Text content (OCR)
SLEMAC
Volumel July 1984 $200
Tecmar Sweetens Macintosh
with Hard Disk Power
Mac Drive
Tecmar’s Mac Drive gives youa 10 megabyte = With Tecmar’s Mac Drive...
fixed hard disk or a 5 megabyte removable
hard disk. You can add a 5 megabyte e Your Macintosh runs much
removable hard disk to either of the above. faster than with the built-in floppy.
e Mac Drive will provide up to 38 times
more storage than floppies.
e You can minimize the use of floppies.
e You can access files and save time by
loading programs from Mac Drive.
e You can take your removable Mac Drive
cartridge with you for added security.
Tecmar Sweetens Apples™
Tecmar Inc. 6225 Cochran Road Solon (Cleveland), Ohio 44139-3377 Phone:(216)349-0600 Telex: 466692
SEMAC
41
Clicks & Pointers
MacWrite tips, a lasso lesson, and greetings
from Macintosh.
Edited by David Durkee
48
MacForth
The incredible expanding language.
by James C. Wilson
52
Viewpoint
Where’s the software?
4
\ Letters
Ty
20 MarketWatch
Get (Type)Set! This month: a surprising diversity of new
Mac’ words and pictures go pro. products,
by Steve Lambert Edited by Catherine Petersen
68000 Questions eS <. $ em Baw
customizing the Finder, and dealing with
double-sided drives.
by Andy Hertzfeld
30
Transferring Scrapbook pictures, t f) 0
ete s
Fy gente u
56 Leis wee
2 Miscellanea
Continental Op A guided tour of Amazing, more on the
Marketing Mac across the Atlantic. Write/Paint update, and a sampling from
Apple’ Software Supplement.
by David Hunter
8
| Daniel Pinkwater and the
Serious Art Machine
A whimsical author and a Macintosh
conspire to create Art.
by Mike Ferris
12
Tecmar’s Cartridge
Hard Disk
Mac drives on to conquer space and speed.
by Kevin Goldstein
14 36
le-cing
MacPascal The Geodesic Lisa
A new interpretation of an old language. Designing domes Down Under. Renaissance Mouse and Telecommunications will
| by Bruce F. Webster by John MacGibbon return.
| Basic Business Software ... 22 3 Penguin Software .. .. Cover 4
Computer Cover Company . . 16 ] Pryority Software . - 55
Desktop Software Center 142 Advertis ALS || Pterodacty! software 38
Digi-Graphics ........... - 46 RDS Labs 35
Frazier, Peper & Associates . 43 | Macinsoft Safeware . 34
Haba Systems . 45 | Macro Micro Software Softalk Publishing . 23,40
Icon Concepts . . 44 | Magnum Software . 63 | softLife ...<..... 220
Industrial Computations . . 50 | Mark of the Unicorn . 11 | Southeastern Software .
Integrated Systems . 56 | Matrix Advocates Company . Wecmidh 57.5. ..1 3.
Interlobal
The Robert Jacob Agency .
Kensington Microware ....
-. 51 | Microsoft
Microsoft Press
Optimum Computer Luggage .
T/Maker Graphics
Unipress Software
Videx
Chairman
President
Vice President
Publisher
Editor
Art Director
Managi.ag Editor
Editorial
Associate Editors
John Haller
Margot Comstock Tommervik
Al Tommervik
Mary Sue Rennells:
Patricia Ryall
Trici Venola
Catherine Petersen
Andrew Christie
David Durkee
Michael Ferris
David Hunter
Matt Yuen
Jean Varven
‘Alden Woodard
Todd Zilbert
Contributing Editors
Special Assignments
‘opy Editor Cordell Cooper
Assistant Copy Editor Judith Preffer
Proofreaders Harry McNeil
Steve Thomsen
Editorial Assistant Betsy Barnes
Art
Assistant Art Director Nancy Baldwin
Production Manager Donald J. Robertson
\d Production Michael G. Pender
Assistant Ruth Seid
Business
Controller Duane E. Runyon
Vice President of Finance Charibei R. Hilario
Dperations Marjorie Kaufman
Advance Projects Steve Shendelman
Purchasing Gene O'Day
Accounting Assistant MaryAnn Nail
Advertising
Coordinators Linda McGuire Carter
Cathy Stewart
Mike Antich
ST.Mac
7250 Laurel Canyon,
Boulevard
Box 7041
North Hollywood
1605
(Gis) 980.5074
Tan Ross
aul McGinnis
West Coast Sales
East Coast Sales
Massapequa, NY 11758.
(212) 490-1021
Ted Rickard
Kevin Sullivan
Market/Media Associates
435 Locust Road
Wilmette, IL, 60091
(312) 251-2541
Midwest and
Rocky Mountain Sales
Circulation
Subscriptions Michelle Vigneault.
Kirschenbaum
Anna Gusland
Janeth Godoy-Aguiar
Barbara Naimoli
Josie Walley
ill Stroud
Nancy Kelly
Deirdre Galen
Mark Kirk
Leticia Garcia
Lanny Broyles
John Heitmann
Back Issues
Dealer Sales
Systems
Credits: Composition by Graphic Typesetting Service, Los
Angeles, California. Printing bY Stotm Printets, Memphis,
jennessee
‘Apple. Lisa, and Macintosh are registered trademarks of
Apple Computer, Inc. Cupertino, California. Softalk is a trade.
mark of Softalk Publishing Inc., North Hollywood, California
‘ST.Mac. Volume 1, Number 6. Copyright © 1984 by Softalk
Publishing inc. All rights reserved. S7Mac ts published monthly
bySoftalk Publishing Inc., 7250 Laurel Canyon Boulevard, North
Hollywood. CA 91605; telephone (818) 980-5074. Second-class
postage pending at North Hollywood, California, and addi
tional mailing offices
Postmaster: Send address changes to STMac, Box 7041,
North Hollywood, CA 916
Consplime acy i. subacriollon to
all owners of Lisa and Macintosh computers in the U.S. and
Canada. If you own a Lisa or Macintosh, send your name,
address. and the serial number of your machine to STMac
Circulation, Box 7041, North Hollywood, CA 91605. Please
allow six to eight weeks for processing. STMac is totally inde.
pendent of Apple Computer, Inc.
Paid Subscriptions: $24 per year. Special rates for schools
and libraries, $12. Concurrent additional subscriptions for
schools and libraries, $8 each. Please allow six to eight weeks
for processing,
Back Issues:
processing
Problems? If you haven't received your STMac by the fit:
teenth of the month, or if you have other problems with your
Seater a nea achenbaun cnn help out
Call (818) 980-5074 or (800)
Marlag? Send we atarosr ahaa ect eel ey STi ae
to ST-Mac Circulation, Box 7041, North Hollywood, CA'91605;
telephone (818) 980-5074 or (800) 821-6231. Please allow six
to eight weeks for processing
3. Please allow six to eight weeks for
It is now July, six months after Apple intro-
duced the Macintosh. By now, an estimated
one hundred thousand machines are in use.
Virtually everyone who wants one can get one.
Which raises a question: Where is all the soft-
ware going to come from to keep these disk-
hungry Mac owners satisfied? Better yet, when
is all the software going to be available?
In January, software didn’t seem like a
problem. When Apple unveiled Mac, the com-
pany said there were one hundred-plus devel-
opers writing software for the machine and
that by the end of 1984 there would be more
than five hundred software packages available.
Today, halfway through the year, there are
less than one tenth that many package
But software is on the way, we're being told,
Among the long-awaited programs are Helix
from Odesta, MacDraw and MacProject from
Apple, and Word from Microsoft, and they seem
to be in great demand. Go to a Mac user group;
see what people are saying on CompuServe,
The Source, or any bulletin board system that
has Mac owners on it; talk to computer deal-
ers. They're just dying to lay their hands on
the stuff.
It’s the right of Mac owners to expect devel-
opers to have software available. After all, they
promised; they'd better deliver. But are com-
plaints about a sparse software market justi-
fied? When they bought their machines, Mac
owners knew there wasn’t much software
available. These are the same kinds of people
who probably would have bought a car, know-
ing gasoline would be in short supply; you
might have seen them at the stereo store, pur-
chasing compact disc players, despite the small
number of compact discs on the market. Mac
owners wanted to be part of the pioneers, and
now they're complaining about the price they're
having to pay.
That “price” isn’t the inability to perform
certain tasks; it’s the inability to buy programs
that help do those tasks.
MacDraw isn't out yet. So what? Make a list
of all the things it could be used for. Try to
remember the way we did those things with-
out MacDraw. Oh yeah, pencils, compasses,
and rulers. Get out the reference manuals so
we can refresh our memories on how to use
them.
Word isn't finished. Fine. How did modern
civilization ever get along without it? Well, there
was MacWrite, Apple Writer, WordStar, and a
few other archaic programs. Not to mention
the typewriter and the pen.
The Mac version of the IBM PC workhorse
1-2-3 isn't available yet. Good heavens, that
means we'll have to settle for AppleWorks or
Ill E-Z Pieces.
This isn't to suggést that we dump our Macs
and go back to the old technology. Rather, the
new technology is great, but the old has served
(and will suffice) until the new is ready. It’s
preferable to wrestle with WordStar and pre-
pare a report correctly than to breeze through
with the ease of Word, only to have the pro-
gram crash in the middle because it was rushed
to the market too soon. But, that doesn't mean
software developers are justified in taking too
long to finish a product.
The Mac is a tool. Like other tools, it's only
as good as its operator, and that includes the
person who uses it and the software that runs
it. Because the Mac is virtually a closed
machine, it can’t be easily programmed by its
owner the way most other computers can.
Thus, the only source of programs is a pool
of developers designated by Apple. If those
developers don't produce, then Apple has pro-
duced a useless tool.
Who's to blame for such a slow beginning?
It isn’t important. What is important is the dis-
crepancy between Apple's idea that Macin-
tosh was to have a major effect on the way we
work this year and the reality that many of us
are still working much the same way as before.
Whether software developers are justified
in taking so long to come up with the goods,
and whether Mac owners have the right to be
spoon-fed even though they were aware of the
software situation, can be argued for days,
and still no conclusion will be reached. The
software isn’t ready, and that’s all there is
toit.
Introducing Macintosh was an important
step for Apple and the microcomputing indus-
try as a whole. However, with the other foot
still stuck to the lower rung, that first step isn’t
making much of a difference. Until software
comes out, Mac owners should do nothing
but wait. Quietly.—Matt Yuen
File/Print Edit Type Style Display Search [yay
[al end
March 198412 Show Julian Dates 4
Wednesdayi/Hide Julian Dates al
Sun | Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat 1:00PM to discuss
1216 Set Holidays Toolkit
3:35PM Clear Holidays
Tog 8a 3) Feet AO.
17; Thursday March 15, 1984
10:10AM Confirm UltraTerm purchase
21 [22 |23 | 24 afar
28 129 |30 |31 1:30PM Production report due at
5:00PM today.
5:00PM Desktop Calendar production
1984 meeting.
Sun | Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat Friday March 16, 1984
oe Vacation starts. . .
8 a 10°) 12 [42 135/14 ey
fal BOL |ala
Clock i = =
1:24 pm 03/07/84 l a
wastebasket ‘Clipboard Preferences ProFile 1
Desktop Calendar for your Lisa 2
Desktop Calendar, a new tool for the Lisa 2, will im-
prove the way you work because it helps you
manage your time.
Your’re an important person. Working hard to get the
job done. But what happens if you get so involved in
your work that you lose track of time? Missing an im-
portant appointment or meeting can mean disaster.
If you put the times and dates of all your important
appointments and meetings into Desktop Calendar,
it will automatically remind you of them in time for
you to meet your commitments. Once you place
Desktop Calendar on your electronic desktop, you
can use your computer to write a letter, recalculate a
schedule, prepare a financial statement, or use any
of the Lisa Office System Tools. At the proper time
Desktop Calendar will interrupt, reminding you of
your appointment.
Talking on the phone to an important client? Want to
know all the dealings you’ve had with them for the
last three months? Desktop Calendar will search
through its electronic notebook and tell you. Want to
know the address of an important business contact
named ‘JONES’? Desktop Calendar will tell you that
too.
Desktop Calendar is more than just a calendar for
your computer. It will also keep track of
appointments, hold addresses for easy reference
and remind you of important events, even when you
are busy working with another tool in the Lisa Office
System.
Desktop Calendar will be available third quarter 1984
from Videx.
1105 N.E. Circle Blvd. ¢ Corvallis * OR 97330
503 758-0521
Penitence
My first impression of STMac was not a good
one. Due to the small size of your magazine
and my dislike for the title, I let a week pass
by before I decided to give it a try. What a
mistake on my part. Now I can hardly wait for
each new issue. My only complaint is that it
is too thin and takes only an evening to read.
Can you fatten it up somewhat? Heck, I'd even
be glad to see more ads.
PS. If | had been aware that STMac was
put out by Softalk, I would have picked it up
a lot sooner. How can I obtain the first issue?
Thomas F. Booze
Manhattan, KS
You'd be glad to see more ads...! Advertising
pays most of the bills at Softalk Publishing,
and for our first few months the advertising in
STMac didnt come close to covering our costs
Faces in Shadow
While reading the May issue of STMac, | came
across an incorrect statement in the item
entitled “The Niceties of Microsoft Basic Text”
in the Clicks & Pointers section. In the short
discussion of text faces using the call
textface(n) command, the article states that
“shadow and outline don’t seem to be sup-
ported.” This is not the case. Call textface(8)
will result in outlined text, and call
textface(16) will result in shadowed text.
Enclosed is a listing of the program along
with snapshots of the output window show-
ing the different text faces. | didn't include
all thirty-two faces, but you get the idea. Some
of the underlining effects will be different,
depending on which text mode is called.
The way to get all the available faces and
fonts is to either load all the fonts, using the
Font Mover, into the System file on the MS-
Basic disk or, easier yet, trash the System
file that came with the MS-Basic disk and
copy a new System file with all the fonts
already included onto the MS-Basic disk from
another disk (such as the System Disk that
came with the Macintosh). Then Basic can
print in all the available fonts and faces.
Keith D. Renz
Grand Forks, ND
Font Styles
BECREF EHIIKIMNOPQRSTUUMIRYZ
ahcdelghijkimnopars: Ce
Font = 0 Face
Font = 0 Face = 7
MVCHEFSDIOKLMNOPORSTUDMEZ
Font = 0 Face = 8
abedetohijzimnongrstaunmange
Font = 0 Face = 9
Font = 0 Face = 10
SBCBEFGHISKL ee
shcdelghi jkimaeparsisvmuyz
ADEDEFSHIORLMNOPORSTUDIATZ
BBCODE COIL TIOPOISTOUDS GE
ODED GAG LIDDODGTS IODDRGE
HACE ODUMEL LH IGP QI OTA DG PE
BCOBUGOUSBUDDODGS UHADAGE
E
im
eI
is
°
=
9
a
@
be
ig
2
of production. Of course we'd love to put out
a hefty magazine, with lots of gorgeous illus-
trations, high-quality screen printouts, and
layouts with a bit more...ummm...breathing
room. But this is as big as it gets until the
software market picks up, and then, well...we re
all waiting for that day, aren't we?
Thanks for giving us the chance to plug
our back issues—your complimentary copys
in the mail. Other readers can obtain back
issues (from February 1984) by sending $3 per
issue (please specify the issues you want) to
ST-Mac Back Issues, Box 7041, North Holly-
wood, CA 91605.
Almost Software
In his review of my book, The Apple Macin-
tosh Book, Bruce Webster asks why I didn't
mention software publishers other than Apple
and Microsoft. The answer is simple: I only
described applications software that I saw
running in some form. I talked to more than
twenty other software publishers while writing
the book, but none of them were ready; most
of them didn't have a working program at the
time.
As Softalk’s staff can attest, many announced
products never see the light of day. In my book,
1 point out that no book can ever be com-
pletely up to date; Mac owners looking for the
latest software should read magazines—such
as STMac.
Cary Lu
Watertown, MA
Loaded Comments
You are guilty of double-talk (binary-speak?)
in the March issue. In the article entitled
“Secrets of the Finder,’ Bruce Horn claims that
the System and Finder are entirely on disk;
then Steve Capps says that the whole operat-
ing system is in ROM.
When using my Mac, | notice that the Finder
cannot be found but may be encountered in
a dialog box when something goes wrong.
Also, if the System folder is put in the trash,
the next time you attempt to boot up with that
disk Mac’s eyes go blank
When my Mac was new and I had no idea
how to control the I-beam cursor, I acciden-
MAC
5
tally bumped the backspace key a couple of
times and retitled the names of my Guided
‘Tour disks. The most severe repercussion was
the loss of the proper name to the Session 0
document (which must act as an Exec file).
My Mac refused to even give up its disk. A
cold on/off switch with the mouse button
depressed worked. The System disk booted,
so | ejected it and went to look at Guided Tour.
Mac had me swap disks ten times to repair
the files, and then I straightened out the names.
Sad to say, I cannot reproduce the error.
E. Christis Farrell
Wellsville, OH
Different people apparently use the term oper-
ating system in different ways. Capps was
referring to the low-level operating system
functions. The Finder and System files contain
the shell, or front end, of the operating sys-
tem: the command level, which is, admittedly,
what most of us think of when we say oper-
ating system.
We may be guilty of double-talk, but you're
certainly afflicted with a severe case of tech-
nospeak (“A cold on/off switch”?) May we
assume you mean you turned the machine off
and then on again, or are you working in an
overly air-conditioned office?
Modifying Multiplan
Ihave discovered a number of interesting fac-
ets of the Macintosh that not many people
seem to know about (or that have not yet sur-
faced in your magazine or from Apple).
But before I get into these subjects I would
like to tell you about our local Macintosh user
group. Kirksville-Macintosh Users Group (K-
MUG) was formed shortly after the release of
the Macintosh. Our group broke off from our
standard user group (Apple Core Computer
Club, AC) after we realized we are a new and
totally different breed of Apple owners and
operators.
Our group is located in Kirksville, Mis-
souri, which is a small rural town in the north-
east part of the state. We have a very informal
group of very excited users, always wanting
more information and, of course, more soft-
ware programs! So, rather than complaining
about our situation, we are doing something
about it. We have started a library of public
domain software written entirely by members
of our user group! We have also started an art
gallery to display our MacPaint creations.
Avery important discovery of my own con-
cerns Microsoft's Multiplan. As you know,
Multiplan is an incredible program that uses
the features of the Macintosh to an incredible
degree—with a couple of minor exceptions.
One of those exceptions is avery limiting one—
the number of characters that can be dis-
played on the screen and also printed on the
Imagewriter. Here is my solution to this
unyielding problem.
By taking the new version of the Finder
(version 1.1) and the new System file from the
prerelease version of MacTerminal and
replacing it on my Multiplan boot disk, | got
@ = iVic Treutel =
100 W. LaHarpe
Kirksville, MO 63501
an incredible result: Geneva-9 with incredible
clarity. With this new font, I am able to have
110 characters by forty-seven lines on a stand-
ard Multiplan template in the wide format.
A couple of words of explanation: It seems
as if Multiplan uses a Toronto font as its sys-
tem font. There are two Toronto fonts on the
original disk, Toronto-10 and Toronto-20. But
by removing these you get a nine-point font
with very distorted results, which seems to be
New York-12 decreased in size. New York-12
is a system font and cannot be removed from
the System file. But in the new System file of
the prerelease version of MacTerminal, the New
York-12 font has been replaced by Geneva-9
as the system font. So Multiplan uses Geneva:
9 as its system font, with some wonderful
results.
Hope this information is as valuable to other
Mac users as it has been to me!
Vic Treutel
Kirksville, MO
Multiproblems
I have enjoyed the first few issues of S7Mac
and thank you for this opportunity to make
my comments. | purchased a Macintosh in
mid-February. | had been considering pur-
chase of a personal computer for six months
and studied the market carefully. One of my
Moving Mysterious Characters
I was poking around in Basic on my trusty
Mac the other day when, to my surprise, a
robot popped out on my screen. My curiosity
piqued, I decided to explore further. In doing
so, I discovered that the character is pro-
duced by the Shift-Option-Tilde key combi-
nation and that its ASCII value is 217. From
this starting point, | decided to look at this
robot in more detail with MacPaint.
Imagine my further surprise when I found
that, at different point sizes, the robot trans-
formed into other characters: a heart and
musical notes. When I tried other fonts, still
other interesting characters popped onto my
screen. At that point, I decided to turn my
attention to MacWrite, with which I prepared
a matrix showing the mystery character-set
in all its manifestations. I enclose a copy of
this for the interest of other readers who might
not yet have discovered this little surprise
for themselves. Obviously, someone at Apple
was having some fun!
I note that the reason the mystery char-
acters do not appear when using the Key
Caps accessory is that this accessory uses
the Chicago font, and the mystery characters
are not implemented in this font. I have also
found that not all of these characters appear
in Basic. The only ones I have been able to
produce with Basic are the robot (default
font 1 and most others), the sheep (font 3),
and the triple line (font 4). | have sought
other mystery characters but have failed to
find any.
James C. Robertson
Vienna, VA
Try using Font Mover to transfer fonts from
your System Disk to your Microsoft Basic disk.
All the mystery characters should be acces-
sible to Basic programs, provided the fonts
they reside in are present.
Mystery Character
Font octoint 12-Point 1 4-Point 18-Point24-Pt.
New York ’ ] Bp] v
Geneva ° ~ 4 ?
Toronto + € e 9
Nanaca = i] it) =
Chicago Ho QO oO
Denice . ° ° s
London fae 18) O
Athens a =
San franetlico .« <« = ae
6
USL ey, ie eho
primary reasons for buying a personal com-
puter was to perform financial calculations
(spreadsheet analysis). When I used Micro-
soft’s Multiplan on the Macintosh, I was sold.
I was using Multiplan in five minutes and
without reading the instruction manual.
The first thing I did with my Mac was set
up a financial program with Multiplan. Every-
thing worked fine until a few days later, when
I went to use that program again. To my dis-
may, when | made a few changes my Mac went
crazy. The next thing I knew, a cute little bomb.
with a lit fuse appeared on the screen with
the message “A major system error has
occurred.” It gave me the choice of restarting
the current application or starting back at the
disk icon, along with an ID=02 code. Won-
derful, I said. It's the world’s easiest computer
and they haven't given it decipherable error
codes. And, to make matters worse, only the
choice to go back to the disk icon would work.
The other one didn't do anything when I clicked
on it.
That was the start of many problems that
have since made me regret my purchase of a
Macintosh. It took two weeks for the retail store
where | had made my purchase to figure out
that the Multiplan software was at fault. Com-
munications with Microsoft were difficult; |
either couldn't get through or got put on hold
for forty-five minutes. Microsoft sent a “sec-
ond-release” copy to the store and claimed
the bugs had been worked out. I used the new
copy and it also bombed. That was four weeks
ago. The latest word from my retailer is that
his Apple representative heard that Microsoft
will be sending out debugged copies some-
time in the future.
Here I am with a $3,500 investment that I
can't use in the way I'd originally intended.
Another case of getting a product out before
it was ready. One small consolation: I’m using
MacWrite extensively now, with much better
success.
Macintosh is a wonderful tool. I’m sure it
will be a tremendous success. It’s too bad that
Microsoft has tarnished the image already.
Michael H. Moore
Richmond, VA
Microsoft has mailed an updated version 1.02
of Multiplan to owners of the buggy version
1.0 who mailed in their registration cards. The
company apologizes to 1.0 owners who were
not notified of the update because they had
not returned their warranty cards. Owners who
have not returned their cards should do so to
receive the free Multiplan update.
Please Remain Calm
I was quite concerned that you failed to com-
ment on the letter submitted by Ronald K. Long
in the April issue of STMac. Has he hit too
close to home in his evaluation of the Macin-
tosh, leaving you speechless and unable to
respond?
A Better Clock
I tried the Microsoft Basic clock program that
was presented in your March issue (“Mac
Learns a Language”) on my Macintosh. My
son, however, had some difficulty determin-
ing where the second and minute hands were
between the numbers. To help him, | made
some enhancements to the clock program,
which are displayed and listed below in lines
81 through 94. I also used call textface(1) to
@ File Edit Control
CLOCK
boldface the numbers and added the follow-
ing to line 230: IF OS<>S THEN LINE.... This
last bit gives the second hand a nice tick
instead of a flicker.
Thanks for the program.
Roger Riggs
Grafton, VA
Thanks for the enhancements.
12:39:14 PM
List
0 NEXT R
1 DEF FNA(R) = 125 + 90 * SLO).
2 DEF FNB(R) = 105 - 90*COS(R)
3 DEF FNC(R) = 125 + 85 * SIN(R)
4 DEF FND(R) = 105 - 85 * COS(R)
5 FOR R = 2* PI TO 0 STEP -PI/30
6 LINE (FNA(R), FNB(R))-(FNC(R), FND(R))
7 NEXT R
8 DEF FNE(R) = 125 + 80 * SIN(R)
9 DEF FNF(R) = 105 - 80 * COS(R)
90 FOR R = 2 * PI TO 0 STEP -P1/6
2 CALL PENSIZE(2,2)
4 LINE(FNA(R),FNB(R))-(FNE(R), FNF(R))
}6 NEXT R
8 CIRCLE (125, 105),90
I too am curious about the apparent lack
of eighty-column capability for word process-
ing functions. In fact, nowhere in Mac litera-
ture can I find any discussion of “columns”
when it comes to the Mac's word processing
capabilities! Is this a major drawback of the
machine? After all, it would be nice to be able
to see your document on the screen just as it
will appear in print.
Second, Mr. Long commiserated on the
apparent lack of sufficient RAM to allow more
program memory to reside in that RAM, thus
avoiding disk swaps. Will we be able to retrofit
larger RAM chips (such as 256K) in existing
Macs or will a complete system changeout be
required?
T am just to the point of ordering a Mac,
but I have some serious reservations! I’m sure
many other prospective buyers would like
answers to these questions before they plunk
down $3,000-plus for the Mac and peripher-
als. I have an Atari 800 (which | will keep) that
is fine for what it does, but I want a true busi-
ness computer, which | thought the Mac was!
I'm not so sure now...
L.B. Stilwell II
Springfield, IL
If we were made speechless, it was only
because Long’ criticisms were based on con-
cepts that have been made outdated by the
Macintosh. It is pointless to speak of columns
when you are using proportionally spaced type.
How many columns of characters are there
on this page? You cant count them exactly
because there is a different number of char-
acters on each line, giving the text a more
natural look. Different characters take up dif-
ferent amounts of space. So it is on the Macin-
tosh. This isn't a drawback; its a major
advantage.
In those situations where you want char-
acters to line up in columns, the Monaco type-
face can be used. All of its characters are the
same width. In the nine-point type size and
the Monaco font, the Macintosh can indeed
display eighty columns. MacTerminal will take
advantage of this fact to make its output win-
dow more closely resemble the display of a
conventional computer.
When a memory upgrade is available, it
will be accomplished by swapping the entire
logic board. This is also how broken Macs are
most often repaired. Although it sounds
wasteful, it means that turnaround time on
repairs is faster, stores can more easily pro-
vide such service, and Apple can keep track
of the things that are breaking most often.
By the way, a solution to the disk-swapping
problems that is available now is to get a sec-
ond disk drive. There may still be a wait for
delivery of external drives, but at least the
dealers are taking orders. ea
STMac would like to hear your reactions to articles
as well as your views about the world of personal
computing. Send your opinions, queries, sugges-
tions, and solutions to STMac, Box 7041, North Hol-
lywood, CA 91605.
Maccessories!
The Maccessories SWIVEL
is a light weight, durable lazy susan that fits
neatly under your Macintosh. The SWIVEL re-
volves a full 360° and lets you adjust the viewing
angle of your Macintosh with the touch ofa finger.
Since the SWIVEL attaches to the bottom of
your Macintosh computer, it goes everywhere
your Macintosh goes, even inside the Macintosh
carrying case.
Maccessories STARTER PACK.
Start your Macintosh off right with this money-
saving kit containing the Maccessories SWIVEL,
SURGE SUPPRESSOR plus an anti-static DUST
COVER to keep your Macintosh clean and dust-free.
The Maccessories
SURGE SUPPRESSOR
protects your Macintosh
against power problems. Its
circuitry stops surges and spikes,
and filters out aggravating line
noise. Simply replace your Macintosh power cord
with the Maccessories SURGE SUPPRESSOR and
you're ready to go.
Now also available:
Maccessories (PORTABLE) MODEM
Operates at 300 bps with any communications
software. It’s inexpensive, rugged and easy to
use. Warranted for 5 years.
It’s small (7¥2" x 3Y2” x 1¥2"), powered by a
9-volt battery, less than 1 lb. in weight, and slips
easily into the Macintosh carrying case.
Maccessories DISK CASE
Provides safe storage for 36 Macintosh disks. Five
dividers help you organize your disks. Comes
with 10 spare disk labels.
Available at Apple dealers everywhere.
K
KENSINGTON™
MICROWARE
Kensington Microware Ltd. 251 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10010 (212) 475-5200 Telex: 467383 KML NY
‘Trademarks: Maccessories—Kensington Microware Ltd; Apple and Macintosh—Apple Computer, Inc. © 1984 Kensington Microware Ltd.
Nineteen-eighty-four will be remembered as the year Apple created
a pixilating art box for scribblers and scribes called the Macintosh
The personal computer for art’s sake. The Cuisinart of image process-
ing at the door of the Museum of Modern Art, eyeing a niche in the
technology wing
MacPaint will be remembered as the tool that transformed fooling
around into fine art. Put the package in the hands ofa true fine artist
and you get—well, ever wonder how Edgar Bergen got that dummy
to talk?
In the hand of children’s book writer and illustrator Daniel Pink:
water of Hyde Park, New York, that darn mouse is alive. Pass the
cheese please, Louise.
Pinkwater calls himself a serious person, but there is considerable
evidence to the contrary. Most of it lies between the pages of his many
whimsical tomes for teens with their trippingly turgid titles. Just meet
ing up with The Snarkout Boys and the Baconburg Horror and The
Snarkout Boys and the Avocado of Death (Lothrop, Lee, and Shepard),
1 Was a Second Grade Werewolf and Devil in the Drain (E.P. Dutton)
Lizard Music (Dodd, Mead and Company), and Ducks! (Little, Brown)
and Company) on a library shelf is enough to convince thousands of
adolescent “misfits” that Pinkwater is on their side. Hooray for sillyhood.
Pinkwater has written, “If I can't inspire large groups of people in
red plastic clown noses to march through the streets, I've failed to
live up to the demands of my art” Honk if you brake for Bozos.
Pinkwater’s books run the gamut from picture books to novels.
His prolific writing ability (up to five books a year) has netted him
by Mike Ferris___—
=
i
S|
o
2
io)
4
=
g
S
2
=
an
me ite ill
i {
“one or two minor awards,” he says, but no bookstore or bestseller
noise. “It's schools and libraries, and that's all, folks.”
Are they, as some would suggest, “second-class books” because
they're fun? Well, at least the kids love them, and so do some S-F
adults. Writing for kids is “paradise,” Pinkwater brags. “I can do as |
please as long as there are no dirty words.”
Pinkwater brooded for a month before he finally purchased his
Macintosh. Now he spends an hour or two a day at it, rediscovering
the pleasure of sketching, a habit he dropped when he went profes
sional. Art isn't just a job anymore.
The art presented in this Pinkwater portfolio is for a storybook
with pictures to be released in the spring of 1985. Jolly Roger: A Dog
of Hoboken is the story of a crafty canine that becomes boss of the
waterfront dogs. Yes, it’s a shaggy dog story, a story with a “cheap
ending,” confesses the author. J.R. is a half chow chow, half husky
from Pinkwater’s past. “A very cool dog who could handle anything;
he says, from drifting out to sea on an ice floe to getting his mug
squeezed onto a tiny computer screen.
The illustrations were created with MacPaint and printed on “nice
fake bond computer paper, complete with perforations,” says the art-
ist, possessor of a degree in fine art and a black belt in woodcuts.
y The drawings have the quality of an original art print with just enough
computerese to seduce a techie. In fact, “every print is an original on
a Macintosh,’ says Pinkwater.
How does he manage to make computer art look ancient and an
ancient art seem modern? Pinkwater's secret is to start with a black
screen and then use the multiple brush options in white to whittle
away in the dark. “I didn’t want to push for effects,” he says, a trap
many a novice MacPainter falls into. “So | did less than 1 knew | could.”
Being able to save a drawing in progress is a blessing for Pink-
water. “How many times does an artist say, “This looks good. I'm
afraid I’m going to ruin it’?” he asks. It’s a tremendous confidence
builder to be able to take the same image a dozen different ways and
back again without losing that first freshness.
“And I can save and work on a drawing until | run out of steam—
even come down at 2:00 in the morning and pick up where | left off.
No muss, no fuss, no cleanup.” A feature previously found only in
fine, no-wax floors.
The philosophy that pops up in all of Pinkwater’s books is that the
world is rich and full of wonderful things just waiting to be found
Illustrations copyright © 1984 by Daniel Pinkwater, from the forthcoming ‘I'd certainly include the Mac in that,” says the “antiadult” Pinkwater.
book, Jolly Roger: A Dog of Hoboken, to be published by Lothrop, Lee, and “The Macintosh is the best toy I've ever had
Shepard Books, a division of William Morrow and Company, Inc.
“If it had wheels and | could drive it, that’s all 'd want.”
How to Mac Music
Creating original music is a joy. Creating sheet
music is anything but.
With that in mind we introduce a major break-
through in music making. Professional Composer.
From Mark of the Unicorn.
Professional Composer is an easy-to-use software
program that lets you score, edit and print music
using Apples new Macintosh personal computer and
mouse. Developed especially for musicians (not just
computer virtuosos), Professional Composer requires
no computing experience whatsoever. Instead it sim-
ply requires that you know how to point.
You see, Professional Composer puts a blank
piece of manuscript paper on your
computer screen. Then it lets you use
the Macintosh mouse, a small rolling
box that controls a pointer on the
screen, to enter clefs, notes, rests, time
signatures and chords. Even ties, beams,
Professional
Composer
slurs and note ornaments. In fact anything that would
be part of a published score.
Using the same mouse, you can edit your music
too. Delete and insert notes, accents, clefs, time and
key signatures. Move instantly from one part of your
score to another. Change keys. Even listen to what
you've written. Of course you can file your music too,
complete or incomplete, so it will be easily accessible
the next time inspiration strikes.
But perhaps best of all is the finale. Because with
Professional Composer and Mac’s beautiful graphics,
you can print out sheet music that’s the envy of any
professional copyist. And the objective of every seri-
ous musician.
Tf youd like to hear more on how
Professional Composer can help you
make music, write Mark of the Unicorn,
222 Third Street, Cambridge, MA,
02142, or call 617-576-2760.
Mark of the Unicorn, 222 Third Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, 617-576-2760
12 Uy aE Ay
1499874
Kevin Goldstein
Once you've had the pleasure of using a hard disk with your per-
sonal computer, you're spoiled forever. With typical storage capacities
of ten megabytes or better—the equivalent of twenty-five microfloppy
disks—the floppy disk shuffle becomes an unmourned part of the
past. Gone too are the long sonatas the floppy drive sang while it
leisurely fetched your data: Hard disks are usually five to ten times
faster than their floppy cousins and virtually noiseless. The only pen-
alty all this goodness extracts is dollars from your wallet—hard disk
drives cost three to six times as much as floppies, which is really not
a bad deal considering they hold twenty-five times as much and oper-
ate five times faster.
With advantages like that, it’s not surprising that Apple took steps
early in the Macintosh development cycle to assure that hard disks
would be available for Mac shortly after its introduction. Long before
Appie’s pride and joy was unveiled to the world, the company gave
specs on the new machine to two of the top independent suppliers
of hard disks for personal computers, Tecmar of Cleveland, Ohio, and
Davong of Santa Clara, California. Apple’s planning is paying off:
Tecmar has just introduced a complete line of hard disks, and Davong’s
entries should debut in a few weeks. We'll review the Davong disk as
soon as it becomes available.
Tecmar, in the meantime, has gone whole hog, introducing four
different hard disk drives, all called MacDrive. The drive reviewed
here is a five-megabyte cartridge drive—the cartridge looks just like
a slightly overweight version of the standard Sony microfloppy. Don't
let that superficial similarity fool you, though—the innards are totally
different. Each five-megabyte replacement cartridge costs $120.
In addition to the single five-megabyte cartridge drive, Tecmar is
also announcing a ten-megabyte fixed drive, plus two more drives
that are combinations of the first two: a dual five-megabyte cartridge
drive and a ten-megabyte fixed/five-megabyte cartridge drive. Both of
the single-drive systems—the five-megabyte cartridge and ten-mega-
byte fixed—sell for $1,995; the dual-drive systems go for $3,250.
Mac Loves a Winchester
However advantageous hard disks are for the typical personal
computer, they're even more desirable on the Mac, for two reasons.
To begin with, the limited amount of memory in the Mac means that
programs of any reasonable size will constantly be swapping parts
of themselves (or data) in and out from the disk. With a floppy disk,
that's a time-consuming operation. Worse yet, Mac’s operating system
consumes about 60 percent of the storage space on a floppy, which
doesn't leave a whole lot of room for data. Simply going to double-
sided disks would help a lot, since ail of the additional 400K could
go for data. With a capacious hard disk, the percentage of space
taken by the operating system drops even more dramatically (about
5 percent of a five-megabyte drive).
There's another important reason why a hard disk is particularly
desirable on a machine like the Mac, and it has to do with the fact
that Mac's software parts are better integrated than the parts of most
machines. You use that integration, for example, when you copy a
picture from MacPaint into the Scrapbook and later paste that picture
into a MacWrite document. The flip side of such integration, however,
is that Mac needs almost constant access to the startup disk in order
to keep all those features consistent between disks. That's why the
Mac will frequently ask you to insert the startup disk when you're
working with another disk.
With a hard disk, all those annoyances vanish. You now have one
Scrapbook (which can be as large as you want it, limited only by the
RD & FAS T= MAC DRIVES ON TO CONQUER
SPACE AND SPEED mmx
size of your hard disk), one Note Pad, one System. It’s Mac as Mac
was meant to be.
The five-megabyte cartridge drive reviewed for this article was
almost, but not quite, the final version. There will be some differences
between what is reviewed here and what you buy, which we'll point
out as we go.
A Document Warehouse
The MacDrive itself is moderately bulky—its footprint is about the
same as the Mac’s—and it’s only half as tall, but about as heavy.
Installation is simple: Plug the nine-pin connector from the drive into
the modem connector on the back of the Mac and plug in the power
cord. That's it. The drive even comes with a “convenience” outlet so
you can plug your Mac into it. (There’s a connector on the back of
the drive to plug your modem into, although that feature wasn't imple-
mented on our test drive.)
Using the drive is almost as simple as installing it, although the
first time you're likely to wonder just what the devil is going on. Push
the white button on the front of the drive and the door opens a wee
fraction of an inch. (Look carefully; it really has moved.) Open the
door the rest of the way and insert the cartridge, then close the door
and flip on the drive's power switch. Now insert the MacDrive System
disk into the onboard Sony drive and turn the Mac on. (The Macintosh
won't boot directly from the MacDrive.)
At about this time you're first going to wonder what's going on.
When you turn on the Tecmar drive, nothing happens. At least, it
looks like nothing's happening. In reality, the MacDrive is coming up
to speed, although you won't know that unless you listen closely.
Future versions of the drive will probably include a power-on light,
so you won't have to wonder if your $2,000 baby took a walk. In any
case, in about fifteen or twenty seconds the drive will come up to
speed, and the red light on the front will finally wake up and blink
at you.
The Mac, in the meantime, has been booting the MacDrive System
disk, and pretty soon you'll see its icon on the desktop. That's all
you'll see for a few moments, and again you'll have enough time to
wonder if your hard disk is alive and well. Be patient. You might not
know it, but the hard disk is in the process of being installed. After
a few more seconds you'll see the watch icon, telling you to wait,
after which the hard disk icon will appear.
From that point on, you treat the hard disk pretty much as if it
were a floppy, albeit a floppy with five or ten megabytes of storage.
Copy files to it, run programs from it, enjoy.
The first time you run a program off the hard disk, you may be
quite pleased with its faster speed—it’s two to three times faster than
a floppy. Saves in MacWrite go much faster, dropping from an annoy-
ingly long delay to an acceptably short one. Using the hand in MacPaint
to view different portions of the page is equally satisfying, as the
screen is now repainted at a brisk rate that’s actually fun to watch.
Despite that performance, if you've used a hard disk on another
computer, you may be somewhat disappointed. As mentioned earlier,
hard disks are generally five to ten times faster than their floppy
counterparts; in comparison to that, the Tecmar drive isn’t quite up
to par.
That situation could change significantly by the time you read this.
While it’s true that most hard disks use a parallel interface to connect
to the computer—a connection that can transfer data more than ten
times faster than the serial connection used on the Mac—the serial
bottleneck, although the most obvious, accounts for only a portion
of the slowdown. Another significant drag on performance can be
traced to the fact that, because the Mac has so little memory, appli-
cations programs frequently overwrite the disk directory in memory.
That means that every time the Mac needs to get data from the disk,
STMAC
iis
it must first fetch the directory, then go back and fetch the data. That
extra access can almost double the time it takes to perform a disk
operation.
To make up for Mac’s memory limitations, Tecmar stuffed a micro-
processor and sixty-four kilobytes of memory right into the disk drive.
That memory can be used to hold the directory, thereby making that
information instantly available to the Mac when it needs to read or
write a file. Memory used like that is called cache memory; loading
the directory into cache memory can speed up disk operations
dramatically.
Tecmar hadn't implemented the cache feature at the time of this
review, but all that’s required is a new version of their MacDrive System
disk—the hardware won't change. A speedier version implementing
cache should be available by the time you read this. A further con-
tribution to speed is likely to come this summer from Apple, when
the company releases a new version of the Finder optimized for use
with high-capacity hard disks. Taken together, those improvements
could power the drive to a speed five times that of floppies.
With any luck, that new version of the Finder will also take care
of one particularly annoying aspect of using MacDrive. As it now
stands, the only way to get the Mac to change the system drive from
the startup disk (MacDrive System) to the hard disk is to run an
application off of the hard disk and then exit the application. After
that, you can eject and trash the startup disk and the hard disk will
become the system drive. That's awkward; a “change system drive”
option in the Special menu would make life much easier. Until then,
the best we can hope for is a dummy program from Tecmar that opens
and closes itself really fast. —_>
A Walk through the Drive
Although hard disks and floppy disks share the same basic
principles of operation, the details vary significantly between
the two. In a floppy disk, a read-write head similar in concept
to that found in an audiotape recorder rides directly on the
spinning magnetic media; a pad opposite the head gently pushes
the disk into contact with the head. That method is very similar
to what happens in a tape recorder, where the tape is dragged
past the audio read-write heads.
The amount of information you can encode onto a magnetic
surface depends directly on how fast the magnetic surface is
moving past the head (or the head is moving past the magnetic
surface): The faster the magnetic media moves, the more data
can be crammed into each linear inch. You need movement to
create electric/magnetic fields; the faster the movement, the
stronger the field, which accounts for the greater amount of
data. That's why studio-quality professional tape recorders
operate at 15 inches per second, while home cassette decks
can get by witha snaillike 1 7/8 inches per second. Video decks,
which need to store huge amounts of information, not only
move the tape past the heads, they actually spin the head to
gain even more relative motion between the tape and head.
The same goes for disks—the faster you spin them, the
more data you can cram into each inch. But as long as you're
keeping the head in contact with the media, there’s a limit to
how fast you can spin it before some small irregularity (like a
piece of dust) slices through the head, the media, or both. For
reasonable head and media life, floppy disks are limited to
about three hundred revolutions per minute.
If you could move the head just slightly away from the sur-
face of the media, you could spin it much faster. Try to do that
with a floppy disk, though, and you run into a problem: Because
the disk isn't rigid, parts of it will be farther away from the head
than other parts (sort of like an instant warped record). But
moving the head just a little bit away from the media causes
the output signal (the strength of the electrical signal repre-
senting the data) to drop a whole lot, and you end up not being
able to read your disk very reliably (if at all).
The obvious answer is to deposit the magnetic coating onto
a nonwarpable, or rigid, plate, which is exactly what is done
in a rigid disk. (Now you know where they get the name hard
disk. The name Winchester is a holdover from the nickname
bestowed upon the first hard disk, which was invented by IBM.
That disk had thirty megabytes of fixed storage and thirty mega-
bytes of backup, and everybody knows that a .30/30 is a Win-
chester.) Now, because the closer you can get the heads to the
rigid platter without actually touching it, the stronger the signal,
you've still got to figure out how to mount the heads so they
remain between ten and twenty millionths of an inch above the
disk.
Easy. Spin the rigid plate—called, logically enough, a plat-
ter—so fast that it drags a small layer of air around above it,
much like the earth pulls the lower atmosphere around with it
(creating winds, weather, and climate in the process). Now just
put teeny little wings on your head, and... presto...it will fly just
a wee bit above the actual surface of the disk. Close, but nat
so close that it touches. If you've ever heard the term “head
crash,” you now know not only what it means, but just how
descriptive the term really is: For whatever reason—the disk
being jarred, for example—the flying head literally crashes into
the surface of the disk. The result is a gouge in the platter and
a badly damaged drive.
As a matter of fact, the heads fly so close to the platter in a
hard disk that even a speck of dust looms like a boulder, and
a stray microscopic piece of metal could easily cause a head
crash. To prevent such catastrophes, hard disks are assembled
in clean rooms and hermetically sealed at the factory; just in
case any dust is still around hoping to jump on the merry-go-
round, the air within the sealed drive is constantly being sucked
through a very fine filter.
In addition to allowing more bits to be packed into each
inch, spinning the disk faster means the bits will be read off
the disk faster. Indeed, typical data transfer rates for a floppy
disk run five hundred kilobits per second, whereas a hard disk
transfers data ten times faster, or five megabits per second.
(High-performance Winchester disks are faster yet.)
Since the typical hard disk interface transfers data at five
megabits per second, but the Mac can only accept data through
its serial port at about one megabit (actually seven hundred to
eight hundred kilobits in real life), some kind of buffering is
needed between the disk and the Mac. That's why Tecmar uses
a 68008 microprocessor with its own memory in the MacDrive.
Tecmar gets double and triple use out of that processor. In
addition to providing the intelligence necessary to make pos-
sible both data buffering and the directory caching mentioned
above, the onboard 68008 can supply the intelligence needed
to connect the system to AppleBus, Apple's small networking
system. Tecmar’s choice of the 68008 microprocessor, which is
a variant of the 68000 found in the Mac, was a clever one. The
68008 runs the exact same code as the 68000; the only differ-
ence lies in its interface to the outside world, where it uses an
eight-bit bus, or interface, versus the 68000's sixteen-bit bus.
That means the drive itself can directly run the AppleBus code
written for the Mac, assuming that Apple grants Tecmar a license
to do so. Upgrading current MacDrives to run AppleBus may
be as simple as a software change (meaning a new MacDrive
startup disk) or may require replacing some read-only memo-
ries, a simple operation that can be done by your dealer in a
few minutes. AppleBus will slow things down slightly—it trans-
fers data at 240 kilobits per second, versus the 700- to 800-
kilobit-per-second rate of an unshared MacDrive. In return, many
Macs—or any machine that can run AppleBus, for that mat-
ter—will be able to share the MacDrive.—Kevin Goldstein =.
& File Edit Search RU Wir ws
Smarals Tanat,
5 5 wm : =! Observe
count j= cal 360.0 Wana 2700. \m000
teaunt Cul
pot xy(t Se, x. US
be T ON
RS
&
Liege Weneta + anglg
et kwAenels, Sigams, ¥
heT OC % la
tcount Acer
if tc@, <i wer
begin
size ze 4
tcaunwW saury
end
end,
theta := theta + ang)
Getx¥(thetamize, Wy):
‘s,
7
Sa ee
~— =
aut
y
y
STEMAC
Ay
Bruce E Webster
| A WINDOW ON PASCAL
A New Interpretation
of an Old Language
He’ an outstanding programmer with two
very successful software packages out on the
market. Hes preferred programming in
_ assembly, having little interest in (or love for)
high-level languages. That is, until now. You
see, the other day he spent about twenty min-
utes watching a programmer use Macintosh
Pascal. He liked the automatic formatting and
keyword detection. He was pleased with the
quick syntax scan and error indication. He
nodded approvingly at the interpretive change-
and-go environment. He was surprised by the
trace and pause functions. But when he saw
the programmer insert breakpoints, set up the
Observe window, and watch the variables
change as the program ran, he said, “How
soon will this be out on the market? I want to
buy ie :
Well, by the time you read this, Macintosh
Pascal should be out on the market, or at least
very close to release. And no matter what you
think of Pascal, you should give this package
a good, hard look. Developed by Think Tech-
nologies and distributed by Apple, Macintosh
Pascal represents a new generation of pro-
gramming languages. It's not just another
compiler; in fact, it's not a compiler at all,
MacPascal is interpreted, much like Basic. In
other words, you don't have to recompile your
program each time you modify it; you just
change it and go. What's more, you can stop
the program, look at the variables (and even
change them), then continue the program.
But we're getting ahead of ourselves. Sup-
pose you've just bought MacPascal, and you
want to put it to work. Where (and how) do
you begin? Let's go through a hypothetical
programming session and look at the ele
ments of MacPascal. If you already have bought
the language, you may want to do the th
we're talking about. Otherwise, just read: Try
to extract the flavor of MacPascal. Even if you
know how to program but have never used
Pascal, you'll be able to appreciate the editing
and debugging features described later in the
article.
House of Many Windows
When you first run MacPascal, you get the
display in figure 1: the menu bar and three
@ file Edit Search Run Windows
svindows.” The Untitled window is where our
program will go. In fact, it has a small dummy
program already in it. It has the standard win-
dow parts: a size box, to change the window's
size; scroll bars, for moving through the pro-
gram; a control bar, for moving the window
around the screen; and a close box, for hiding
the window completely. The other two win-
dows, Text and Drawing, can also be resized,
_ moved around, or hidden completely. The Text
window is where any text input and output
will take place; any graphics work will show
up in the Drawing window. :
Text
[program Untitled;
var
{Your variable declarations}
begin
{Your program statements}
end.
Drawing
na
Ka]
ts)
_ Figure 1, .
COVER UP
You've taken that step into the computer age, stay there,
by protecting your computer from the elements.
Covers are available in: Blue, Black,
Brown, Beige, Red, and Rust. The
Macintosh™ set includes a cover for
the Mac, Keyboard, and Imagewriter.
Suggested retail: $30.00
In the Southern California area our
covers are available at these
fine stores.
Also available for the Applelle™
(pictured below) Lisa™, Lisa™ w/ Profile,
and other popular computer systems.
Made from 400 Denier rip stop nylon with a
polyurethane backing. Our covers are custom
designed for your Macintosh™. They offer worry
free protection from spilled liquids, ashes, and dust
accumulation. The contemporary cover for your
personal computer,
Sun
Computers
your store or corporate logo can
| minimum order.
Computer Cover Co.
P.O. Box 3080
Laguna Hills, CA 92654 (714) 380-0085 or 380-0086
Lisa™ and Macintosh™ are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc. Dealer Inquiries Welcome.
STMAC
1
Back to the Untitled window. MacPascal
uses the standard MacWrite editing features—
cut, copy, paste, undo—selected from a pretty
standard Edit menu. For example, let’s change
the title of the program from “Untitled” to “Spi-
tals.” Select the word Untitled by dragging the
mouse from one end of it to the other and
_type Spirals. As you do so, Untitled will dis-
appear and Spirals will take ‘its place, just as
it would in MacWrite. In the same way, select
the line that says {Your variable declarations}
and type angle.integer; (note the semicolon
at the end). Now replace the line {Your pro-
gram statements} with PenMode(PatCopy);
PenSize(1,1). Getdngle(angle), DrawSpiral
(angle);. As you type this, Mac Pascal auto-
matically formats the program for you,
putting each statement ona new line, as
shown in figure 2. If you have MacPascal and
you're typing these lines in, the figure shows
what your Untitled window should look like
now.
PenMode and PenSize are QuickDraw rou-
tines that determine how the graphics pen will
draw in the Drawing window. These are already
defined in MacPascal, so you don't have to do
anything about them. We'll have to enter the
other two routines, GetAngle and DrawSpiral,
called by the program. For starters, let’s do
the GetAngle procedure. To get more room to
edit in, point the cursor al Untitled’s size box
(lower right corner) and drag it to the right
until the edge of the window is an inch or two
from the right edge of the screen. Move the
cursor to the end of the line angle-integer;,
click the button, and hit return. Now type the
following:
procedure GetAngle(var
angle:integer);
begin
repeat write(‘Enter angle: ’);
readin(angle) until angle > 0
end; { of proc GetAngle }
Untitled
program Spirals,
var
angle : integer;
begin
PenMode(PatCopy};
PenSize(1, 1);
GetAngle(angle),
DrawSpiral(angle)|
end
ral
al [|
Figure 2.
& file Edit Search Run Windows
tite —ssaaTreut
program Spirals;
var
angle : integer;
begin
repeat
write(‘Enter angle: °);
readin(angle)
until angle > 0
end; { of proc GetAngle}
begin
PenMade(PatCopy);
PenSize(1, 1); I
GetAngle(angle);
DrawSpiral(angle);
end.
procedure GetAngle (var angle : integer);
irawing
il
Figure 3.
Kea
[eqe
Hit return again when you're done. Your
screen should now look like figure 3. When
your program runs, this routine will write the
string Enter angle; out to the Text window and
will read the number you type in. It will
do this until the number you enter is greater
than 0.
Now that you're feeling comfortable with
how MacPascal works, you can enter in the
rest of the program. Move the cursor to the
blank line after end; {of proc GetAngle}, click
it, and type in the following:
procedure GetXY(theta : real;
size : integer; var x,y : integer);
const cx = 100; ey = 100;
6.253185308;
begin
theta := two_pi*theta/360.0;
x:= cx + round(size * cos(theta));
y:= cy + round(size * sin(theta));
end; { of proc GetXY }
Again, you'll see MacPascal nicely format
the code as you enter it. By the way, if you
type anything incorrectly in such a way that
MacPascal can’t interpret it, the formatting
routines will immediately outline the parts it
doesnt understand. This routine is just a polar-
to-rectangular coordinate conversion routine.
It takes an angle (theta--in degrees) and a
distance (size) and returns the coordinates
(&y) of the point at that angle and distance
from (cx,cy).
You've got one more routine to enter—
DrawSpiral—and it's the longest one, so go
slowly and carefully:
procedure DrawSpiral(angle :
integer);
var theta : real: x, y, tx, ty :
integer; size, count, tcount :
begin
EraseRect(0,0,600,600);
size := 1;
integer;
formatting that MacPascal does when you fi
theta := 0.0;
count := round(360.0/angle);
tcount := count;
GetXY (theta,size,x,y);
MoveTo(x,y);
while size <= 100 do begin
theta := theta + angle;
GetXY (theta,size,x,y); :
LineTo(x,y); : ae
tcount:= teount — 1; :
if tcount <= 0 then begin
count end end;
theta := theta + angle;
GetXY (theta, size,tx,ty);
= (x+tx) div 2;
= (y+ty) div 2;
LineTo(x,y)
end; {of proc Diawepial) Z 2
When you're all done, 0 up to the File
menu and select the Save As option. When it
asks you for a file name, type Spirals and hit
return. Your program is now saved on the di
Its a good idea to go back and use the Save -
option from time to time while you're debug.
ging a program, just to make sure your mo:
recent version is out on the disk. — —
Take Her Out for a Spin :
So far, this hasn't been much different fron
a session on MacWrite. (And why sh
be? Just because program editing is harder
than word processing on most machines i
ho reason why it has to be ‘on the Macintos!
The only difference has been the automati
ish typing each line of code. Now comes the
fun part: running your prograi Here we'll see
why MacPascal is unique amene Plograt
ming languages.
First, change the size of the program win-
dow (which should now be named Spirals) :
until the Text and Drawing windows are col
pletely visible. Next, go to. the Run me Wu an
6e-bo
Step 368
Step-Step
Stops In
optic (ee figure 4). This
program, looking for errors. If
you faithfully entered the program, you will
have no errors. If you do have an error, most
likely you mistyped some name. A hand pointer
will indicate the line on which the error
appears. Acknowledge the error by moving
the
“mouse. Then look at the statement where the
blinking cursor is and check for the problem.
sor into the error box and clicking the
When you've corrected ‘it, run Check again
and continue the process until you get no
errors. Check tends to discover errors that the
automatic checking (performed when the line
is entered) would miss because Check is able
0 look at the program as a whole.
Your program is now ready to run. Go back
to the Run menu and this time select the option
Go. A couple of things will happen. First, the
menu bar will change. A new menu, Pause,
File Edit Search Run Windows
Spirals
Text
begin
size := size + 2;
teount := count
end
end;
theta := theta + angle; i
GetX¥(theta, size, tx, ty)
xcs (x + tx) div 2;
yrs (y+ ty) div 2;
LineTotx, y)
end; ( of proc DrawSpiral }
begin
PenMode(PatCopy);
PenSize(1, 1);
GetAngle(angle);
DrawSpiral(engle);
end
Key Enter angle: 170
Orawing
a
File Edit Search Run Window:
S
Spirals
Text
count := round(360.0 / angle);
tcount := count;
Getx¥(theta, size,x,w); |
MaveTotx, y);
while size <= 100 do
begin
theta «= theta + angle;
Getxy(theta, size, x, y);
LineTo(x, y3;
teount := tcaunt - 1;
if tcount <= 0 then
begin
size= size + 2;
tcount = count
end
end;
theta -= theta + angle:
GetXV(theta, size, tx, ty):
Enter angle. 150
Drawing
¥
Figure 6.
will appear at the end, and all the other menus
will be disabled. Next, the prompt Enter angle:
will appear in the Text window. Type in some
value-—say, 170—and hit return. Down in the
Drawing window a pretty geometric shape will
grow before your very eyes. Once it’s done,
the Pause menu will disappear and the others
will be enabled (see figure 5). Try it again,
entering different values, and see what shapes
you get. Be warned, though: The smaller the
angle, the longer the shape will take to draw.
Stop-and-Go Driving
Now for a little fun with MacPascal’s inter-
active debugging features. Start the program
_ again and enter a value for the angle. As soon
as the shape starts drawing, open the Pause
menu and select the Halt option. Your pro-
gram will stop, with a little finger pointing at
the statement that was about to be executed
before you halted things, as shown in figure
6. Now type Command-S. The finger moves to
the next statement. Continue to type Com-
mand-S and your program will run, line by
line, until you stop or the program finishes. If
you want, you can go up to the Run menu and
select the Step-Step option. Now, your pro-
gram will execute on its own, but it will con-
tinue to point to each statement as it is exe-
cuted, It's a shame we can't show you this
happening in the pages of the magazine: It’s
an instant education in how program flow
works.
When your program is done, restart it and
then halt it again once it starts drawing. Now
open the Windows menu and select Observe.
The Observe window will appear over the Text
window. Type theta, hit return, and type size.
Use the scroll box on the side of the Observe
window to scroll both theta and size into view
(or just make the Observe window larger). Now
start stepping through your program by typing
Command-S. As you do, the values of theta
and size will appear in front of their names in
the Observe window, changing as they change
in the program (see figure 7). So, now you
can not only step through your program, you
can also monitor selected variables as you
do so.
If you're trying these things out as we talk
about them, you may have noticed that step-
ping through the program can get tedious after
a while. Wouldn't it be nice if your program
would run by itself most of the time, but would
automatically stop at key points? Guess what?
Tt can!
Let’s say you want to see what values theta
and size have each time that size is increased
(the statement size -= size+2 in Draw-
Spiral). Scroll the program window (Spirals)
until that statement is visible. Now go up to
the Run menu and select the Stops In option.
You'll see a new column appear to the left of
your program. If you move the cursor into that
column, you'll find that it turns into a little
stop sign. Move the sign so that it’s in front of
the statement size := size +2 and click the
mouse button. Presto! You've put a stop sign
there.
ema
SIEMAC
19
Now run the program (Command-G will do
the job). The program will run until it hits that
statement, at which point it will stop. The
pointing finger will appear on top of the stop
sign, as shown in figure 8. If you still have the
Observe window up, the current values of theta
and size will be displayed. If you type Com-
mand-G again, the program will continue until
it hits the stop again, and so on. You've got
one more option. If you just want your pro-
gram to pause at each stop sign, go into the
Run menu and select the Go-Go option. Now,
your program will halt momentarily when it
hits the stop sign, update the Observe win-
dow, and then continue. Pretty nifty, huh?
Instant Gratification
One last option and we'll wrap up our tour
of MacPascal. Suppose that you want to change
directly the value of some of your variables
while your program is executing? Suppose you
want to change the value of the variable angle
after size got above a certain value, say, 50.
Run your program with the stop and the
Observe window, typing Command-G each time
the program stops until size equals 50 (hint:
Choose a large angle—you'll get there more
quickly). Now, go up to the Windows menu
and choose the Instant option. Lo and behold,
a new window! The Instant window allows
you to execute any statement at any time. Type
the statement angle := angle div 2; as shown
in figure 9, then click the Do It button. Now,
continue your program with Command-G or
Go-Go or whatever. See the difference in the
spiral being created?
If It’s July, This Must Be Pascal
The tour has been a lengthy one, but in
some respects we've just scratched the sur-
face. For example, we haven't even begun to
talk about the QuickDraw routines and how
to use them, nor about the various extensions
to the standard Pascal definition. What we have
seen is this: Macintosh Pascal is unlike any
other software development package avail-
able on micros today. It promises to be an
excellent tool for learning programming, in
both secondary schools and colleges. What's
more, MacPascal is closely compatible with
Lisa Pascal, which is currently the primary
development language for the Macintosh. This
means that developers could use it to quickly
design and test sections of code, which they
could then transport back up into Lisa Pascal.
Because of this, MacPascal will probably
become one of the more popular software
packages for the Macintosh. If you have any
interest in programming on the Mac, consider
this package, even if you've never considered
Pascal before. B
MacPascal
Think Technologies
420 Bedford Street
Lexington, MA 02173
(617) 863-5590
$124.95
€ file Edit Search Run Windows
Spirals
Tout
Observe
count := round(360.0 / angle);
tcaunt := count;
2700.000000
theta a
Getxv(theta, size, x,y);
17
size
MaveTo(x, y);
{]
while size <= 100 do
2
begin
theta = theta + angle;
a GetX¥itheta, size, x, y);
LineTo(x, y);
tcount := teaunt - 1;
if tcount <= 0 then
begin
size := size + 2;
tcount := count
end
end
theta := theta + angle;
GetX¥(theta, size, tx, ty)
Figure 7.
% file Edit Search Run Windows
Spirals Taut
Observe
ASOUD ae Cures 3200.000000 | theta
Getx¥(theta, size, x, y);
MoveTo(x, y); UAE
while size <= 100 do
begin
theta := theta + angle;
Getx¥(theta, size, x, y);
LineTotx, y);
teount := teount - 1;
if tcount <= 0 then
begin i
BI size := size + 2;
tcount := count
end
end;
theta := theta + angle;
GetX¥(theta, size, tx, ty);
x= (x + tx) div 2;
ei
Figure 8.
© file Edit Search Run Windows
Spirals
Observe
teount := count;
GetxV(thete, size, x, y);
Unknown neme\ theta
MoveTo(x, y);
linknawn 16i7e@) size
while size <= 100 do Ls
begin
theta := theta + angle;
GetX¥(theta, size, x, Y);
SSS hs nt SSS
iS
angle := angle div 2;
'@) [Any statements, any time.)
ea
ka my
theta := theta + angle;
Getx¥(theta, size, tx, ty);
X:= (X + tx) div 2;
Figure 9.
20 JU abe
Tego 4
By
The Macintosh, with its high-resolution bit-mapped screen and
ability to manipulate data rapidly, has made possible a whole new
family of text and picture processors that offer true “what you see is
what you get” capability. For many applications, the Imagewriter’s
sharp reproductions of text and graphics created on the Macintosh
are adequate; there are times, however, when your documents require
even more polish than your Apple can provide.
During the past few years many people have discovered how cost-
effective it can be to use their personal computers to create docu-
ments that they'll ultimately have typeset, printed, and distributed.
The Macintosh as it exists now is not capable of replacing a typeset-
ting machine, but it does have tremendous potential as the machine
for creating files to send to the typesetter.
Recognizing this fact, several companies have developed, or are
in various stages of developing, programs that allow you to use the
special features of the Macintosh to create and edit a document, test
for proper line and page breaks, integrate text and graphics, and
visually implement variations in typeface and size—all before send-
ing it to the typographer for final refinement.
This article will provide an overview of the mechanics of typeset-
ting, discuss where the Macintosh can fit in, and introduce several
companies that offer various typesetting services to those of us with
Macintosh computers.
Why Typeset?
When text is set in type, the size and shape of each character can
be specified; so can the spacing between characters and lines, as
well as the length and location of each line. Personal control, com-
bined with the fact that typeset text is crisper (and therefore more
readable in small sizes than typewritten text), allows you to present
your information more aesthetically in less space. A 50 percent reduc-
tion in the space required is typical; 35 to 70 percent is the normal
range.
A savings of space becomes a savings in money when you print
and distribute information. A report released in 1983 by the Rand
Corporation compared the cost of printing and mailing 1,000 copies
of a 200-page typewritten document to the cost of printing and mailing
the same number of copies of a typeset version of the same docu-
ment. Printing the 200-page document would have cost $2,220. The
typeset document, which was only 100 pages long, could have been
printed for $1,090—a savings of $1,130. First-class postage on the
200-page document would have been $2.50 per document, as opposed
to $1.45 for the typeset version—a savings of $1.05 per document, or
a total of $1,050 for 1,000 copies. The total savings on the entire
project would have been $2,180.
‘Typesetting a 200-page document may cost you anything from sev-
eral hundred to a thousand dollars, depending on how intimately you
want to participate in the process of converting your ideas into typeset
text.
How Can You Participate?
Before the Macintosh, participation in the typesetting process usu-
ally meant learning some basic typesetting commands and inserting
them in your document at the appropriate places. These commands
are intercepted by the computer that controls the typesetter (usually
called the “front end”), combined with codes entered by the typog-
rapher, and used to format your document.
The number and variety of commands required depends on the
complexity of the job; a typical typesetting job may require only ten
or twelve different commands but will use each command many times.
Steve Lambert is the author of Presentation Graphics on the Apple Macin-
tosh, from Microsoft Press.
STEVE LAMBERT
One or more commands are required to change the flow or style of
your text. For example, a command is required to change to an italic
font, and another is required to change back.
If you are currently using a word processing program, such as
Wordstar, that displays its formatting commands on the screen, then
you're familiar with this process. Typesetting is the same thing, only
more of it. A sample WordStar document, as it looks on the screen
and as it appears when printed, is shown in figures la and Ib.
If this sample were part of a document you were sending to the
typesetter, you would have to replace WordStar's format commands
with commands the typesetter’s front end could understand (a few
typographers do have programs that translate WordStar commands
directly). There are many systems of typesetting commands; a typical
one would use commands similar to those shown in figure 2a. The
front end would interpret and expand these commands, insert a few
additional commands that the typographer had specified for the doc-
ument, and send a file similar to figure 2b to the typesetter.
Your typeset sample, looking like figure 2c, would be produced
on special paper ideally suited to photoreproduction.
Notice the differences between the sample as it appears on the
computer screen and on the typeset page. Even if it were possible to
duplicate the embedded formatting commands, it would be impos-
sible to simulate the output of the typesetter on a conventional com-
puter screen. To begin with, most computer screens display text in
precisely defined rows and columns—typically eighty columns by
twenty-four rows. The typeface that appears on the screen is known
as a monospaced font, because each letter occupies exactly the same
OBWlordStar*T(tm) “TR is a very *Opopular@ and powerful
word processor, capable of applying a variety of formats to
text. Each format has a code that appears on the screen to
tell you how the printed output will appear.
Figure la. A sample WordStar document as it appears on-screen.
WordStar ‘=> is a very popular and powerful word
processor, capable of applying a variety of formats to text.
Each format has a code that appears on the screen to tell
you how the printed output will appear.
Figure Ib. The same WordStar document printed out.
1)<FE>WordStar$TM<FR> is a very <FI>popular<FR> and powerful
word processor, capable of applying a variety of formats to
text. Each format has a code that appears on the screen to
tell you how the printed output will appear.
Figure 2a. Typical typesetting commands.
OF 10><CL12><CO30><AH>< XE ><KO><CS3,4,3>
<1F1.6><EP><AF><CFTRBWordStar $TMKCFIR> is a very
<CFTRID>popular<CFTR> and powerful word processor, capable of
applying a variety of formats to text. Each format has a
code that appears on the screen to tell you how the printed
output will appear. <EP>
Figure 2b. A typical file as received by the typesetter.
WordStar™ is a very popular and powerful word processor,
capable of applying a variety of formats to text. Each format has
a code that appears on the screen to tell you how the printed output
will appear.
Figure 2c. The typeset sample.
i
i
cer SET
MAC'S WORDS AND PICTURES GO PRO
amount of space. Most typeset text uses proportionally spaced fonts
that allocate more space to wide letters than to narrow ones. As a
result, few personal computer/word processing packages allow you
to see an accurate preview of your text as it will appear when typeset.
(Microsoft's Word on the IBM probably comes closest.)
How Is Typesetting from the Macintosh Different?
You could go through the same steps on the Macintosh as outlined
above; obviously, there would be no WordStar commands, but the
DUCKS
DELUX
embedded typesetting commands could be the same. You could then
telecommunicate your document to a typesetter and have it treated
as if it had come from any other computer. You could do this, but you
certainly wouldn't be taking advantage of the capabilities of the
Macintosh if you did.
One of the beauties of the Macintosh is its ability to display on
the screen a variety of fonts in various sizes. Although these fonts
don't correspond exactly to conventional typesetting fonts, they are
close enough to give you a feel for the real thing. And, with the
exception of the Monaco font, all are proportionally spaced and are
displayed as such on the screen.
By carefully choosing the typeface and size and setting the margins
properly, you can simulate on the Macintosh screen (and therefore
on the Imagewriter) the design and layout of your document. Figure
3 shows the paragraph you are now reading as it appears on the
Macintosh screen.
By carefully choosing the typeface and size and
setting the margins properly, you can simulate on the
Macintosh screen (and therefore on the Imagewriter)
the design and layout of your document. Figure 3 shows
the paragraph you are now reading as it appears on the
Macintosh screen.
Figure 3. Text as it appears on the Macintosh screen.
Although the ability to simulate typeset output on-screen may not
be particularly important to you if the primary product of your word
processor is interoffice memos, people who produce quality books
and documentation spend a lot of time worrying about where every
letter will appear. They don't like consecutive lines that start or end
with the same word (stacks), paragraphs that end with a very short
line (widows), or white space that runs through the text (rivers of
white). Unless you can preview the text as it will be typeset, you can’t
catch these problems until you receive first galleys (the product of
the first pass through the typesetter). Correcting these problems on
first galleys means time and money.
So the first big change brought about by typesetting from the
Macintosh is the ability to preview text layout.
22 Hiss Uh GL
19 84
The second big change is that, because the Macintosh is such an
obvious typesetting tool, typographers are teaming up with program-
mers to produce interfaces that translate Macintosh formatting codes
directly into typesetting codes, thereby freeing you from the task of
having to embed strange symbols in your document.
The third change is the ability to send graphic images produced
on the Macintosh screen, with programs such as MacPaint and Micro-
soft's Chart, directly to the typesetter. Due to the typesetter’s higher
resolution (typically more than 1,000 dots per inch compared to the
Imagewriter’s 72), the typeset image is much crisper and reproduces
better than that from the Imagewriter. The accompanying examples
illustrate the difference.
Now that you have a general idea of where the Macintosh fits into
the typesetting picture, let’s meet a few of the companies providing
typesetting products and services. All are currently working on addi-
tional products; feel free to contact them directly for more information.
George Lithograph Company
and other computer companies in the'Siliton Valley.
While working at integrating Imagew1 produced graphics into
the Lisa manual, they suggested interfacing the Lisa directly to their
APS-5 Autologic typesetter to create higher-quality illustrations. The
idea took, but it wasn't implemented until the Macintosh project,
when Apple provided a software package to convert a MacPaint file
to a compressed ASCII format and transmit it to the DEC minicom-
WTiLITES
FOR THE APPLE MACINTOSH COMPUTER
Basic Business Software, Inc. is proud to announce a fine
collection of Programs that each Macintosh
user will find valuable and necessary. Each program is
written inthe A@ac/atosh Style and makes extensive
use of the mouse
[as eaq This program will display any This program will list.eny ASCII
IgLgT| ASCII file on the screen. It will file on the printer with @ header
= scroll left end right es wells ZS'FSSL, which will contain page *, date
TyPER™ Page each screen of text LISTEN 2nd your company neme.
This program will ‘dump’ the [Fag gaq This program will allow the
contents of eny file to the OLE] user to set any baud rate
BIFRS/ screen. Both the hex value ond |ZBFESS1 desired on COMI: 1/0 Port
DUMP
‘ASCII choracter wil! be shown,
SETBAUD
This program will allow the [MS Ba
user toremove eny file from | ]BL GT]
GIES, the disk without having touse [ne
Renove the Trash Con’
This program will cross
reference any Microsoft
BIFSSH, MS-BASIC program. All
veriebles will be listed.
This program will allow the
user to rename any file on the
“diskette to another name.
RENAME
FAwEay This program will allow the
aoigr} user to trensfer any ASCII file
ail over the communication port to
TRANSFER the Macintosh
Price: $45.00
Requires Apple Macintosh
Microsoft MS-BASIC Language
Complete Source Code Provided
Macintosh is TM of Apple Computer/MS-BASIC is @ TM of Microsoft, Ine
BASIC BUSINESS: SOFTWARE, INC.
(702) 876-9493,
puter that serves as the front end to the APS-5 typesetter.
From the DEC the image file can be sent to either the digital type-
setter and reproduced at a density of 720 pixels per inch or to an HP
2700 laser printer, which reproduces it at 300 pixels per inch.
Neither of these methods provides more resolution than the
Imagewriter’s seventy-two pixels perinch(eachjustuses multiple pixels
to create each Macintosh pixel), but both provide more definition.
Typesetting one MacPaint page currently takes about 8.3 minutes
(compared to 20 to 30 seconds for a typical page of text). The charge
for this service is $22 per page for printing-quality output and $6 per
page for laser print on bond paper, plus $20 per disk (twenty-five to
fifty-five pages will fit on one disk).
George Litho is currently typesetting about fifty MacPaint pages a
day. If the demand for this service continues to increase, the system
will be modified to reduce the time per page to about one minute,
which should lower the price somewhat.
The laser printer output currently takes about as long and costs
$6 per page, with the same $20 charge per disk handled.
For additional information, contact Erica Austin or Gina Vanlue at
George Lithograph Company, Box 77085X, San Francisco, CA 94107;
(415) 397-2400.
Manhattan Graphics
Manhattan Graphics has written a Microsoft Basic program that
converts the bit-mapped image stored in a Macintosh MacPaint file
to a form of compressed ASCII that can be transferred to the ten-
megabyte hard disk of the MCS (Modular Composition System) unit
that serves as the front end of the company’s Compugraphic 8400
typesetting system.
Once in the MCS, the graphic can be integrated with text that has
been prepared for typesetting and stored in the system. An entire
page, including text and graphics, can be previewed on a monitor.
Editorial and artwork changes can be made and the graphic can be
properly positioned on the page. Once everything is properly arranged,
the file is passed on to the Compugraphic digital phototypesetting
unit and typeset at the rate of about one page every ten minutes. The
Column Chart Gallery
3
fie
ot
art Gallery
a Me
aol oe
axare
A comparison of a Macintosh graphic printed on an Imagewriter (top) and the
same graphic “typeset” by Manhattan Graphics.
SIMAC 23
current charge for this service is $30 per MacPaint page, with no
charge for disk handling.
Ken Abbott, president of Manhattan Graphics, feels that the real
power of the Macintosh is as a front end to sophisticated typesetting
systems such as his. Manhattan Graphics has developed a program
that allows this to be done, to some extent, with MacWrite on the
“Macintosh, and the company is working on a more sophisticated
version using Microsoft's Word. This program will allow anybody with
access to a Macintosh and Word to create and edit documents and
then send them directly into a typesetter. The typesetter, using a com-
panion program also developed by Manhattan Graphics, converts the
Macintosh fonts to those available in its library, translates all format-
ting codes, and sets the text. When a graphic is encountered, it shifts
to a bit-mapped mode and sets that also.
Manhattan Graphics will typeset MacWrite documents for $10 per
page, with a setup fee of $50 per job to cover the creation of the
necessary translation table.
Companies that have in-house typesetting equipment can pay a
one-time license fee and obtain the companion program that runs on
their typesetting system. The fee for either of the two companion
programs (for MacPaint and MacWrite) is $2,500, with a 30 percent
discount on the second if both are acquired.
For additional information, contact Ken Abbott at Manhattan
Graphics, 163 Varick Street, New York, NY 10013; (212) 924-2778.
‘ImageSetter
Jay Gee Programming Company
John Golini became interested in typesetting Macintosh graphics
when a friend's company took on the task of translating into Italian
both Apple documentation and Microsoft programs for the Macintosh.
Golini has developed an interface for the Macintosh that allows it
to be connected directly to a variety of typesetting systems (currently
Archivio Composizione Selezione Formato Opzioni Calcola
Libiah ‘Spese operative
Bianco tines te SSS
1 7 [3s 4]
n Planificazione (rimestrale - 11 1984
te Costi e utili in percentuale de! fatturato 2
z |
4 |Faiturate | <8, 00%
S_|Costo material: || MMM
5 _
7_| Utile loro. | Cll, 80,121]
14 32,007
15 ae
16 | Utie netto | lll, 48, 12%
17 Jin 2 fatturato
18 fall
19
i Kh oe
A sample “typeset” graphic from Jay Gee Programming Company.
the Mergenthaler 2200 and 202N, the Compugraphic 8400, and the
Autologic APS-5). A MacPaint file is sent from the Macintosh to an
Olivetti M20, which creates a series of instructions to produce the
same image on the typesetter. These instructions are fed directly into
the typesetter, by-passing the conventional front end.
The result of this direct connection is the ability to typeset Macin-
tosh graphics very rapidly; each MacPaint page takes approximately
one minute to typeset. The charge is based on the size of the image
haing set; the cost to set a full MacPaint page is $24.40, with no charge
for each disk handled. Golini is currently working on translation
programs for MacWrite and the Mac version of Microsoft's Word.
For more information, contact John Golini at Jay Gee Program-
ming Company, 7185 Blue Hill Drive, San Jose, CA 95129; (408) 257-
7795. a
There’s Only One
There's only one Lisa Technology for personal computers. It’s found
only on Apple’s Lisa and Macintosh computers
There’s lots of imitators. They have windows, or a mouse, or both.
But they don’t have Lisa Technology. Without Lisa Technology, you don’t
have state of the art. In state of the art, there’s only one. It’s Apple.
There’s only one magazine that’s made a monthly commitment to
covering that technology. Eventually, there'll be many magazines. Lisa
Technology is too exciting for journalists to ignore.
But in the beginning there's only one that'll exclusively cover Lisa and
Macintosh on a regular, monthly basis.
You'te reading it
You can continue to read it for $24 a year. Unless you're a Lisa or
Macintosh owner. Then you can get a free trial subscription by merely
sending us your name, mailing address, and the serial number of your
Mac or Lisa.
When you subscribe, you'll be getting a magazine published by the
Apple experts. Softalk is the most complete Apple II and Ill magazine, so
there’s lots of insight to draw on for ST.Mac. You'll get news, reviews,
features, user tips, thought-provoking analysis—all done in conversational,
enjoyable English. Softalk Publishing wrote the book on easy-to-under-
stand computer magazines. ST.Mac is in that tradition.
Subscribe today.
Premiere Issue
acini Naa -Lisa rd Bill Aykinso®
ST.Mac
Box 7041
North Hollywood, CA 91605
Apple, Lisa, and Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc
Softalk and ST.Mac are trademarks of Softalk Publishing Inc.
24
iUlonbey, Leno 4
68000 Questions
By Andy Hertzteld
12
@ Apple has said that a 512K version
of Macintosh will be available by the
end of the year. Will the software written for
my present (128K) configuration be compat-
ible with the 512K machine? Will the present
software take advantage of the expanded RAM,
or will | have to purchase upgraded versions
of my presently owned programs?—Jeffrey L.
Albright, Trenton, NJ
As. program that runs on a 128K
Macintosh will also run on the 512K version,
so you won't have to buy new versions of your
presently owned programs. However, not all
programs are designed to take advantage of
the extra memory space; the amount of mem-
ory used depends on each individual appli-
cation. For example, MacWrite does take ad-
vantage of the extra memory space (to sup-
port much larger documents), but MacPaint
does not. Generally, all programs will tend to
swap less on the 512K machines, since their
resources will not be purged as often. You can
tell if an application will take advantage of
extra memory space before purchasing it by
trying it out on a Lisa 2 under MacWorks.
@/s there any way of transferring pic-
tures from one Scrapbook to anoth-
er without just replacing the whole Scrap-
book?—Richard F. Randolph, Sandy, UT
@
A: It's not too hard to transfer pictures
one at a time from one Scrapbook to another
if you're careful about what you're doing. The
secret is to understand when the system
focuses its attention on a particular disk.
The system gets its fonts, desk accesso-
ries, Scrapbook file, and many other things
from the default drive. The default drive is the
drive you booted on or the last drive you ran
an application from. So to transfer a picture
from one Scrapbook to another, you simply
do the following:
1. Boot up with the disk you want to get
the picture from
2. Open the Scrapbook, copy the picture,
close the Scrapbook.
3. Eject the disk and insert the disk you
want to copy to.
4. Run an application on the newly inserted
disk.
5. Open the Scrapbook and paste in the
new picture.
Step 4 is the one many people miss. Even
though the Finder is sometimes a little clumsy
about asking for the old disk back at surpris-
ing times, it’s not so bad once you understand
that you must run an application to make the
system “switch horses.”
e
@IWill the double-sided Sony disk drive
be compatible with my current sin-
gle-sided disks? Will | be able to use a single-
sided drive internally with a double-sided
external drive?—Jon Christie, Los Angeles, CA
A:.. double-sided Sony drive will be
fully compatible with your current single-sided
disks. Double-sided drives will not only have
twice the capacity of the current drives but
will also perform noticeably faster, since the
blocks are organized in “cylinders”; conse-
quently, the drive will have to seek half as
much to read a typical file. You will be able
to use a single-sided internal drive with a dou-
ble-sided external drive; the ROM disk driver
supports both. The bad news is that double-
sided drives will probably not be available for
quite some time, so it’s a good idea to buy a
single-sided external drive now, if you think
you need one.
eit a hard disk system is attached to
the bus, is there code already in the
ROM to check for the hard disk and boot from
it?—Dave Alverson, North Hollywood, CA
Asie is no code in the ROM to boot
off the serial ports, although there is code to
boot off either the internal or external Sony
drive. Thus, a clever hard disk manufacturer
could interface his hard disk through the
external disk port and emulate a Sony enough
to allow the ROM to boot from it. Also, it’s
possible to prepare a Sony disk with special,
custom boot blocks that cut over to the hard
disk as soon as possible so that 95 percent of
the booting process will be able to take place
on the hard disk.
\@
@ Does the Macintosh ROM have spe-
cial (non-68000) op-codes in it? How
do these special instructions work? Are they
all of uniform length? Can I define my own
special instructions?—James R. Pannozzi,
Providence, RI
A Both the ROM and most Macintosh
applications have what could be considered
special, non-68000 op-codes in them. All of
the sixteen-bit instructions that begin with “A”
as their first hexadecimal digit are interpreted
as Macintosh system traps, invoking one of
the almost five hundred routines in the ROM.
You can define your own instructions using
the SetTrapAddress call to define one of the
twenty or so traps that the current system has
left undefined or to redefine an existing one.
It's not a good idea to do that sort of thing in
commercial programs, though, since it might
not be compatible with future generations of
the system. Another possibility for defining
your own instructions is to use the TRAP op-
code (which the ROM doesn't use) to define
up to sixteen custom instructions.
1
@ls it the Macintosh ROM or the
MacWorks boot disk or both that are
required to provide Lisa 2 with Mac emulation
capability? Will all of my Macintosh programs
run under MacWorks?
2
.@The MacWorks boot disk is the only
thing necessary to provide Lisa 2 with Mac
emulation capability. It contains a special ver-
sion of the software included in the Macintosh
ROM, modified to run on the Lisa hardware,
and is loaded into Lisa’s RAM by the Mac-
Works di
Most Macintosh programs will run on Lisa
under MacWorks, but not all of them will. Any
program using Mac’s four-voice sound or
speech capability will not run, and graphics
will sometimes look squished due to the dif-
ference in aspect ratios between the two
machines.
2
‘@I want to create a disk dedicated to
just MacWrite or MacPaint. What
should I copy onto those disks from the sys-
tem or program disks to optimize my storage
The highest aaa case built Seah
to carry your Macintosh” Computer.
Now your Macintosh Computer
can leave your home or office fully
protected and in style.
The MacTote computer case is clearly
the finest carrying case manufactured
1
especially for your Macintosh
Computer, and for a number of
easy-to-see reasons:
1. Padded pouch for mouse; 2. Open
pouch for manuals or notes; 3. Open,
padded pouch for keyboard; 4. Side
handle for easy carrying and stability;
5. Padded, Velcro handle (no snaps);
6. Padded, non-slip shoulder strap;
7. Zippered pouches for disks or
accessories on both sides of case;
8. Zippered pouch for accessories,
modem, cords, etc.; 9. Padded pouch
for disk drive, and extra padding to
protect Macintosh’s screen;
10. Reinforced bottom fully supports
and distributes weight of Macintosh;
11. Heavy-duty nylon zippers.
Optimum Computer Luggage has
extensive experience in making
top-of-the-line totes and accessories and
MacTote is the latest in a long line of
beautiful and functional luggage. Made
of long-wearing and completely
water-resistant Cordura, MacTote gives
you every feature you'll ever need for
carrying your Macintosh and
peripherals.
Another attractive feature is
MacTote’s low price, which makes it
even easier to pick up and carry away.
Call today for the dealer nearest you
so you can get a MacTote for your
Macintosh.
Who says you can't take it with you?
Call (800)447-0300
Or in CA TOLL FREE (800)632-4200.
COMPUTER LUGGAGE
The Finest Quality
Doesn't Have To Cost ‘More.
4445 Fiftieth Street
San Diego, CA 92115
‘Macintosh is a trademark licensed to Apple Computer, Inc.
‘MacTote isa trademark of Optimum Computer Luggage.
26
Jue Dey. 1 Oe 3-4
capacity? Do I need to copy the entire System
Disk or just the System folder?
The System folder contains every-
thing you need for a bootable disk. In fact,
you don't even need everything in the System
folder. The 1.0 release of MacPaint does not
use the Imagewriter file to print, so that can
be left off of your Paint-only disk. You can also
leave off the Scrapbook and Note Pad files if
you don't think you'll be using the Scrapbook
or Note Pad. If you really need to save space,
you can even leave the Finder off of the disk
as long as you name some other application_
“Finder.” Then your disk will boot directly into
the desired application, but you never will be
able to quit from it.
People concerned about optimizing their
storage capacity should remember to use
FontMover to remove the fonts they will nev-
er use.
|@
Will Macs ever be able to print side-
ways the way Lisas can?
Yes, Macs are capable of printing
sideways (usually called “landscape” printing
as opposed to the more normal “portrait”
mode) right now, although MacPaint and
MacWrite do not currently take advantage of
this feature. Microsoft's Multiplan does take
advantage of this feature, offering both tall and
wide printing orientations.
@! would like to customize my Finder
by having the dates and times dis-
played in the more rational formats used by
Europeans and the military (ie., 29 Apr 84,
not 4/29/84). Ditto for the headers in Mac-
Write. Also, how about replacing the calcu-
lator with one that uses reverse Polish nota-
tion? And can the Puzzle be deleted? I'd rather
have more space on the disk.—David R. Dun-
ham, San Antonio, TX
As. Macintosh system includes rou-
tines for formatting dates and times interna-
tionally, driven by a parameter table kept in
the system resource file (or in application or
document resource files, if desired), which
are used by both MacWrite and the Finder.
Apple will eventually supply a configuration
program to allow users to easily configure the
“international” options; for now you can do it
if you're a software developer and have access
to the resource compiler, the resource-mov-
ing utility, and the Inside Macintosh book. The
format of the INTL resources is described in
the section on “Packages,” since the interna-
tional routines reside in package six.
The original calculator that was imple-
mented in November 1982 was an RPN cal-
culator, but we changed it about one year later
because we felt mo
Showing the first 100000 of 222978 characters.