiting for the rest of the world to catch up. Unfortunately, this consideration does not mesh very well with the realities of the business world. Business: people need tools that they can put to work immediately, An afi- cionado like me can wait for the tools, while remaining per- fectly contentto play and dis- cover new ground My analysis left my father pondering new questions about the computer busine: “How do they expect to sella computer that lacks the soft- ware and peripherals that busi- nessmen like me need? Can't they just write the programs, put them in the box, and sell them?” “Of course not,” I said. “Pro- gramming is one of the most complex jobs in the world. It makes the New York Times crossword puzzle look like child's play. MacPaint took years of testing, revising, more testing, and refining. Finally, after those thousands of hours. and hundreds of days, Bill Atkinson achieved a very artful elegance. Now you and I can just boot up and start to draw. You don't realize what a major effort it takes to make an ap- plication program seem to be no big deal for us.” I think Dad grasped this fact, butitled to more questions. “How can you get so excited about a computer that I can’t even use? You've never been particularly patient, so why are you so willing to wait for Mac- intosh software?" “Well,” Lanswered, “when you've waited for the best com- puter on the market, it just makes sense to wait for the best software.” The fact of the matter is that quality, not to mention great- ness, is not created overnight. It's that way with just about ev- erything-tine furniture, great literature, classic cars—you name it. Unfortunately, most business people can’t afford to wait. But the lucky ones who do will be richly rewarded. As software companies race to release Mac software, I'm sure that some will rush their products to market, just as many publishers try to capital- ize on trends by rushing books to the bookstores. Some of these products will be good, and some will have bugs that drive you nuts. And a very few will be great. The great ones Macworld 15 will have been tested thor- oughly, revised and refined be- fore being presented to the public. It is a time-consuming process, but it usually pays off in the long run. Frederick Brooks makes an analogy between programming projects and cooking in his book Mythical Man Month (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1975). He says, “An omelet, promised in two minutes, may appear to be progressing nicely. But when it has not set in two minutes, the customer has two choices—wait or eat it raw. Software customers have had the same choices.” My advice is to wait patiently, and keep the egg off your face. 0 Michael McGrath is the Editor of The Macintosh Library frent Hayden Publishing Company. You've bought a Macintosh, what do you buy next? Maccessories! Maccessories Aslim lazy susan that attaches underneath your Macintosh™ It goes everywhere Swivel your Macintosh goes, even inside the carrying case. $35 Maccessories Replacement power cord for the Macintosh and Lisa™ with powerful UL Listed surge Surge Suppressor suppression and noise filtering built in. It's light, compact and fits into the Macintosh 4 carrying case. $49.95 Maccessories For Macintosh and Apple llc. Supplied with interface cables for both. The perfect travel modem; small, battery powered, weighs less than 1 Ib, even has its own PortableModem coving case. Operates at 300 bps with any communications software. $140 Ss Maccessories Provides safe storage for 36 Macintosh disks. Contains a packet of spare disk labels. ee Disk Case o $30 Maccessories An anti-static cover to protect your Macintosh and keyboard from the elements. Dust Cover $13.75 Maccessories Styled to fit underneath the external Macintosh disk drive. Provides fingertip control over the whole system. There's a Master switch to power the whole system on and Control Center off, and separate switches for a Printer, Modem and one Auxiliary device. Also protects entire system from power surges, line noise, and static. Maccessories Operates as both a printer buffer andan A-B-C switch. Available in configurations . from 64K to 256K RAM. Users can choose between several outputs (2 serial, 1 parallel) Printer Buffer and also have the choice of sending data through without buffering, Maccessories Perfect forthe Imagewriter “printer. The Maccessories Printer Stand is Precision Printer Stand engineered and sturdy when assembled, It's also the first printer stand that travels. It knocks down and fitsintoa very small box. Available at Apple dealers everywhere KENSINGTON MICROWARE Kensington Microware Ltd., 251 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10010, (212) 475-5200 Telex: 467383 KML NY Trademarks: Maccessories—Kensington Microware Ltd. Apple, Applell, Lisa. Macintosh and Imagewater— Apple Computer. nc © 1984 Kensington MicrowareLtd. Circle Tl on reader service card ODESTA™. é file Edit Icons Display Search Order Form Invoice Bill to: Ms. F. Godmother 239 Getaway Drive 23 Park Lane Suite 2743 Room 502 Texas 73402 Northbrook IL 60062 fact = [ _—_oescipion font fama ree [2n02-3| Pumpkin coach _—__—ifas.os|__1 | 49.95] [Mice rorcoacn | 295i | 23.60] Automatically generated. Available for use in any other reports or forms. Pay this amount Set up your own forms (or customize provided forms) and then input information only once. Here is just one example: Enter an order, and generate an invoice, adjust inventory, update customer records, and keep track of receivables. Everything you enter can be easily modified, redefined, and interrelated. There are no barriers placed between you and the way you want to do things. ODESTA™ Odesta Helix is an interactive information management system designed to take special advantage of the Macintosh windows, icons, pull-down windows and mouse. The program makes possible a flexible, “give and take” interaction with the Macintosh for information and knowledge-based activities such as free-form data base management, text processing, statistical analysis, and a wide range of form-based input, query and reporting. Odesta Helix is a disk-based system, and will take advantage of double-sided drives, external drives and hard disks that conform to the Apple standard. Odesta Helix will also take advantage of the additional memory of a 512K Macintosh or a 1M Lisa (Under MacWorks). Retail price: $395.00 Additional resource models under preparation include: Accounting, Statistics, Archival Storage and Retrieval, and Data Capture. Odesta Helix is availab arrangements may be i t your local Apple or Apple software dealer. Discussion regarding OEM,VAR, and single-site licensing ated by contacting Odesta at: Odesta, 3186 Doolittle Drive, Northbrook, IL 60062 (USA) (800) 323-5423 In Illinois, (312) 498-5615 Apple, Lisa, and Macintosh are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. © 1984 ODESTA Circle 13 on reader service card Odesta Helix & Macintosh’ So That You Can Find Your Own Way With Odesta Helix, you can now manage information according to your own requirements, your own style, and your own imagination. Begin using Odesta Helix immediately, without having to set “field parameters” or learn a programming language. You can type in a free- form report or complicated calculations within your own easily created forms. You can even use pictures from — MacPaint to illustrate your inventory or teach language skills. Odesta Helix is a new program, not an old program made to work on a new machine. With Odesta Helix, you meee experience the real power and flexibility of windows, pull-down menus, icons, and mouse interaction because it takes a new approach to information and knowledge formation. Odesta Helix comes with many pre-made forms, so that you can get started finding your own way, right away. In addition to time management and Bate:(________] Contocts ter the Say: organization forms, you also get forms for name, address, phone number and important date lists, as well as many more. For instance, after you customize the book, record, tape and disk catalog- ing forms for your own use, you will be ready to put together your own powerful applications— without having to earn a purple heart learning rules, restrictions and commands. Odesta Helix & Macintosh" A Personal Decision Support System fie Edit Icons Uisplay Search Extension : Tiles act as arithmetic, text, Boolean and date operators, func- tions and values. Visual building blocks let you set up even the most complicated statement or calculation and use it whenever you want. You “flow” the information from one block into another —just by pointing. Each “diagram” shrinks down to become an abacus icon (see “Number Format” screen shot). Move its icon within and between forms, or embed it in another “tile”. The magic of the tiles and arrows has to be seen to be believed — ask your dealer for a demonstration Odesta Helix Pe file cait_icons_bisploy fill Write a letter, automatically goal B — enter a memo, or : Find Newt creates icons to Find Previous ry log in your represent every Find First research — all piece of your infor- ,/ within Odesta mation. Make Add Helix. You don’t them appear if you Replace need another pro- wish, and re- Helete gram to work your arrange them relating text. Cut, copy, within or between : Open Setection " we paste, search and forms. Define and © oS M8) replace within or restrict them if a Fi cai you wish, for data pore onre {eK1940——) PLACE: Sees) your forms and between any of i PUBLISHER: checking and SE ela Som —— f reports. Or com security. But most =4 conpiTion: — ——— bine information of the time, just let 7 with a letter and them stay hidden do a “mail merge”. “behind” the form. E No special commands to learn in order to search through your “ocean” of information. Simply ask a question by pointing to a spot on a form, or by filling in spaces with your own questions — Odesta Helix will search and sort at the click of a mouse. Example: “Find all books published before 1940, that are first editions costing more than $13.00, and that are about World War I and are illustrated.” Imagine the possibilities. Odesta Helix & Macintosh’ An Individualized Knowledge Base The form palette —a way to “paint” forms that can respond to the shape of your thoughts. Draw a rectangle with: Double lines, that will expand, accordion style, tomake room for even your longest entry. Surround any area with a limit rectangle to keep it from growing beyond acertain point. Single lines don’t grow. Dashed lines don’t show. With this kind of graphic form con- struction, you are able to quickly put together a powerful, interactive way to manipulate informa- tion. At the same time, Odesta Helix has the “intelligence” to give you the kind of room you want, when you want it, and to keep track of everything for later searching, calculat- ing, and reporting. Odesta Helix dynamically keeps track of what is in the window, and keeps you from making a mistake. You can’t overlap rectangles, or put things in impossible places — the box just zooms back to where it came from. Then if you ask “Why?” Odesta Helix will give you the reason. Each rectangle can hold its own font and style, so that each type of information can communicate its own personality and impact. Once you have the form put together, choose “Lock”, and the edit the form, you can always do so. form is ready to use. Of course, if you want to re-design or No complicated “data definition language” in Odesta Helix. Just open the icon for any piece of information, and click it into the Icons Display Search Number Fi ‘ormat Position in Field ootter Commas Oscientitic format you want. Number of You can set up text, Z digits after the numbers, dates and Otett decimal point: even flags to appear OCenter in different ways @ Right in different forms. And you can always Example: go back and change $12,345.67 things later if you feel like it — Odesta Helix will automatically give you an example of how it will look. a Wl es i Extersen invoice This is an abacus icon. You open it to define a calculation, and then use it as many times as you want within your forms (or other calculations). Make them up (no limit), save them, and drag them around to really make things happen. This is a form icon. It automatically identifies a form that is already made up (including a “free-form” like a document or letter). There are no limits to the number of forms that you can use, or on the number of form icons that can relate to a set of information. ODESTA™ Be ar ee An Interactive Information Management System. For Individuals With A Need To Know. Letters Upgrade Rumors 1 find Macworld both en- lightening and enjoyable. 1 hope you can shed some light on an issue that am sure con- cerns many Macintosh owners. Rumors are circulating that Ap- ple Computer will soon up- grade the Mac's RAM from its present 128K to 512K and re- place the single-sided 400K disk drive with an 800K double- sided one. The obvious ques: tions are: How long is “soon”? Will these enhancements in- crease the price of the system? Will people who purchase a Mac now be able to upgrade both memory and the disk drive; ifso, atwhat cost? Or is it better to wait until the Mac is sold that way? Robert Reimann Berkeley, California Anumber of anxious readers have inquired about the same questions, We also are inter- ested in upgrades for the Mac [see David Bunnell’s column, July/August). Barbara Koalkin, Apple 32 product marketing manager, says, “We're collecting 256K chips as fast as we can, and we're still on schedule [to upgrade the Mac’s RAM] for early 1985.” Apple plans to sell both 128K and 512K Macs. Owners who want to upgrade from 128K can do so through their dealers. Prices have not been set for the 512K Mac or for up- grading the 128K version. John Rizzo, the Mac’s prod- uct manager, reports, “We have no plans at present for double-sided drives because the technology isn't yet able to produce quantities sufficient to meet anticipated customer demand.”~Ed. Torn Between Two Loves Thanks for Charles Spezzano's piece [“Note Pad,” MayJune]— as another IBM PC lover who. has complex emotional and fi- nancial ties with his PC, | felt like a traitor when I decided to give in to my feelings (which are apparently those of many people) on first seeing and using a Mac, 1 often introduce people to computers. Usually they say, ’s great”; with the Mac, they say, “Great—let me try that” Observers of the Mac are ve. They can quickly see how to do things and want totake a hand in doing them. Eventually a Mac owner: comes back to earth. It takes a long time to read and write all graphics to and And the limited Mac does that the PC doesn’t, there is an equal trade-off. The important question finally is what you do with either of them. Richard Wanderman Eugene, Oregon Typing Error You quoted Apple representa- tive Alain Rossman [“The Inter- national Macintosh,” as saying that us keyboard “will be the first time that Japanese people type.” Al- though this statement is good PR for Apple, it isn’t true. The Japanese have been typing for and even developed early ions of a mouse like the Mac uses. However, handwriting re- mains the standard for most communications because typ- ing in Japanese isn’t easy. The Japanese typewriter chooses from over 2000 characters using a pre-electronic age “mouse.” The typist positions the mouse on the correct char- acter with one hand and types it with the other. Few people could type 50 words per min- ute with this arrangement. Several major Japanese elec- tronics manufacturers make word processors (“wah puro” in Japanese) capable of making sophisticated editorial choices. From a phonetic input (Jap- anese needs only 50 basic sylla- bles to represent any word in the language), the software examines the context and chooses the most likely charac- ter for the pronunciation and linguistic situation. The screen also displays other pe characters that have the pronunciation so the user can select another in case the most likely character is not the cor- rect one. Howard Stern Cambridge, Massachusetts Both Alain Rossman, interna- tional product manager for the Mac, and Macworld regret the exaggerations ef Japanese hpewriting capabilities and of Apple’s role in Japanese computing that appeared in our article. Rossman wishes to assure people that the Mac team is not nearly so naive as the mistaken statements make it seem. Apple is well aware of the state of word processing in Japan and is working closely with Japanese technicians and programmers in its California headquarters and through its subsidiary, Apple Computer Japan Inc. See “Macworld View” in this issue for further information about Japanese Apples. —Ed. 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SUOISIa YUDAT aU sats Jayeap ano Sunes [[]8 aur am ‘Sayan ur asap} ‘our UL 1ad O1 Asra Os aq ©} Wuaas aeEMIOS puE Puroqiay, adensury-youary eeu [aunt JAC ,“YSOuley [euoNeusJaUy SUL,,] aurzesew ano. ur praso1 pastiduns sea | ‘paataga uaaq sey auo dquo ‘aiep 02 yur Ur SaysOIUldeW aay) pa.apso Aouase ay ‘yt No UL day QL Yo.rasa. [eLasnpur saiow -oid wun Aouase peUaWULaAO. aed e JO WapIsaid-dotA BLUE | uON.aUUOD YDUaIy $I9}91 Imagine. Mac products you've been dreaming of, at prices you'd never dream of. On your Mac, get set, go! A lot of manufacturers are working hard to create exciting enhancements for the Mac. And we’ve been talking with them from the beginning—to make sure that you get their products SOFTWARE Living Videotext ThinkTank $97 Microsoft Multiplan 129. Microsoft Basic eee 99. Megahaus Megamerge (Mailmerge for Macwrite) 86. T/Maker Clickart....... 35. GAMES Blue Chip Millionaire. 39. Infocom (Difficulty levels shown in italics) Zork | (standard) 27. Zork ll (advanced) 35. Zork III (advanced) ... 35, Witness (standard)... 27. Deadline (expert) 39. Infidel (advanced) 35. Planetfall (standard) 27. Penguin Transylvania 24. Sierra On Line Frogger 27. HARDWARE Electronic Protection Devices The Lemon 39. The Lime 59. The Peach 64. The Orange 94 as soon as they’re available, at the lowest prices possible. What follows here is just a sampling of what we have. 1-800/MacéLisa More products are arriving daily. So call us for the latest information. Some very friendly Macaddicts are waiting to answer your questions, and take your orders. Kensington 4 Swivel $23 Surge Suppressor : 39, Dust Cover 10. Starter Pack (all three items above) 54 Disk Case (holds 36 Mac disks) 23. Innovative Flip & File 40 (holds 40 Mac disks) 23 ARTSCI MAGICphone call MISCELLANEOUS MAXELL 3°" Micro Floppy 35 MEMOREX 37" Micro Floppy 39 OUR POLICY: we accept VISA and MASTERCARD. No sur- charge added for cards. Your card is not charged until we ship. If we must ship a partial order, we never charge freight on the shipment(s) that complete the order. No sales tax. Al shioments insured; no additional charge. Allow 1 week for personal & company checks to clear. COD max. $500. Cash or certified check. 120 day guarantee on all products. To order, call us anytime Monday thru Saturday 9:00 to 5:30. You can call our business offices at 603/446-7711 SHIPPING: Continental US: For monitors, printers, and drives, add 2% to all orders. For all other items, add $2 per order for UPS surface, $3 per order for UPS 2nd-Day-Air. We particularly recommend 2nd-Day-Air if you live west of the Mississippi or south of Virginia. in most cases it will only cost $1 more and will save you up to four days on delivery time. Outside Continental US: We add freight charges to credit card purchases. For prepayment, call 603/446- 7711 for information. DEFECTIVE SOFTWARE REPLACED IMMEDIATELY DEFECTIVE HARDWARE REPLACED OR REPAIRED AT OUR DISCRETION. SOME ITEMS HAVE WARRANTIES UP TO FIVE YEARS, MacConnection MacConnection, 14 Mill Street, Marlow, NH 03456 ©Copyright 1984 Micro Connection, Inc. MacConnection is a division of Micro Connection, Inc, MacConnection and Micro Connection are trademarks of Micro Connection, Inc Lisa is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Macintosh is a trademark licensed w Apple Computer, Inc Circle 4 on reader service card ox THE NES *- he news is out! ClickArt "for Publications is here. This new package is second in a series of ClickArt portfolios of pro- fessionally drawn illustrations for Macintosh” There are geht column heads © and borders, illustrated titles and drawings you can use to create invitations, reports, memos, maps, flyers, newsletters and ¢ more. VACATION Illustrated phrases and an alphabet of Slanted letters can be used to add impact to memos, repor flyers WA oR Clickart for Publications includes: * 2&3 Col. Newsletter Formats * Illustrated Headlines * Borders and Backdrops * Cartoons / People in Action * Maps (Accurate U.S. maps including Alaska & Hawaii.) cory ert ClickArt is the Starting point for developing your own creativity on the Macintosh Create documents that are fun to write and that make a lasting impression. Show off the power of your Macintosh with drawings like Mark Twain. Column heads like the one below can be easily modified to fit your application. |» Announcing -i/i(S3 ClickArt for Publications. Over 150 drawings, maps. newsletter formats and a booklet of helpful hints Clickart for Personal Graphics Over 100 larger drawings from famous people to cartoons. Full-page formate ehow column widthe and page margins right in your file 20 page layout is eaey, The dots shown here are a gection of a 2 column. newsletter format for an 8 1/2" x 11" page _ You get great backdrops f| like the bus with ereas for dropping in words and images. “THE NEWS” was created using ClickArt and MacPaint™ ClickArt for Macintosh with MacPaint™ and MacWrite™ $49.95 each. See your local dealer for details or call. ‘TMaker Graphics 2115 Landings Drive Mountain View, CA 94043 415/962-0195, (lickArtis trademark of PMaker Company Macintosh isa trademark licensed 1 Apple Computer, Inc. MacPaintand MacWriteare trademarks of Apple Computer, In Circle 29 on reader service card aise a pS e problemis ~ ‘Any filing software could list my wines: finding one in my cellar. “Filevision finds the wine that’s ready to drink. One that cost less than seven bucks. And goes best with my famous pasta dish. “Allin the click of a mouse.” Circle 54 on reader service card Introducing Filevision for Macintosh: The fine art of filing by pictures. Now you can file things the way you see them. Because Filevision lets you store any kind of information visually. Within pictures you easily create yourself. Even if you can’t type or draw. Filevision. The first software that combines a practical filing system with a simple-to-use, object-oriented drawing system. Which lets you quickly visualize your data. Instead of sorting through tedious line-by-line listings. In the click of a mouse, you can retrieve the data stored behind each object in your picture. You can even select the objects in your pictures, based on the Each object in your picture is automatically connected to the information about that object. Description ctu : r Nerv toner bie ols the light intensity through the cornea into the eye: [Sometimes changes color dependant upon light intensity cornell intensity through the [dependant cornea into the eye Create technical illustrations or pictures of science class projects, with ease. Whatever you need toremember about your picture, Filevision lets you store on forms connected to it. And retrieve in the click of a mouse. data in your files. What’s more, Filevision lets you link another picture to an object. And lets you group objects together as a common type. So youcan create zoom-like effects, step-by- step hierarchies, or overlays. Whatever your mind can picture. “Finally A filing system that sees things my way” Imagine. A filing system for less than $200, that lets you look at information the way you look at the world around you. Utilizing the simplicity of the Macintosh’s eye-opening technology, Filevision allows you to create the most spectacular visualizations of whatever you need to file. Or anything you want to see in more detail. Whether you're an entrepreneur, a businessperson, or someone who collects things at home; if your data relates to in | Al Gg & & 13] | Organize office space by department. Diagram a summer home. Even create a play book for your football team. It’s a breeze with Filevision. something you can see, you can file it visually with Filevision. And retrieve it visually, too. You simply place objects ina picture, or select symbols from Filevision’s ready- made symbol menu to represent pieces of the infor- mation you wish tofile. Then there’s Filevision’s flexible way of handling alphanumeric data. Each object in your picture is automatically con- nected to a data form. Which you custom design, quick as a click. “For a change, it’s simple to modify my files? Updating your files is just as easy. Whenever the best-laid plans of mouse and man need a little replanning, remember youre just a click or two away from reper- fecting your files. Create new symbols and objects, and add them to your picture. Map out sales territories. Sift out subdivisions Sor direct-mailings. Or search out the states that participated in the French and Indian Wars. Filevision makes your requests pop off the screen. In the click of a mouse. Make a data form for any new object, and all objects of that type will have the same form. Automatically. Modify a symbol and all matching symbols in your picture will be modified. Automatically. Change an existing form, and all forms of that type will change. Automatically. “Picture the potential.” The possibilities are endless. Filevision can help you quickly make maps, and dawdle over the demographics. Assemble anatomical drawings and look up the names of the ligaments. Separate a plan of Bar Mitzvah guests into those who do and those who don’t eat Kosher food and actually see who you seat them next to. Pinpoint places and connect them to faces. Control your inventory by depicting your entire shelf space. And map out geography lessons, sales territories and direct-mail ad targets ad infinitum. Filevision. The unique filing system for your Macintosh that lets you store and work with information 4 in pictures, as well as numbers and text. SOFTWARE PRODUCTS Software for the real world. Plan a political fund-raiser with Filevision, and seat the non-smoking Independents away from the smoking Republicans. Or, click to see which blocks of seats have been reserved at your dinner theater. Filevision is a trademark of Telos Software Products. trademark of Telos Corporation. h isa trademark licensed to Apple Computer Inc. Circle 54 on reader service card Macworld View News and notes for the Macintosh community Edited by Janet McCandless Macworld View reports on new products and develop- ments in Macintosh technol- ogy. We will cover items of interest to Mac users and comment on industry trends. We welcome contributions from readers and pay up to $50 for the items we use. Please include your name, address, and phone number with your contributions; send them to Macworld View, 555 De Haro St., San Francisco, CA 94107. Tie a Colored Ribbon Have you complained about the lack of color on your Macin- tosh? Then you'll be interested to learn that colored ribbons for the Imagewriter are now available. The ones we have in the Macworld office cost about a dollar more than the standard black and come in red, green, blue, purple, brown, and yellow. The color quality is very good, especially in MacWrite's High Resolution and Mac- Paint's Final printing modes. Colored ribbons are man- ufactured by American Ink of San Francisco and are dis- tributed in San Francisco by Ex- press Computer Supplies, which accepts telephone orders and will usually ship an order by UPS the same day to any lo- cation in the United States. Rib- bons in colors are also pro- duced by Sharp Color of Columbus, Ohio (see “Macware News” for address information). If you really want to print in color, you now have the ca- pability. Printing in multiple colors, however, is still no easy task; you must transfer ribbon cartridges in and out of your printer. With a number of rib- bons at your disposal, you can create multicolored prints with the Imagewriter. While you probably won't turn out sophis- ticated work at first, you can come up with some interesting effects by experimenting. Use different shades and patterns from the MacPaint palette, since colors vary depending upon the density of the dot pattern. Insert a ribbon and print the first layer of a drawing. Go back to your drawing and erase or cut what's on the screen. Then draw the second layer of your “print,” change the ribbon, in- sert the same sheet of paper, and print again. You can blend colors by overlapping them to produce a variety of shades. Re- peat these steps for as many colors as you wish to use. You might also try pasting several copies of a drawing to the Scrapbook, then erasing all but the portions you need for each color. 24 September/October 1984 Diva —————_— This MacPaint drawing was printed using six different colored ribbons (in- cluding black). Bring up each portion of your drawing individually on the screen, replace the ribbon cartridge each time, and reinsert the page toadd a section in a new color. University Potpourri Reports on Apple's University Consortium Program tell of Macs in dormitories, libraries, and scholastic departments linked by networks to provide access to mainframe computers and other university resources. Computer centers, such as the Information Resource Center at Reed College, are being orga- nized and equipped with Macs, printers, disk drives, and pe- ripherals. Systems like Reed's Grif finTerminal are being intro- duced to give students com- plete graphics and text soft- ware for terminal connection to mainframes. Atthe University of Michigan, software and hardware are being developed to connect the networking systems Apple- Bus and Ethernet to the univer- sity's network UMnet. Terminal emulators will be written to ac- cess the university's main- frame, and software will be de- veloped that enables students toextract information from data bases and produce hard copy with a high-speed laser printer. Rice University’s OWLnet will offer students electronic mail, file transfer be- tween their personal comput- ers and the school's mainframe, and bulletin boards that de- scribe courses and announce campus activities. At Dart- mouth University, dorm rooms will be equipped with Apple- Bus to connect Macs to the uni- versity computer network. Some professors plan to sup- plement textbooks with course- ware. Chemistry 101 students at the University of Notre Dame will see computer simulations of chemistry experiments. Lin- guists at Notre Dame will have access to foreign language fonts in the Greek, Hebrew, and Cyrillic alphabets. At Dartmouth, history students will consult Mac-based atlases, and courseware will enable ge- ology students to simulate geo- logic changes and study the earth's interior by seismic-wave analysis. Computer science stu- dents will work on a 68000 as- sembler/debugger, a program- ming language called Smalltalk-80 that runs with UNIX, and animation based on algorithms. Michigan will con- duct seminars on the Mac's Toolbox, and programmers there will work on software to extract color information from the QuickDraw data structure and transmit it toa medium- resolution color display. It is still too soon to predict the Mac’s impact on university computer systems or to evalu- ate the effect of educators’ soft- ware and hardware on the market. But it is clear that the universities’ contribution to the use of the Mac is already significant. Lisa 2 Miscellany Sales for the Lisa 2 product line are outstripping Apple's pro- duction capacity by a margin of two to one, with the Lisa 2/10 commanding two-thirds of the sales. Lisa product manager Randy Battat says, “We can’t build them fast enough.” Apple expects to be able to meet the demand by the third quarter of 1984. Many retailers are touting the Lisa as a big Mac, an assertion that will have more validity when Apple provides access to the Lisa 2/10's hard disk with MacWorks. Software devel- opers are adjusting the distor- tions produced by the differ- ence in the Mac and Lisa screen sizes, Microsoft Chart automat- Macworld = 25 Macworld View ically compensates so that a pie chart looks round (not oval) on the Lisa screen. Running Mac software on the Lisa gives you access to more memory than on a Mac. Ina MacWrite document writ- ten on the Lisa, you can store eight times as many pages per document as with the Mac. The Lisa screen size allows Multi- plan users to see 50 percent more information. Although the Lisa's full screen is not used by MacPaint, with MacDraw the Lisa displays four times as many objects as the Mac does. Apple is preparing enhance- ments to Lisa software. You will be able to cut and paste graph- ics into LisaWrite documents, cut and paste between Lisalist and other applications, and be- tween LisaTerminal and other applications. LisaWrite now includes a spelling checker, LisaProject has a job-cost pro- gram, and LisaDraw supports color output for the Canon ink- jet printer and reduced fit (the ability to scale the size of a de- sign on the screen). 26 International Forecast Like a chameleon, the Mac adapts to new environments. The descriptive label Apple currently applies to this conver- sion process is “localizing,” which means customizing the Mac's hardware and software for the language, culture, and customs of the country it’s de- signed for. With localized ver- sions already in use in the United Kingdom, France, Ger- many, Italy, and Japan, Apple plans to introduce Spanish, Swedish, Dutch, and French Canadian models this fall and an Arabic Mac soon after. The American form of the Mac is being shipped throughout the world, primarily to markets in Australia, Canada, Europe, and the Far E Through its subsidiary, Apple Japan Inc., and its distributor, Canon Sales, Apple will intro- duce a keyboard that types the Japanese katakana characters. A full Japanese version that in- corporates kanji, katakana, and hiragana characters is scheduled to follow. At press time, Apple is considering lim- ited distribution in this country of the international Macs. Ask your dealer for order information. Software developed by American companies such as Microsoft is being translated for the European market. Accord- ing to Joanna Hoffman, the Mac’s international marketing manager, Apple also believes that as much as 20 to 30 per- cent of software developed in September/October 1984 Apple*'S, 84%, NYAYOMM. Macintosh: other countries will be trans- lated for the American market. (The first two such programs include a French data base and a German calendar.) Hoffman expects that after a few years we will see an even greater crossover of software. She bases this assumption on the attractiveness of an interna- tional market to developers and the low overhead cost of trans- lating software, due to the Mac’s Resource Manager, Tool- box, and user interface. It will be interesting to see what the cross-pollination of ideas and forms produces worldwide in the use of personal computers by the late 1980s. As this Japanese advertisement shows, marketing efforts are going ahead as Apple readies interna- tional versions of the Mac. Insur-A-Mac Personal computers are costly investments, so it's no surprise thata large insurance company has come up with a compre- hensive policy for Apple com- puters, including the Mac. Emett & Chandler, a southern California insurance brokerage, offers coverage for an entire Apple system—hardware, soft- ware, and accessories (includ- ing printers, modems, disk drives, and other peripherals). Underwritten by the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies, the policy guarantees full (not depreciated) replacement cost for all or part of your system. Coverage remains in force regardless of how the computer is used (including business) or where (including travel). Cali- fornia residents will be espe- cially relieved to hear that the policy covers earthquakes as well as theftand fire (though notwar or freezing). All this security costs the anxious Mac owner only $29 per year and carries a $100 de- ductible. The program is spon- sored, but not subsidized, by Apple Computer. Get an ap- plication form from your Apple dealer, or contact: Insure Your Apple, Emett & Chandler Insur- ance Services, 62 E. Colorado Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91105, 818/796-4571. ( The Mac for Multiusers Mac owners who require multi- user systems (which enable several people to share a com- puter’s software, hardware, and data) can connect their Macs to a Lisa 2/10 running the UNIX operating system. Barry Smith of the Apple 32 team predicts that three-fourths of the clients interested in multiuser systems will use accounting and data base applications. A segment of the university and data proces: ing markets is likely to accept the Mac/Lisa connection as a viable solution for their multi- user requirements in both price and performance. The Mac's unique power as a terminal with UNIX originates in the Mac’s user interface. In- formation retrieved from UNIX can be stored in the Clipboard to be cut and pasted into Mac applications. A manager prepar- ing a weekly report could ob- tain up-to-date information from a data base shared by other managers in the com- pany. Information could be cut and pasted into MacWrite doc- uments and illustrated with Mi- crosoft Chart in accompanying graphs and tables. To configure the Mac to serve as a UNIX terminal, an of- fice needs a Lisa 2/10 to run UNIX, and cables to connect the Mac(s) to the Lisa’s two RS-232C serial ports. A board with four serial ports manufac- tured by Tecmar can be in- stalled in the Lisa to connect up to four additional Macs. Com- munications software such as MacTerminal will enable the Mac to interact with programs running on UNIX. The Lisa 2/10’s hard disk is sufficient for most multiuser packages running on UNIX. If additional memory is required, Unipress offers a 20M Corvus hard disk and Sunol hard disks that hold as much as 92M. Two UNIX-based systems for the Lisa 2/10 are now offered: Xenix by Santa Cruz Opera- tions and UniPlus by UniPress. An accounting package by Open Systems and a data base called Informax by Santa Cruz Operations provide multiuser software. A relational data base management system that oper- ates with UNIX is available from Unify Corporation. RM Cobol and RM Fortran are avail- able from Ryan-McFarland. R Systems is working on the doc- umentation for their office au- tomation software that runs on Xenix. BACS (Business Account- ing Control System) is an inte- grated accounting system de- veloped by American Business Systems and is available on Macworld — 27 Xenix. Several other companies have announced product devel- opment for UNIX on the Lisa 2. Although Apple is complet- ing AppleBus, the networking product that will connect Apple computers with peripheral de- vices, the software is not yet finished. AppleBus may present Mac owners with a solution to the problem of shared re- sources and information, but at present UNIX on the Lisa 2/10 addresses users’ requirements for multiuser software. American Business Systems 3 Littleton Rd. Westford, MA 01886 R Systems 11450 Page Mill Rd. Dallas, TX 75243 Ryan-McFarland Corp. 609 Deep Valley Dr. Rolling Hills Estate, CA 90274 Santa Cruz Operations 500 Chestnut St. Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Unify Corporation 4000 Kruse Way Place, Bldg. #2 Lake Oswego, OR 97034 UniPress Software 1164 Raritan Ave. Highland Park, NJ 08904 Macworld View User Groups Spring Up If you're looking for other Mac owners to share news and skills with, you're in luck. Mac user groups are organizing in com- munities, universities, and ele- mentary and secondary schools. We've listed some of the clubs below. User groups offer a variety of services: guest speakers, prod- uct demonstrations by manu- facturers, public domain soft- ware, special interest or study groups, public bulletin boards and newsletters, and group dis- counts on hardware, software, and publications. Two agencies that assist Mac owners in finding or forming clubs are the International Ap- ple Core and Apple Computer Clubs. If you send a stamped, self-addressed envelope to ei- ther agency, you will receive in- formation on Mac clubs in your community. The International Apple Core is a non-profit or- ganization of Apple users and user groups. Apple Computer Clubs supports clubs in the ele- mentary and secondary schools and, with Apple Computer, co- sponsors competitions for students. If your group is not listed be- low, please notify us. We'll re- port from time to time on user group activities and bulletin board services. 28 September/October 1984 i Macintosh/Lisa User Groups California Conejo Valley Mac Users 3637 Thousand Oaks Blvd. Suite Mac Westlake Village, CA 91362 805/496-8090 Los Angeles Macintosh Group 12021 Wilshire Blvd. #405 West Los Angeles, CA 90025 213/392-5697 Macintosh Users Group 2040 Polk St. #340 San Francisco, CA 94109 415/441-8648 San Diego Macintosh User’s Group PO. Box 12561 La Jolla, CA 92037 619/566-3939 Colorado Club Mac 735 Walnut Boulder, CO 80302 303/449-5533 Maryland Capitol Mac Users Group 9431 Georgia Ave. Silver Spring, MD 20910 301/585-4262 Washington Apple Pi, Ltd. 8227 Woodmont Ave. #201 Bethesda, MD 20814 301/654-8060 Massachusetts Boston Computer Society Macintosh Users Group 1 Center Plaza Boston, MA 02108 617/367-8080 New York New York MacUsers’ Group P.O. Box 6686 Yorkville Station New York, NY 10128 212/535-1943 North Carolina Carolina Apple Core PO. Box 31424 Raleigh, NC 27603 Washington APPLE. 21246 68th Ave. S. Kent, WA 98032 206/872-2245, For more information on Mac user groups in your area, contact: International Apple Core 908 George St. Santa Clara, CA 95050 408/727-7652 For elementary and secondary schools, contact: Apple Computer Clubs P.O. Box 948 Lowell, MA 01853 617/452-9979 0 ENTER MAC LION With the click of your mouse, Mac Lion roars onto the screen to give your MAC all the power you will ever need, and then some. Because Mac Lion unleashes the kind of performance normally associated with a main frame, it grows with you, no matter how large your business expands. BRAINS & BRAWN Time, as we all know, is synon- ymous with dollars. Demonstrating a fine appreciation for the truism, Mac Lion goes about its business of helping your business in record time. With Mac Lion’s relational data base you can often solve problems ten times faster than other programs. So fast we could easily have named it Mac Panther. MEOW Because Mac Lion is so powerful and does so much so well, you might be getting the idea it’s highly complicated to use. Bite your tongue. It’s a pussycat. Mac Lion utilizes Mac’s pull down menus, Icons, and context-oriented ‘help’ and will have you productive in no time at all. MAC LION ~YOUR DATA BASE MANAGER. PROUD PEDIGREE Although Mac Lion is a new concept in data base management, its lineage is a proud one. CSD, the makers of Mac Lion, developed this product as a natural evolu- tion of our seven years experience in data base management systems on micros. (LION. MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE Compare Mac Lion with the compe- tition and you'll see that its price tag of only $379 is indeed modest. That aside, if Mac Lion doesn’t prove to be all we say it is, return it within 30 days and you'll receive a full refund. Without a growl. Should you be unable to locate a dealer selling Mac Lion in your neck of the jungle, please call our toll-free number 1 (800) 252-LION or (714) 634-9012 and we'll supply the information. Or send your check directly to; COMPUTER SOFTWARE DESIGN INC C26 1904 Wright Circle, Anaheim, California 92806 and we'll mail your Mac Lion directly. ©1984 Mac Lion Circle 66 on reader service card ENTER MAC-SLOTS' NATIONAL COMPETITION TODAY! WE CHALLENGE YOU. TOP 10 SCODEDORRD 1. 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Each month, we'll publish the current top ten scores in our magazine ads. VN y Both Games : . for Only $77.77. P I a AVAILABLE NOW! M ac lots. Order your Mac-Slots today. $77.77 plus shipping. Call 1-800-235-6646, Ext. 561. , In California: 1-800-235-6647, Ext. 561. MasterCard and VISA. It Turns Your Macintosh Send check or money order to Soft-Life Corporation, 2950 Los Feliz Boulevard, Into a Casino. Circle 22 on reader service care Suite 103, Los Angeles. California 90039. 213-660-7940. 1984 Soft-Life Corporation © 1984 DataPak Software Marketed solely by Soft-Life Corporation. A product of DataPak Software, Macintosh and The Apple Logo are registered trademarks of Apple Computer; Inc. A data manager without simplicity is like a sportscar without wheels It will get you nowhere fast. Unless easy to learn. If you need help, each Let the Main Street Filer and Mac- that program is easy to master, you screen shows the page number of the intosh put you on the fast track! might never get it into first gear. manual on which that screen is ex- Main Street Filer Takes You Platned: Once abe taugey aus HEE wo Where You Want to Go Pea? : MAINSTREET Test drive the MAIN STREET FILER te = and you'll see that it offers you every- a n ; thing your business needs for informa- c Dye ineonty regisleted trade: : % intosh v pple Computer, Inc. Also available tion management, from data storage ie r registered trademarks Digital and retrieval to custom report ES : PC DOS, registered trade- tion and personalized maili: . ; * ; 0 The FILER’s beauty , handling, maneuveral pendability. It’s menu- aniel Farber The Macintosh keyboard is similar to any standard typewriter keyboard. However, the Mac has addi- tional keys that give you an effective alternative to using the mouse to choose commands from the pull- down menus. Many personal computers have elaborate keyboards that hold more than 80 keys, including several rows of programmable “function keys” and special keys la- beled with names or abbreviations like Alt, Control, and Esc. Function keys are often configured to per- form common actions that otherwise require a se- quence of two or three keystrokes, and special keys are frequently used in combination with other keys to execute commands. Most personal computers also have cursor keys that help you move from place to place in a document. 32 September/October 1984 i Getting Started: Keyboard * The Mac’s Special Keys The Macintosh's keyboard design is as lean and compact as the design of the Mac itself. The keyboard sports a standard “QWERTY” layout (named for the se- quence of letters in the first row of alphabetic keys) and 58 keys (59 on the international version), about the same as on a standard typewriter. The Mac key- board has no function keys; you must use the mouse to issue commands, select text or objects, scroll win- dows, move the cursor, or mark insertion points. The Mac keyboard doesn’t provide cursor keys ei- ther. Moving around a document with a mouse instead of cursor keys seems like a limitation to some users. Buta mobile mouse cursor that travels quickly through a document is faster and more flexible than traditional cursors that move character by character or line by line. Instead of the Mouse For keyboard-intensive applications such as word processing, you'll want to keep your fingers on the keyboard as much as possible. If you are a touch typist or accustomed to a traditional word processing pro- gram, you'll probably want to minimize mouse activity during the editing process. Ifyou have less typing or computer experience, you may be more comfortable relying on the mouse to help edit and revise your text. Keyboard artists will appreciate the Mac’s special keys: %, Option, and Enter-that can activate com- mands, especially those commands used for editing. You can combine these special keys with other keys to give commands or to choose the default responses in dialog and alert boxes. Many of these key combina- tions are mouse-selectable choices. MacWrite, for ex- ample, provides keyboard alternatives for commands Keyboard Shortcuts Desktop Duplicate 3D Getinfo I Eject 3E Desktop File Menu Undo Cut Copy Paste Select All Desktop Edit Menu eC 30 Tear Out and Save This C MacPaint Undo Cut Copy Paste Trace Edges lacPaint Edit Menu Plain Bold #B fletic i Underline #U Outline #0 Shadem Align Left Align Middle Align Right MacPaint Style Meru MacWrite Undo Typing Cut Copy Paste MacWrite Edit Menu Plain Text Bold SESE Underline Outline Shadow Subscript JacWrite Style Menu Superscript Select Window Show Page Brusti Shape FatBits Erase Window Edit Pattern Multiple Copies {£3 Patterned Lines & Borders iw [2ete5) @ Scroll Fatits Double | | 2 Enter or leave FatBits Choke) [og (JE) chenge Font size P77) (snitt] Change Font SSI nd pet lee Srp erresr sre (Constrain]l Jt [Copy] [Straten] MacPaint Short Cuts Menu 38B #1 38U 380 #S Key Caps Reference Table Tear Out and Save This Card SS =cut SSS Shift Key HJe]7 {S$ {2 *jel*] Cp) | _f+ [afwfe[e[t[y[u[ifofe[¢ pi a[s[o[F[c[uju[K[e]: |" z[x[c[v[B[N[M|<[>[? Key Caps using the Shift key 8 [elz] lel: T+T[lelol«T1« a[sfe]sfolofa]ol-].je 2t-felv|s]-Ju]:]2]- = key Caps Caps Lock Key Key Caps using the Option key Mile, a{wie[ra[tiy[ufifofe[rfifs als|olFieiujufk]e]; |] Jz[afe[uje[n[my |. [7] Shift & Option Keys Key Caps using the Caps Lock key fe[_| | Ee iE Mmm cio TT TT fe [s Key Caps using the Shift and Option ke; MACWORLD The Macintosh™ Magazine 555 De Haro St. San Francisco, CA 94107 415/861-3861 sesseeshos If you prefer td keep your hands on the key- board while working with the Mac, these tips will belp you speed up all phases of word processing. in the Edit menu (Undo, tut, Copy, and Paste) and in the Style menu (Plain, Bdld, Italic, Underline, Outline, Shadow, Superscript, and Subscript). The Mac's special keys are also used with dther keys and the mouse to carry out “shortcuts” in MacPaint, such as %-> and 3-<, which enlarge or reduce text. The reference table entitled “Keyboard Shortcuts” lists the key combinatiohs that can be used in the Finder, MacWrite, and MacPaint. Tear out the table along the perforated edge and put it where you can see it easily. You'll probably memorize the various key combinations in a short time. As you add application programs to your dra you can create your own ref- erence sheets. Display the appropriate pull-down menu; use Shift- $-3, which takes “snapshots” of the screen contents and turhs them into MacPaint docu- ments; erase the extrarkous parts of the desktop or application document ih MacPaint; cut and paste the menus so they fit onto bne document, and print them out on the Imagewritef. Command Ke The Mac’s Commfnd key (38) does nothing by it- self, you must press if glong with another key. In Mac- Write, for example, press 3-b to change the type style to boldface or 3-x to implement a Cut command. Hold- ing down the % key and typing a period aborts a Print command. If you want to move a window on the desk- top without making it active, hold down the %& key be- fore you drag the window. The 8 key combinations in the Edit menu are an important part of the Macintosh user interface. The Finder, MacPascal, and application programs such as MacWrite, Microsoft Word, Chart, and Multiplan use the z, x, c, and v keys with the % key so that you need only one hand to choose an Edit command from the keyboard. For word processing, most people will find it more efficient to use their right hand to select text with the mouse and their left to initiate editing com- mands from the keyboard. The Undo command (8-z), which undoes the pre- vious action (or the previous Undo), is conveniently ar- ranged so that the two keys line up with each other; perhaps the software designers at Apple considered Undo the most valuable editing tool to have at your fin- gertips. Other % key combinations are defined by the first letter of the command, such as -d for Duplicate in the Finder or 8-p for Plain text and 8-s for Shadow text in the MacWrite and MacPaint Style menus. This mne- monic way of identifying keyboard commands makes it easy to remember key assignments. The % key as- (continues on page 36) Macworld — 33 ff Getting Started BHEHEHBEHHEHHEHEHEEE EE Inside The Keyboard 34 Dan Kottke Have you ever wondered how the Macin- tosh keyboard knows which keys you press? The keyboard has its own 8-bit mi- croprocessor, the 8021, which constantly monitors the keyboard for changes, with the help of a short ROM program on the same chip. When you switch on the Mac, the ROM program checks to see that the keyboard is working properly and whether the numeric keypad accessory is attached. Pressing any key sets in action a chain of events that lets you send characters and commands to the Mac. Almost every key lies at the intersec- tion of a row and a column on an electrical grid called the keyswitch matrix. When you press a key, an electrical connection is made at an intersection unique to that key. The Caps Lock key, the Option keys, the Shift keys, and the 8 key are not part of the matrix but each makes a direct connection to the 8021 chip. These keys have separate circuits to handle the added information when they are pressed simultaneously with other keys. The keyboard's microprocessor continually scans the keyswitch matrix to see if any changes have occurred. sueeeeeeeee Dan Kottke is thor: oughly familiar with the insides of the Mac keyboard. He explains its basic engineering bere. September/October 1984 The 8021 scans the keyboard so quickly that, even if you're an incredibly fast typist, you can’t possibly fool it. To the 8021, keystrokes seem few and far be- tween. The world speed record for typing is about 180 words per minute, which is about 15 characters per second or one character every 66 thousandths of a sec- ond. The 8021 scans the keyboard every 3 thousandths of a second, making for many uneventful scans. As the scan progresses, the micro- processor recognizes a change by compar- ing the up or down state of each key in the matrix with a key map it keeps in a small portion of memory. The 8021 has 64K of RAM built into the chip, 8K of which are used for the key map. The key map re- serves one bit for the status of each key and remembers which keys are up and which down, When the microprocessor detects a change, it waits 5 thousandths of a second and then double-checks by scanning the key matrix a second time. All mechanical switches, such as those used in the Mac keyboard, must be rechecked because they may take 1 or 2 thousandths of a second to establish an electrical connection. Apple chose mechanical switches, even though they don't last as long as capacitive switches or rubber conductive switches, because they feel and sound better to most typists. Once a key change is verified, the 8021 takes the row and column numbers of the key intersection and transforms those numbers into a key code. One bit of the key code also indicates whether the key is in up or down position. The entire one- byte key code is sent toa chip in the Mac. For example, pressing the D key acti- vates the processes discussed so far. When you press D, a switch connects at the inter- section of column 0 and row 2 of the key- switch matrix. The 8021 discovers this con- nection and checks it against the key map to see if there has been any change. The 8021 doublechecks and confirms the change. The 8021 then converts the new key position into the key code 10001010, which it sends to the shift register in the 6522 chip in the Mac. When the key code number fills up the register, it signals an interrupt to part of the ROM operating system software called the interrupt handler. The interrupt han- dler detects that the interrupt came from the keyboard and calls another part of the operating system called the keyboard de- vice driver. The keyboard device driver compares the key code it has just received with an ASCII lookup table that you un- knowingly loaded into RAM from an ap- plication disk when you put the disk into the Mac. The table shows the ASCII equiv- alent of the key code sent to the device driver. In our example, the key code 10001010 would be indexed to the ASCII code 01100100, which represents a lower- case d. After the ASCII conversion is made, the keyboard device driver calls the event manager (another part of the operating system in ROM) to notify it that a change has occurred. The event manager holds the key change information until the ap- plication program then running is ready to receive it. The application, according to its own rules, then acts on the key change in- formation. For example, MacWrite might take the letter d and display it on screen after the last letter you typed. The keyboard connects to the Macin- tosh via a modular coil cord that is similar to those used on telephones. The Mac's cord has heavier gauge wire to prevent drops in voltage that don't stop you from understanding phone conversations but can interfere with the accuracy of the digi- tal signals the Mac uses. If you replace the Mac’s cord with a telephone handset cord, it doesn’t damage the keyboard's micro- processor, but it won't work. Although at first it might sound clever to put your keyboard on a 25-foot tele- phone handset extension cord, it makes lit- tle practical sense; most people can’t com- fortably read text on the screen from much further than six feet away. The modular coil cords, however, provide a convenient way to attach other types of input devices such as bar code readers, voice or optical character recognition devices, or piano keyboards. Some day you may see all these unusual devices in place of the Mac's key- board. Until then, the 8021 will be hard at work eeneeneeeen Dan Kottke, a digi- tal engineer at Apple Computer, co-de- signed the Macintosh keyboard with Ed Riddles. He describes himself as the Mac team's “digital handyman” and has worked on various support projects for the Mac. Macworld, 35 Of Getting Started (continued from page 33) signments may vary among application programs; in Microsoft Chart, %-s implements the Show Page com- mand, and in Microsoft Word, the Save command. The 8 key is also used in MacPaint to create spe- cial effects: holding down the 8 key and dragging an object selected using the marquee stretches a selec- tion. When you are using the pencil, holding down the 8 key and clicking the mouse button enables you to enter and exit FatBits. The Short Cuts option in the Goodies menu lists the other MacPaint key modifiers. Other application programs can use the 3 key in different ways. In Multiplan, for example, holding down the 8 key and clicking a cell within a selection makes that cell the current cell. %-Shift One unique feature on the Mac is the 8-Shift key combination. As mentioned before, you can turn the current contents of any screen into a MacPaint docu- ment by holding down the 8 and Shift keys and typing 3. This “snapshot” technique is especially useful for customizing documents because it allows you to apply the full range of MacPaint tools to the snapshot. The Mac also has a “quick print” feature that prints the contents of the screen. To print an active window only (including the title bar and and scroll bars), hold down the 8 and Shift keys and type 4. You can print the contents of the entire screen by engaging Caps Lock, holding down 8 and Shift, and typing 4. Once you press either combination of keys, the image is immediately sent to the printer. These options pro- duce a quick printout of a graphic image or a short document such as a page of the Note Pad. The &-Shift-1 key combination ejects the disk from the Mac's internal drive, and $8 -Shift-2 ejects the disk from the external drive. However, don’t use the %- Shift command sequence as a standard procedure; there are a few cases in which using this technique can damage your disk and lose information. Microsoft Word uses the $-Shift combination to provide a full range of keyboard-driven editing and formatting commands. For example, %-Shift-r specifies right justification, and 8-Shift-< reduces the font size of selected text. 36 September/October 1984 Enter Key The Enter key confirms a command or acknowl- edges an alert box. It has the same function as clicking a button in a dialog box to confirm a command such as Yes, OK, or Go Ahead. If a button in a dialog box is sur- rounded by a boldfaced border, such as the Yes button in the MacWrite “Save changes before closing?” dialog box, pressing Enter puts that command into effect. In some cases pressing Enter confirms a command in a dialog box that doesn’t have a button outlined in bold. In those situations the Enter key activates the most log- ical choice. For example, when you close a document in MacWrite and choose Open from the File menu to open another document, a dialog box appears with a list of the documents created in that application and two buttons, Open and Cancel. After selecting one of the displayed file names with the mouse, you can press Enter or click the Open button to open a document file. The way the Enter key works varies from program to program. In Multiplan, for example, the Enter key has the normal function of confirming commands in dialog and alert boxes. The key also enters the con- tents of a formula bar into a cell, makes the next cell within a selection the current cell, and moves the se- lection from one unprotected cell to the next within a partially protected worksheet. Ifyou work in the fast lane, the Enter key can help satisfy your need for speed. For instance, if you leave an application by choosing Quit, wait for the beep, and immediately press Enter, you can save your text with- out having to wait for the dialog box to appear com- pletely on the screen. Option Key The Option key is used to give a key an alternative interpretation such as accented characters or the spe- cial symbols required in scientific writing. Key Caps in the Apple menu lists the characters associated with each key. You can see the alternate characters by hold- ing down the Option key while the Key Caps window is active. Option-g gives you the copyright sign (©), and Option-u pressed before a character produces an umlaut (~) above the character (ti). “Key Caps Refer- ence Table” (on the reverse side of the “Keyboard Shortcuts” table) lists the alternatives available using Shift, Caps Lock, and Option. In the same way that the % key is not rigidly de- fined, application programs can configure the Option key to provide shortcuts that allow for more flexibility and complexity within a program. In MacPaint, for ex- ample, you can copy an object by holding down the Option key and dragging the selected object. Holding down both Option and and dragging an object se- lected using the lasso produces multiple copies. Return and Tab In word processing programs, the Return key works like a typewriter carriage return key, it moves the insertion point to the next line. Like the Enter key, Return can be used to confirm a text entry (such as a document name) or a dialog box command. The func- tion of the Return key varies from one application pro- gram to another; in Multiplan, Return performs the same functions as Enter and moves the current cell down one cell. The Tab key carries out different operations, de- pending on the situation. In a dialog box, pressing Tab moves the insertion point to the next field, or the next box in which you can type information. In word pro- cessing, Tab moves the insertion point to the next tab marker, which you set in the ruler in MacWrite. Shift and Caps Lock The Mac's Shift key acts like a typewriter shift key. When you hold down Shift and press a key, a charac- ter’s uppercase version (or the uppermost character on the key) appears. The Shift key is also used with BE @SBB Zhe Control Panel contains two adjustable controls for the keyboard. other keys or the mouse to produce special effects; pressing Shift and clicking the mouse button, for ex- ample, allows you to extend a selection. When you want to select more than one icon on the desktop, hold down the Shift key as you select the icons. In Mac- Write, pressing Shift and clicking at the beginning and end of a section of text selects all text between the two points. (In Multiplan this procedure selects all the cells between two points.) Ona typewriter you can “lock” the Shift key to generate uppercase characters. Caps Lock works in this way, but it affects letters only. Locking it doesn’t produce the symbols or characters above the numeric or punctuation keys. Control Panel Adjustments The Control Panel in the Apple menu contains two adjustable controls for the keyboard. You can set the repeat rate of the keys (how fast a character dupli- cates itself when you hold down a key) and the key- board response rate, which determines how much time elapses before a character starts to repeat. If you have a heavy touch on the keyboard, set this control at lor 0. Customizing the Keyboard The software you use defines the Mac's keys as specific characters. When you press a key or key com- bination, the Mac makes the character that you want appear. It even produces characters and images you don't see labeled on the keyboard or in the Key Caps window. These robots, apples, cars, footprints, sheep, and other special characters, produced by holding down the Shift and Option keys and pressing the key in the upper-left corner (see “Open Window,” May/ June), were created using a font editor that displays characters dot by dot. Because the Mac has bit-mapped graphics, you can redefine a key or key combination just as you would use FatBits