the AppleCore Newsletter Vol 1 No 06

ae _. Yhe APPLeCone : EWSLETIER +$eeaCREDITS44e% THANKS TO ALL THE APPLE CORE MEMBERS WHG HAVE CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES AND MEMBERS WHO HAVE HELPED TO PUT IT TOGETHER THIS HOWTH------~ PAT CAFFREY PEG HUGHES TONEY HUGES SCOT KAHINS JOHN SCRIBBLENONGER & HY4WcE KEN SILVERHAN JOHN SUSTAR BRUCE TOGNAZZINI PAUL WYMAN ARTHER WELLS JR J. ALFRED GLICH A SPECIAL THANK-YOU TO HOMESTEAD SAVINGS BANK = AT GEARY & 22ND AVE IN SAN FRANCISCO, OUR CURRENT HOSTS. THE SEPT 388 HEETINO VILL BE HELD AT THE BARK AT 10130AN > Vol. I No. farce hal porsh yep ar Lge INFORMATIVE AUGUST MEETING Many good things came out of our last meeting, really too much to talk about. Bruce Tognazzini pointed out some programming tips... Ed AvElar and Larry Danielson reported on their contacts with other Apple groups... There was some discus— sion ebout 2 ‘hard core', a national organizati- on of APPLE user groups... Andy Hertzfeld will be offering a machine languege course on the AP LE microprocessor, the 6502; The AP LE CORE will handle the registration... Ed Rosenzweig and Jim Doty will look into producing a translator pro- gram to convert other BASICs into APPLE BASIC... Andy Hertzfeld is thinking about a BASIC com- piler; our programs will occupy less space and run faster that way... Arthur Wells gave a very good talk on the legal espects of protecting our soft- ware; we heard about copywright and patent law... One of the most important functions of a group such as ours is the end-of-meeting software swap. This one saw more ,ood programs coming out... There was a ‘databdse' program for keeping lists, more hi-res pictures, some of Andy Hertzfeld's utilities, including LAZARUS, and a lot more. See you at the next meeting’ T.H. Foreign members - i.e., those living outside of Northern Califor- nia or in Milpitas - may now access the APPLE CORE Library through the mails. The initial medium will be diskette. Here's how it will work: 1. Member puts programs s/he wants to donate ‘to the lib- rary on a disk. 2. Member includes note indicating which ggg of the fol- lowing categories s/he wants copied onto the diskette: a. Games bd. Display - programs you look at w/ some interaction ce. Hirez Graphics d. Lorez Graphics e. Utility - various programming aids f. Education - not many here yet g. Business - currently, a thin category h. Music I. Heuristics - for those w/Speech Lab J. Disk-Of-The Month - a group of programs recently donated to the library 3. Member places diskette between two stiff pieces of cardboard or some other suitable material along with the note spoken of above, PLUS A LF-ADDRE TAMPEL N- VELOP suitable for holding the returned diskette, All items are carefully wrapped in a package marked “CONTAINS LIVE COMPUTER PROGRAMS" "DO NOT X-RAY OR EXPOSE TO ELECTRICAL FIELDS" “DO NOT BEND“ 4, Package is mailed to: LIBRARY EXCHANGE THE APPLE CORE BOX 4816 SAN FRANCISCO, CA. 94191 5. The happy gremlin who lives in our P.O. Box will pluck his magic twanger and take care of the rest. Soon your postperson will return your diskette to your eager disk drive, and you will spend many joyful hours trying to discover why the dos won't boot. Thus endeth the happy exchange. -S.K. Cece er cercecee eee eer erecere ry HERA HSER HE SET HEHEHE EE HEHE FETE EERE BEE HE TERE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEH FETE HEHE TE HEE HE AEE HERE RE EH HEH SEE HE HE aE EE LIBRARY NEEDS BUSINESS PROGRAMS A number of members have expressed interest in getting business pro- grams from the library. Unfortunately, we have practically none. Particularly needed are General Ledger, Accounts Payable & Receivable, Payroll and Inventory. There is a general lack of commercially available business pro- grams for the APPLE at this writing, and the ones “that do exist are extremely expensive. If you have written a business program for the APPLE, please donate it to the library. If you have written it for commercial reasons and the price is reasonable, let us know that, too, and we'll announce it next month. Do it now - the need is great!!! S.K. HEHEHE HEHE TERE SEE ETE IESE HE HEHE HE HEHE HEE SEE HEE FEE TE HE SE HE SEES SE SEE SE TE HE HE He HEE EAE ESE SESE HEHEHE HEE EERE SEE HE HE HE HEE 2 COMMODORE’S PET GOES BELLY-UP CORE BIGGLE ARRESTED GLITCH SOUGHT IN SURROUNDING SCANDAL DATALINE. «ees eSCANDAL.ee0eesBleeeeeeeee AUGUST 33,1978 Carnage swept this tiny seaside community this morning during what appears to have been a reiterative altercation centering upon our own” beloved John Scribblemonger, just shortly after he had ventured FORTH:‘from his hospital bed.* According to eyewitness accounts, the incident began shortly after nine A.M. as John S. brought his yacht, the "BUSTER BROWN" into the harbor of Scandal. After tying the passenger vessel (of the giant "Floating Bus" RS-232 class) up to Port 1, one of eight which parallel the Deyemmay Memoriable Daisy Field, Scribblemonger disembarked the ship, accompanied only by his trusty dos Tige (he lives there too!) who had been disembarked on a much earlier occasion. As the Commodore and Tige walked beside the cabled walls of the great hulking slots, the dos suddenly jumped through one of the small openings, lined with dinner plates, which punctuate the port’s ponderously planked platform. As Scribblemonger squeezed his massive main-frame through the hole, screaming for his little chum, the frightened dos popped up through another plated-through hole, finding himself beneath the very underpinnings of City Hall, at 6592 H St., corner of 7th. Those of you as familiar with Scandal as John Scribblemonger will well understand the plight of the plucky dos as he dodged the streaming traffic. He ran east on H St., past the four-way stop lights on 13th, around the ping-pong courts on 14th near J, and then south on 14th St., past the paint store on 14th and F. He was next spotted cutting through the industrial section, over to l@th St., racing down along side the goat farm. {For the sake of those readers who cannot for the life} {of them figure out what is going on, let us offer a } {brief explanation: this article is in fact a cleverly} {disguised tour-de-farse of the inside of your apple. } {If you will open your red book to page 123 and refer } {to pages 143 to 151 you will be abie to follow the } {path of the errant pair. The address of the City > {Hall, for example, tells you that it is located in > {row H, column 7, and is a 6592 chip. } Eyewitness report from farmer Vidgen [rhymes with “pigeon’]: "Ayup, I recon it was long about eleven. The wife come out to the pastcha to tell me that the goats “‘uz-thusty. ‘Never mind’, says I, “you put on the kettle, and we’ll give them rams something nice and refreshing.” It was just then the wife seen the dos go yappin’ by, with that big fella lopin’ just behind." And yapping and loping they went, all the way to A St., Broadcast Row, and the local offices of The Apple Core Journal at 2513 A St., corner of 5th. Here the badly scared dos tried to find refuge but was refused entrance by an unidentified guard described only as having a "rather fiendish grin". *Our Milpitan Mentor had soon realized the attendant difficulties of capitalizing any new product from the confines of an infirmary and therefore had moved to the the yacht with his lovely private nurse. i With a winded and wilting Scribblemonger chuffing behind him, the tired beast headed North, straight into the path of 16 bi-directional bus lines. He scurried across the rails, pausing momentarily on one of the green safety islands, while a burst of bits went screaming by. Wé'talked with Chip Pfuller, a foreigner, who is, judging from his accent,’ either from Southern Whales or Northern Milpitas. [Southern Whales are found underwater and are given to a slight drawl; this fellow was both.] "Yes, sir, it shore looked like the little guy was going to make it too. But then he starts kinda veerin’ North-west, toward the little Timer-life building [at 555 3rd.]. Well, sir, all of a sudden, this old cursor, lookin’ like Columbo ‘cept with a right strange smile, up and flashed him and that ole dos liked to drop right into a wait-state." Yes, and it was while friendly Tige, the tenque dos was locked helplessly in that wait-state, that the rogue address bus came careening around the corner, and, bearing down on him, scrambled him into apparent pseudo-randomness! Arriving only moments later, Scribblemonger grabbed his little friend and booted him, repeatedly, in a vain effort to get him back on the right track. The bus lines became crowded with angry chatter [cross-talk?] about the violent goings-on. Chip Pfuller: "He booted him pretty good. Even bounced the little sucker off the walls a couple times, but it warn’t no use; everybody could see that that ole boy had a dead dos on his hands." Scribblemonger’s rising rage branched toward the offending address bus when he noticed to his horror that the bus driver was non-other than J. Alfred Glitch, that Evil Genius behind so many of our beloved editor’s recent tribulations. And as the Commodore’s pet lay belly-up, J. Alfred sped away from the scene, with a cursing Scribblemonger, having forced an interrupt on a data bus, taking off after him. (John had accidentally left his Lone Ranger costume at the cleaners, thereby making this his very first [sigh] non-maskable interrupt.) Hip Flash, ace photographer for the Journal, reports that the police were shortly in hot pursuit of the pair, even going so far as to notify Oregon and Nevada of the chase, to enable (of course) the setting up of a tri-state buffer. [nobody’s forcing you to read this, you know.] Scribblemonger proved to be a valiant bus-driver, but he was no match for the nefarious Glitch, who, being able to leap from bus line to bus line, finally managed to completely delude (and thus elude) the baffled John S. by trapping him in a loop. Yes, poor John, coming upon what he assumed to be Glitch’s bus, climbed aboard and, not realizing that he had in fact looped back upon himself, repeatedly rammed the driver until he had beaten himself into something that appeared to be (according to photog Flash) an interrupt driven, real-time clock. As we go to press, John S. has been taken into custody by the local constabulary and is being held for observation: "We want to find out what makes this guy tick". We are currently raising money to pay for John’s bail and a ni-cad stand-by power supply. But John informes us that, barring any unforseen events, he will definitely be at this upcoming meeting of your Apple Core. And John is one man you can count on. And as for Mr. Glitch, Hip Flash has just located his hiding place in the area surrounding Scandal, and the Apple Core Journal takes great, nay fiendish, pleasure in revealing it to everyone. Yes, J. Alfred, we know you are located at S@CWO3HIMEM: 30KSLS?*** FORMULAE TOO COMPLEX ERR 39LCLCATALOGSO39GKD***S YNTAX ERREIFLSRESET. «+e AP: LESOFT VS INTEGER BASIC - A CRITIQUE There may be several reasons to not use APFLESOFT II- it's slower, statements aren't corrected on input, it isn't usu- ally resident in ROM, it crashes often, etc., etc., ...There are some nice features of the languege, however; it has a more powerful instruction set, and that means simpler pro- grams. That's true even if you don't have a business or sci- entific application. APSLESOFT II strongly resembles the standard-basic thet you see used in the hobby magazines. If you try to code.one of their programs into APPLE Integer BASIC, you must tortu-". rously compensate for the lack of READ...DATA statements,’ the missing functions, the multidimensional strings that can be of any length. APPLESOFT II allows you to just copy what you see. Of course APPLESOFT II really shines when you try to write business or recordkeeping programs. We all know that our checkbooks contain dollars and cents, recepies have frac-— tional amounts, etc. This is what floeting toint numbers are for. Since APFLESOFT II will allow string arrays, you don't have to code a separate string for each name and address, or try to keep track of many little strings slaced somewhere in a big string. The APPLE II can now become a2 true home appliance - hold and retreive our lists (laundry, mailing, enemies?). I found one really great feature that falls into the Struc- tured programming ideal - the way the IF statement is han- dled. Integer BASIC would force you to code'tif A then B: If & then C: If A then D'. In APPLESOFT II this becomes 'If A then B: C: D'. Everything on a line after < true IF state~ ment is executed. : There is one thing in APFLESOFT II that I sorely miss — the MOD operetor. It's not just a guy who has a wey with women, but the instruction that tells your program what the remainder is after division has taken place. You use it if you poke the lower 8 bits of a memory address into a mem— ory location. If you want to set up a starting address for a cassette write operation, say at decimal 2048, the address wilt be a two bytes; he panet will contain 2048 / 256. e second wi contain 2048 MOD 256. Y i i in APPLESOFT by: 56 ou can simulate this LOWADDRESS and FNMOD (ADD. FNMOD (ADDRESS%) @) = ADDRESSS - (INT( ADDRESS#Z / 256)*256) Good luck with the -rogrems that are now more doable! oe TH UKE] wea FO TRAILING ZERO’S FOR MONEY PROGRAMS The new APPLESOFT language is really terrific - especially if you have been fortunate enough to get it on the ROM card. It does, how- ever, have some pesky quirks - among which is the lack of trailing zero's. One feels this lack when trying to write business and finance pro- grams that use two digits after the decimal point - i.e., money stuff. Following is a’ solution to the problem which, while inelegant, does the job. ~ gb Z2g=" Bp" F Z1ig="p" :DS="g" 1 CALL -936 4 REM HERE COMES A ROUNDOFF FUNCTION 5 DEF FN A(R)=INT(R*1£6+.5)/1 26 1f INPUT TEST:?:?:REM GIMME A NUMBER 15 T$=STR$(TEST):REM WE TREAT THE NUMBER LIKE A STRING 18 REM HERE COMES A "SPECIAL CASE” FIX (I DID SAY INELEGANT! ) 26 IF LEN(T$=2 AND MID$(T$,1,1)="." THEN 1f1f¢ 2 FOR SEEK=1 TO LEN(T$):REM IS THERE A DECIMAL IN THIS NUMBER? f IF MIDS(TS,SEEK,1)="." THEN 1$2%:REM IF YES BRANCH TO LOCATION FOR FURTHER CHECKING 5@ NEXT SEEK:REM KEEP LOOKING UNTIL: @HE CHARACTERS RUN OUT 55 T$=T$+Z22$:REM SINCE THIS NUMBER HAS NO DECIMAL, CONCATENATE A DECIMAL WITH TWO TRAILING ZERO'S 6 GOTO 2660f:REM BRANCH TO THE PRINTOUT 1666 IF MID$(T$,LEN(T$)-2,1)="." THEN 2pOPAREH IF THIS NUMBER HAS A DECIMAL W/2 DIGITS AFTER < IT, GO GET PRINTED yy IF MID$(T$,LEN(T$)-1,1)="." THEN 1 ft aos Rae IF 1 DIGIT, GET ANOTHER p26 T6=STRS(FN A(TEST)):REM ROUND OFF THTS. NUMBER T0 2 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS BEYOND THE DECIMAL 1430 GOTO 36: REM GO BACK TO MAKE SURE TWO DIGITS FOLLOW A DECIMAL 1160 T$=T$+Z1$:REM CONCATENATE THE NUMBER WITH ONE TRAILING ZERO 2fPO6 2:2:? D$+T$:7:2:REM PRINT A DOLLAR SIGN FOLLOWED BY THE NUMBER WHICH NOW HAS TWO SIGNIFICANT DIGITS BEYOND A DECINAL POINT 2661 GOTO 1f: REM GO GET ANOTHER NUMBER $.XX G.XX S.XX S.XX G.XX S.XX S.XX GS.XX S.LXX BLXX $.XX S.XX $.XX THE APPLEHEADS E. Hance Caw APPLE, Toa} Cora, T picked cut our NEw HOME- ComPuTeR TODA% Suess WHat? ? i, 6/22/76 NOTE: If you've called your Apple a LIAR; it only means that your left hand was located one key to the left when you typed LIST. PHOTOGRAPHY wT g For those into the business applications with Apple, the data reduction capability, and the high and low resolution graphics in color is ideal for both report publication and visual aids for presentations. All that you need for a professional job is a 35mm SLR camera with at least a 100mm lens and a tripod. A direct light reading can be made from the TV screen. A low shutter speed will provide sufficent line scans to reduce the shadow effects. The longer lens will reduce the straight line distortions of the TV screen. Remember the four lines on the labeling at the bottom. Lights out with the window shades drawn will eliminate all glare and reflections. Next, you can try movies. ds QUOTE OF THE MONTH) Spake by Paul Wyman (Nebraska Chapter), hovering over his APPLE which at the time was hooked via MODEM to a monster somewhere in Chicago: "See? Maxi's do have their uses. They make wonderful peripherals!" PAHARAEHHAEH HER AERA AAEAAEAE SHAE Be BR dd IN THE BLACK O3SB- C8 7 TWY I purchased a Teletype Model 43 for use ore - Me tra Mpa) Y as a printer on ay Apple. If you don’t 0360- 68 PLA ‘ know, the Model is a serial printer with O361- AB TAY a RS232 interface. In order to use it 0362- 40 RTS: with the Apple I put the Communication 0363- 48 PHA Interface Card into use. The trouble 0364-48 PHA with this card however is that it won’t 0365- AD 02 03 LDA $0302 line feed the printer. After talking 0368- C5 24 CHP $24 to apple I found out they have a re- 0360-68 PLA vision in software to correct for it. 036B- BO 03 BCS $0370 The following listing is the coreection 036D- 48 PHA from Apple. This allows a line feed O36E- 9 AO LDA B$A0 after each carriage return, makes a TAB 0370- 2 62 03 BIT $0362 runction available, and BASIC listings 0373- FO 03- BEQ $0378 eae for wide coluan 0375- EE 02 03 INC $0302 . 0378- 08 PHP It is saved by #300.3AFW and loaded ee i “if #9389 by #300. 3AFR. 037D- 68 PLA To activate the print routine use ee > 4 n $0345 CALL 773 (#3056) or with DOS O381- 49: «OD EOR uso CALL 775 (#3076). f 0383- 0A ASL Fou Sadeion.. 0384- = DO OD BNE $0393 0386- 8D 02 03 STA $0302 0389- = AY BA LDA = #$8A O3BB- = 20 AY 03 JSR = $0309 #3056-WHI300OLLLL O38E- a9 58 LBA $58 0390- = 20 AB FC JSR = SFCAB "0300-02 tt 0393- =A? 00 LDA = #00 0301- 28 PLP O395- = 85 24 STA 624 0302-08 PHP 0303- = 05 C2 ORA $C2 2 0305-18 cic 0397- aD 02:03 = LBA $0302 0306- BO 38 BCS $0340 O39A- FO 09 BEQ $035 0308-98 TYa 039C- ED 0103 SBC $0301 0309- 48 PHA iRa, O39F- — E9 F7 SBC «NSF? O30A- AC 00: 03-—=—LBY = $0300" O3AI- 90 04 BCC $0307 O30D- 08 PHP O3A3- 69 «IF ADC «ASIF O30E- a9 05 LDA 4805 O3AS- BS 24 STA $24 0310- 8D 03 03 STA $0303 O3A7- 68 PLA O313- a9 CO LBA #80 O3A8- 60 RTS 0315-18 cLe O3A9- = 6C-:03:03; JUNP ($0303) 0316- 6D 0003 ABC $0300 _ O3AC- 00 BRK 0319- 8D 0403 STA $0304 O3AD- 00 BRK O31C- AD FF LDA GFF O3AE- 00 BRK O31E- 997807 STA $0778,Y O3AF- 00 BRK O321- Ag 11 LDA S11 O3B0- FF rm? 0323- 99 F807 STA $07F8,Y O3BI- FF mm 0326- 98 TYA O3B2- 00 BRK 0327- OA ASL O3B3- = 00 BRK 0328- 0A ASL O3B4- FF P97 0329- 0A ASL O3BS- FF rT? O32A- OA ASL * O32B- = AB TAY O32C- AX 03 LDA -aS03 O32E- 99 BE CO STA $CO8E,Y O331- = AT 11 LDA #811 0333- =99 BE CO STA $CO8E,Y 0336- AY 28 LBA = #828 Q338- = BD 01 03 STA = $0301 O33B- AP 36 LDA = #836 "I've invented a computer that's 033D- 852A STA $2A almost human", boasted one scien- O33F- =A 00 LBY #800 tist to another. O341- = BC 02 03 STY $0302 O344- 84 2B STY $28 "You mean it can think?" asked his 0346- 28 PLP colleague. 0347- 90 OE BCC $0357 0349- = AD E7 03 LDA = $03E7 "No, but when it makes a mistake, O34C- EF OD SBC 86D it can put the blame on some other O34E- 85 2A STA $2A computer." O350- = AD E8 03 LDA $03E8 0353- «£9 00 SBC #00 Reader's Digest Aug. '78 0355-85 2B STA $23 0357- AY 63 LDA «#863 O359- 91 2A STA (€2A),Y 8 TWIN ALGORHYTHMS PROVE NON-IDENTICAL Yes, you’re right, another silly headline, but an article that will prove fascinating to many, if not some, of.our readers. A few of you will recall the exciting algorhythm presented several issues ago (August of 1973, I believe} for7filling in a block of. memory with a desired number. This would be useful for doing things like clearing the hires screen, setting basic memory space to all zeros and then loading a program for purposes of exploration, or perhaps for "seeding" a Life game. The method presented at that time for filling in the Hexadecimal locations $99.$39 with all EA’s (the no-op[eration] command in 6592 code) was as follows: Type @:EA EA EA EA ‘EA...%2¢seEA. Now this worked very well back in 1973 on the Apple -1 when ‘our: memory ‘only..went from $99.$3, but now that we’ve gone from 48 bytes to 48K bytes; it:can take several days. , So we offer a solution so daring, so imaginative, that we didn’t even think of it. No, it took one’ of those unsung resident geniuses at APPLE to come up with this one. +To fit (for: example) $490 to $7FF with EA’s, Type the following: : ¢ *499:EA 401<409. 7FEM cme") me Now don’t panic, ‘that: was the screen buffer you t just filled. Try preceeding the "499" with"cg59" to turn on graphics and change the "EA" to some other "seéds". And: when you’ré ready: for thesbig time, try this: *CO59 CO53 CH57 2990:10 73 EA @ 14 AF 2996<2099.3FFOM ("RETURN") The general formula follows: (startaddress):({digit{digit}}) [space] (startaddress+number of | {digit{digit}}s) < (startaddress) . (endaddress-number of {digit{digit}}s) M(ove) (return) t There is another interesting thing that we can do by forcing the computer to repeat it’s. steps. To do this, start your command sequence with the "N" command and terminate it with "(space) 34:0 (space){space}. For example, try this one: ¢ 4N CO5G CG53 CH57 299G:G1 34 64 82 96 73 29G96<20G9.3FFIM 20GG:FF AG 77 B3 D9 EE 2996<2G09.3FF9M 34:9 (space) (space) ("RETURN") For a technical explanation of why this works, we turn now to S. Wozniak, that delightful fellow who whispers *** SYNTAX ERR at us every night. The APPLE-II MONITOR command input buffer begins at location $299 and is scanned from beginning to end after the user finishes the line by typing a car- riage return. An index to the next executable character of the buffer resides in location #34 while any function is being executed. By adding the command "34:9" to the end of a MONITOR command sequence the user causes scanning to resume at the beginning. Because the "34:4" command leaves the MONITOR in "store" mode, an "N" (normal text] com- mand should begin the line. [-- printed by special permission of Steven Wozniak] There, now that wasn’t difficult to understand, now was it (Hey Scot, what’s a MONITOR? What about the Civil War? Oh.) Try different "seed" numbers with both lores and hires and let us know what you come up with. Have fumes eeeeeeeee BT COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LAW © copyright 1978 by Arthur Wells, Jr. This article will discuss some of the laws pertaining to the portection of computer programs and data bases. As the law in this area is complex and confused, and as I am not an expert in the field, -and as this is just a general article, I am sure you will be careful about relying on it before you do something you think is important. There are theoretically several ways you can try to legally protect computer programs from unauthorized use. Basically, these are to try to patent them, copyright them, or treat them as trade secrets or "know how". Patent protection, even if available for computer programs, is an expensive process from the outset. As contrasted with other possible protections, the granting:of a-patent requires. that a search be conducted to demonstrate that the. item for which the patent pro- tection ‘is being sought is novel, that is,; no one else has “invented" it. Patent protection for progranis;.aif«available at all, might be had where firmware is integrally involved with hardware. The tiost common attempt at protection is via a copyright claim. In order ‘to claim copyright protection, on need only put a notice of copyright on the work, which consists of the word "copyright", or a © with the’ name of the claimant and-thecyaar of publication. This Claim must'be followed ‘by. registration, which. involves filling out a simple form {available -from the. Copyntght:.offiice in Washington, D.C.), payment of a small sum, -and :submissiom Sf. a:"copy" of the work for which copyright is claimedvort ce «4! & meds Having: the notice:and. theenegistr ation do.-not mean that you actually have the copyright ‘protect:idn you claim. You get that. pro- tection only after a lawsuit in which the court says you have protec- tion. Such lawsuits are expensive and time consuming and it is ex- tremely doubtful that anyone but a large company would. bring such a suit over a program and then only if the program were very valuable. Many specific problems and questions are presently unresolved as far as copyright protection for computer Programs. and data bases. In fact, a new copyright ‘Faw effeetive: im 1928 ‘specifically left questions about how to treat computer material for future discussion and several pro- fessional committées ‘seem to be still grappeling with the problems. Some of the questions and problems are; 1. to claim a copyright, the work involved must be “original”. When is the assembling, selecting. arranging, editing, and literary expression (if any) that goes into the set of operating instructions (program) or compilation of reference material (data base) sufficient to constitute original authorship? 2. What protection attaches to works created by a computer, based on a program? 3. In which form ought the program to be protected; input, output or both? 4. When does unauthorized use of only a part of a program, such as one elegant subroutine, constitute an infringement? Sa. How do we distinguish between the situation where the program “communicates information" and is thus copyrightable, and where it is an integral part of the mechanical elements of some device, and therefore protection of its "utility" can be obtained by patent only. 5b. Does this mean we draw distinctions between systems firmware or software (compilers, assemblers,etc) and other programs? Is a program ever non-"functional"? Or, is it alway "communicating information, even if it is only to a machine? 6. Copyright protection gives the exclusive right to reproduce copies, and to prepare derivative works. Where is the line to be drawn regarding the use of programming algorithms? 7. Copyright protects original works of. authorship fixed in a tangible medium that does not extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in the work. How is this rule to be applied to computer programs and data bases? 8. Copyright is supposed to encourage people to produce original works by giving them monopoly-like rights in their works for a specified period of time. But use of copyrighted material without permission is sometimes allowed to further societal goals such as teaching, criticism, scholarship and research. Whether such “fair use" jis permitted depends on the purpose and character of the use, (MORE) A the nature of the material, the amount of material used, and the effect of the use on the market for or value of the copyrighted material. How is the fair use doctrine to be applied to computer material? There are a host of other, and/or subsidiary questions, but the above will do fora start. Given the problems with patents and copyrights, it is not sur- prising to find that many companies dealing with intellectual property do not rely completely on those legal tools for protection. Surveys of firms providing consulting, feasibility studies, systems analysis and designs, contract programming. propriétary sof e, packages, time- sharing, telecommunications, data center manageme and computer research indicates use of various. protective devices. _Preffered methods seem to be contracts requiring that material be treated as confidential both by employees and users. In addition to treating the material as a trade secret, and to patent and copyright, companies also use limited access to technology, cryptographic coding, software locks and other similar devices. Protection of software seems to be viewed as most important for general business and financial applica- tions and for systems software«sand least important for complex produc- tion and management and for engineer ing and scientific applications. Probably this is so because marketing considerations and design and development costs play a great rote it ‘providing meaningf£ul..-protection for the latter. As applied to the hobby user, it is very doubtful that anyone would or could ever successfully proscecute an infringement or misuse suit against someone who pirated aiprferam. Conversely hobby users who de- velop their own material should either keep it secret an to themselves or give it to al? ih the hopes ‘of making a good:reputation. The hobby user will hardly ‘be inv a post tion ‘tovvenformee< “his rightss if he has any. od The fundamenta’ ‘eoncepts for® this Pietd have beer ‘Wel stated by others: 7603 “i. Creators atid dével rT S* Shoutd: ‘eve compens ‘tion for the use of their product; ' 2. Society shou, 1 have max imum ‘access ‘to’the crea of its members. ~° u The resolution of these, two. somewhat. confiicting. aringtt res, especially as applied to a new Complex technology; will need years to be worked out; that is why, in summary the. field-of computer: program law will contrive to. be obtuse -and obscure. In light of the above you serious programmers and other computer professionals have my sympathy and my condolences. Alsosmy apologies for such faults of this:article as may contribute to those attributes. ve products ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT THE ARTICLE CAN BE SENT TO-ARTHUR, CARE OF US HERE AT P.O. BOX 4816, S.F., CA. 06 94101 ; *~ §LOGAN OF THE MONTH (préss* tiie’ "RESET" ‘key; the "ESC" key, hold the "SHIFT" key and “press ‘thée'"@"*key to "home" the cursor and clear the s¢reen.- Then type the following: ) 5 5&k799:09 C6 AG DO CF D5 A C3 Cl CE A7 D4 AG C2 CF CF D4 AG “€9-D4 AC AG D2 Cl CD AG C9 D4 61 (and. then press ne tz "RETURN" key) We bid: adieu this month 4 oa ‘friend of othe pple Core with whom we have all spent azgreat deal -of., time,” ~But,, while -I’m sure;we shall long remember him, we are all certainly glad to be rid of him. wes re al not speaking of course of good ‘old ESC A. "Going?"» you ask.incredulously, ."ESC. ig past those huge horrible holes in our list quote Enter stage. left, our hero, POKE 33,33... Yes, our 6 ‘friend POKE, helping us out of yet another jam. Try him out the next time you ‘have " ‘to copy, listed print statement. . , ~ Préss, ESC (shift) P (Zeturn); thén type "PORE 34733" (cetut’s)l Now LIST - your Line(s) to be edited. You will note that the print statement is all scrunched up* With ‘ho’extra spaces on thesleft-hand side. Now COPY over the line, using the forward arrow. Since you have set a‘scrolling window 33 characters tide, the cursor will automatically jump to the next line as soon as it reaches the right margin of your text. How do you get out of this mode? Just:type "TEXT". ; This little trick will work in both Integer and Applesoft. And whom do we have to thank? Well, it appears everybody in the known world was aware of this one except the Apple Core, so I guess we have to thank J. Alfred Glitch for keeping us in the dark so long. Thanks a lot, Alf. it however. will we steam nd, rem statements?" *This author has been asked to define the term "scrunch". In this author’s opinion, those cretins who asked him to do so should spend a little more time studying their technical manuals and a little less time criticizing those who would utilize proper terminology. "Scrunch" is, of course, an historical term dating from the late 49’s and the original Apple, ENIAC. It was short for, appropriately enough, ESC CRUNCH, a command which would cause a shift-right of all the electrons available in the entire five-story building. Needless to say, ESC CRUNCH was the ENIAC’s single most powerful instruction; so powerful it led to the computer’s eventual downfall, when an operator carelessly punched it up while using the full 3@K of core and the right side of the building collapsed from the sheer weight of the electrons. BI THE BOTTOM LINE Wanna list line # in an APPLESOFT II program? Well, you can't! For some reason which no-one seems to understand, the language doesn't allow you to do it. You can, however, come close: List -1 will get you lines # and 1. APPLESOFT II allows you to list UP TO a line number, using the dash symbol (-) to mean “from the lowest line in the program up to and including”. Crude, but effective. ae _. Yhe APPLeCone : EWSLETIER +$eeaCREDITS44e% THANKS TO ALL THE APPLE CORE MEMBERS WHG HAVE CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES AND MEMBERS WHO HAVE HELPED TO PUT IT TOGETHER THIS HOWTH------~ PAT CAFFREY PEG HUGHES TONEY HUGES SCOT KAHINS JOHN SCRIBBLENONGER & HY4WcE KEN SILVERHAN JOHN SUSTAR BRUCE TOGNAZZINI PAUL WYMAN ARTHER WELLS JR J. ALFRED GLICH A SPECIAL THANK-YOU TO HOMESTEAD SAVINGS BANK = AT GEARY & 22ND AVE IN SAN FRANCISCO, OUR CURRENT HOSTS. THE SEPT 388 HEETINO VILL BE HELD AT THE BARK AT 10130AN > Vol. I No. farce hal porsh yep ar Lge INFORMATIVE AUGUST MEETING Many good things came out of our last meeting, really too much to talk about. Bruce Tognazzini pointed out some programming tips... Ed AvElar and Larry Danielson reported on their contacts with other Apple groups... There was some discus— sion ebout 2 ‘hard core', a national organizati- on of APPLE user groups... Andy Hertzfeld will be offering a machine languege course on the AP LE microprocessor, the 6502; The AP LE CORE will handle the registration... Ed Rosenzweig and Jim Doty will look into producing a translator pro- gram to convert other BASICs into APPLE BASIC... Andy Hertzfeld is thinking about a BASIC com- piler; our programs will occupy less space and run faster that way... Arthur Wells gave a very good talk on the legal espects of protecting our soft- ware; we heard about copywright and patent law... One of the most important functions of a group such as ours is the end-of-meeting software swap. This one saw more ,ood programs coming out... There was a ‘databdse' program for keeping lists, more hi-res pictures, some of Andy Hertzfeld's utilities, including LAZARUS, and a lot more. See you at the next meeting’ T.H.