britannica 97 manual

OE 121971031260 BRITANNICA ¢} Britannica Clty? Ones Manual: Using Your Britannica CD Owner’s Manual: Using Your Britannica CD PC and Macintosh® Versions Published by Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc 310 S. Michigan Avenue Chicago, IL 60604 Copyright © 1997 by Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Micropedia, and Propedia are r Britannica CD is a trademark of Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Col istered trademark of Merriam Webster, Incorporated gistered trademarks of Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc Macintosh is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Netscape is a trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation. All other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies International Standard Book Number 0-85229-654-1 Manufactured in the United States of America. PAGE 2 ‘Table of Contents Exploring Britannica PD) Databases 9 Conducting Searches 14 Search Methods 16 Helpful Hints About Searching 20 Searching the Index 24 Refining Your Searches pai Browsing Nations of the World 28 Search Tutorial 30 Navigating Through Britannica CD 37 Further Uses of Britannica CD 44 Britannica CD Frequently Asked Questions ——_____._ 47 Glossary 50 Index 53 Quick Reference — Properties for Searching Britannica CD _________ 56 If you need technical help, see your “Britannica CD Technical Guide: Installation and Support”. For over 200 years, Encyclopedia Britannica® has been the undisputed leader in reference publishing. The same scholarship, craftsmanship, and expertise that characterize the print version is now available in electronic form on CD-ROM. The unequaled indexing that occupied the two large volumes in the print set has now been supplemented by a powerful new search-and-retrieval engine that scans the 44 million- word database quickly and precisely. Of all the CD-ROM encyclopedias available today, none can match Britannica CD in breadth of knowledge, quality of information, and ease of use. Searchable Databases Britannica CD brings a wealth of information to your fingertips. Britannica CD articles — More than 65,000 subjects covered in articles ranging from concise explanations to comprehensive expositions; and from historical treatments of subjects to coverage of current events. The Index — More than 400,000 references have been compiled, edited, and hypertext-linked to text articles for easy navigation. Additionally, there are more than 10,000 links to images and tables. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate® Dictionary, Tenth Edition — Quick access to definitions from the best-selling dictionary used by students and professionals. PAGE 5 Browsable Databases Nations of the World — An alphabetical listing of countries of the world with hotlinks to individual country articles (addressing geographical, cultural, and historical aspects). You can also view the national flag, see a recent map of the country, or view national statistics such as population and demographic information. Propedia® — An outline of the total scope of knowledge in Britannica CD. Information is hypertext-linked to relevant articles, so you can create your own path to explore topics of interest. Random Article — Random Image — A sample article A randomly generated randomly generated sample of one of the by the search engine. many images contained in Britannica CD. The Home Page The Home Page, or Main Menu, provides your initial access to Britannica CD. By using the Query Box, you can enter a query, access a number of search options, and search the three main databases of Britannica CD. E Y Britannica CDey; Enter aword, phrase, or question, and select "search": _¥ | CD-ROM Select reference to search: © Britannica CD articles © The Index to Britannica CD © Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition “ Limit results to:|10 articles >} (Search Connect to ] Britannica Online | Copight ©1997, Encyopaia Britannica, Ine. Alrighty roerved. ¥ By choosing the buttons at the right of the page, you can access additional information on Help and How to Search, and you can access the browsable databases Nations of the World and Propaedia and options to view a Random Article or Random Image. The Connect to Britannica Online button (located at the bottom right) provides a hypertext link to Britannica Online for Britannica CD owners who have World Wide Web access. For further details, see the specific instructions provided in your Britannica CD package. Query Box and Search Options From the Home Page, you can: > Enter a search in the Query Box in the form of a word, phrase, or question. > Select reference to search — This field allows you to choose which database you are searching: Britannica CD articles, the Index to Britannica CD, or Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. The default setting is articles. > Limit results to articles — In this field, you can select the number of articles for which the first paragraph (or the first 300 characters) is displayed. The default setting for this field is 10. From other pages, you can: > Enter a query from the top-line interface. » Change the Database using the drop-down menu. New Search: | calendar Saeil|[arices yl calendar Britannica CD contains at least 10 items relevant to this query. Ifyou don't find what you're looking for below, you may wish to ur search (up to 100 hits), @ Calendar: The Western calendar and calendar reforms: CALENDAR REFORM SINCE THE MID-18TH CENTURY ‘When Soviet Russia undertook its calendar reform in February 1918, it merely moved from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian. This move resulted in a loss of 13 days, so that February 1, 1918, became February 14. @Calendar; The Wester calendar and calendar reforms: THE JULIAN CALENDAR In the mid- 1st century BC Julius Caesar invited Sosigenes, an Alexandrian astronomer, to advise him about the reform of the calendar, and Sosigenes decided that the only practical step was to abandon the lunar calendar altogether Note: If you wish to change the number of articles displayed, you must return to the search options on the Home Page. Note: Selecting a large number of articles with first paragraph displayed may take additional time to download. Diiiness Britannica CD Articles Britannica CD offers more than 6 @) @) @ 2 encyclopedia articles in one searchable database. The great majority of articles are brief or of moderate length and discuss particular persons, places, institutions, things, or concepts. Longer articles are divided into separate units for easier access and more accurate searching. ms Previou ( Home Page Help You can link to the Next Section and Previous Section of an article by clicking the appropriate Button Bar link (found at the top and bottom of the article). PAGE ) Approximately 700 articles are long enough to require headings and subheadings to organize their contents. Each of these articles is provided with a Table of Contents, which may be accessed from the Button Bar. Any unit in the article may be directly accessed from the Table of Contents. Table of Contents Calendar Ob juction © Measurement of time and types of calendars @ STANDARD UNITS AND @ TIME DETERMINATIO A topic may be the subject of two articles, one a brief summary and the other a longer, more detailed treatment. In such a case, the brief summary article contains a link leading to the longer article. PAGE 10 @music the art concemed with combining vocal or instrumental sounds for beauty of form or emotional expression, usually according to cultural standards of rhythm, melody, and, in most Westem music, harmony. Other major components of musical sound include tone, timbre (tone colour), and texture (instrumentation). Although music ©The Art of Music: The nature and significance of music: HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS: Ancient Greek ideas. ‘Although inns music was important in the life of ancient Greece, itis not now known how that music actually sounded. Only a few notated fragments have survived, and no key exists for restoring even these. The Greeks were given to theoretical speculation about music; they had a system of notation, and they East Asian Arts: MUSIC: The music of Japan: THE HEIAN PERIOD Further won images of Japanese musical life can be captured from the Heian period (794-1185). In the very first chapter of the 10th-century Ochikubo monogatari, one of Japan's earliest novels, the sad fate of the heroine is noted by the fact that she was never able to lean how to Certain articles on very broad topics (such as music or mathematics) serve as signposts, pointing to the principal articles that treat that topic. Some articles also provide links to the Propedia. PAGE The Index Britannica CD includes the Index as a searchable database. This database is a comprehensive listing of topical references that were determined to have substantial coverage in text articles. For those users who want a more guided approach to the information available, the Index provides a comprehensive network of topics discussed in articles. New Search :| harry s. truman ‘Search |[index | The Index also contains links to a variety of images and tables to harry s. truman make their retrieval Britannica CD Index contains at least 10 items relevant to this query. IF you don't find what you're looking easier. These links for below, you may wish to expand your search (up to 100 hits). Altematively, you may wish to restrict your appear near the top of search to those articles containing all the terms in your query. the Index entries. © Truman, Hany § U © TABLE presidents of the United States © admimistration An Index search can Catal acme ae” i oT provide a more refined and structured way to locate certain types of information for those who want alternatives to free-text searching. For example, if you search on citizen ADJ kane in the article database, you will retrieve » Ak 10 hits, some of which are marginal mentions. This same query made in the Index will result in only one hit, the Index entry "Citizen Kane". This, in turn, points to only the article that contains substantial discussion of the movie and related topics. The Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary The Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, included with Britannica CD, is an electronic tool that you will find indispensable in your research. As a searchable database, you can look up any word you encounter in an article in Britannica CD. You can access the dictionary from the Home Page by selecting Dictionary from the Select reference to search field. Or you can access the dictionary from any article by choosing the Dictionary from the drop-down menu next to the New Search box at the top of the article. To look up a word: > Select Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary from the database listing. » Type the word or copy it from text and paste it in the Query Box > Click on the Search button or press Enter on the keyboard. New Search :[ transcendentalism Searci_|[Dictionary ¥] Collegiate” Diction h Edition transcendentalism Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary contains | item relevant to this query. © tran.scen.den.tal.ism » (1803) 1: a philosophy that emphasizes the a priori conditions of knowledge and experience or the unknowable character of ultimate realty or that emphasizes the transcendent as the fundamental reality 2: a philosophy that asserts the primacy of the spiritual and transcendental over the material and empirical 3: the quality or state of being transcendental; esp: visionary idealism -- tran.scen.den.tal.ist adj or n The electronic dictionary automatically finds all main entries and idiomatic phrases containing the word or words. However, it will display only the first 10 entries it finds unless you specify that you want to see more entries using the box labeled Limit results to articles on the Home Page. If additional entries are available, a message at the top of the screen tells you that you can expand your search to view the other entries. If you wish to see them, click on the words expand your search, and the additional hits will be displayed. PAGE 13 C ondastine Searches Britannica CD supports two search-and- retrieval methods. It allows you to use Natural-Language Searches, in which you may enter a word, phrase, or question in plain English without having to learn any advanced search techniques. And it supports Boolean Searches, in which you can use the Boolean operators AND, OR, NOT, and ADJ, plus other options. How to Conduct a Search To conduct a search from the Home Page, use the following basic steps: > Select the database (Articles, Index, or Dictionary) that you want to search. The Articles database is the default. >» Select the number of articles you want to display on the hitlist. The first paragraph will be displayed to give you a sense of the context of the article so you can decide if the reference has the information you want. You may choose to display from 10 to 500 titles. Please note that choosing fewer articles will yield quicker results. The default is 10 articles. » Inthe Query Box, type your query in the form of a word, phrase, or question, and select Search or press Enter. When the search is complete, references will be posted in order of relevance. E’p Britannica Chey, Enter a word, phrase, or question, and select "search": | magellan Select reference to search: © Britannica CD atticles © The Index to Britannica CD © Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition Limit results to: [10 articles Search Note: The amount of time the search takes may vary depending on your query, the number of articles selected, and the speed of your computer. To conduct a New Search from any page: > Use the drop-down menu to select the database (Articles, Index, or Dictionary) that you want to search. > Type your new search in the form of a word, phrase, or question in the Query Box, and select Search or press Enter. You must return to the Home Page if you wish to change the number of articles displayed. The options you select will be used in each new search until you change them. If you return to the Home Page by using the Button Bar, the settings will revert to the default ones. Seatch Methods There are two types of search methods available to you: Natural-Language Searches In natural-language searches, simply pose a query in the form of a word, phrase, or question to retrieve articles on a subject. When you conduct an article search, you are searching the full text of Britannica CD, Searching the text allows for a wide-ranging, open-ended search that is not limited by space constraints or the logical connections of an index. You may combine unlikely terms in a search, such as spider Australia, two words you wouldn't find together as an article title, index entry, or dictionary term. Or type a question like what is the third longest river in the world? The search engine ignores common words such as "the" and "in" (known as stopwords), along with punctuation, such as the question mark, and finds articles containing the words "third", "longest", "river", and "world". You can also use natural language to query the Index and Dictionary databases. For more information about how the search engine works, read your online Help files. PAGE 16 Boolean Searches Boolean searches, using logical operators, can be used to narrow search results. Because of the way you can manipulate and alter parameters, using Boolean operators may yield better results. You may use the Boolean operators AND, OR, NOT, and ADJ (adjacency) to search the Articles, Index, and Dictionary. Important note: Boolean operators must always appear in capital letters: ADJ, AND, OR, NOT. To perform a Boolean search, simply type the words for which you want to search, separated by the logical operators in capital letters (for example: Jane AND Grey or United ADJ Nations). Boolean Search Will Look for Articles Operator Example That Contain: AND pope AND iliad both "pope" and "iliad" ADJ german ADJ shepherd the phrase "german shepherd" NOT washington NOT george "washington" but not "george" OR dolphin OR whale either or both of these terms AND/OR etruscan AND (language OR "etruscan" and "language" or "etruscan" and alphabet) "alphabet" ADJ/NOT (red ADJ deer) NOT river the phrase "red deer" but not the word "river" ADJ July ADJ 14 ADJ 1789 the date "July 14, 1789" OR/AND (lancelot OR capability) AND "lancelot" and "brown" or "capability" and brown "brown" ADJ/ADJ great ADJ artesian ADJ basin the phrase "great artesian basin" OR/AND/ADJ | (american OR U.S.) AND (abstract | any phrase "abstract expressionis*" that also ADJ expressionis*) includes either "american" or "U.S." ADJ/AND (great ADJ chain) AND being "being" is a stopword; no articles will be found Note: ADJ finds hits that are adjacent within 15 characters. For example, searching on Harry ADJ Truman finds Harry S. Truman. PAGE 17 Hitlist When you run a search, you will get a hitlist that contains the results of that search. Hits are ranked so that the most important references get posted at the top of the list. The Hitlist tells you the number of articles found and then lists the articles with the first paragraph of each article displayed. You can also see more articles by selecting expand your search, which will return a longer list of articles in response to your query. Note: This expanded list will include only titles; it will not include the first paragraph. You can also refine your search by selecting restrict your search. This tells the search engine to return only those articles that contain all of the words you used in the original query. Once you have retrieved your list, scan the list of articles and access individual articles by clicking on the hotlinks. eptune have?) Netscape - [Britannica Search: how many mo NewSearch:| how many moons does neptune have? || Searhll|[articies =] how many moons does neptune have? =| Britannica CD contains at least 10 items relevant to this query. IEyou don't find what you're looking for below, you may wish to expand your search (up to 100 hits). Alternatively, you may wish to restrict your search to those articles containing all the terms in your query. the Solar System: THE MAJOR PLANETS AND THEIR SATELLIT! feptune: THE SATELLITES AND RIN Prior man to the Voyager 2 encounter in August 1989, Neptune's only known satellites were men Triton and won Nereid. Triton is the lone large moon in the solar system to travel backward (in a direction opposite to the planet's rotation) around the eighth major planet from the Sun. Discovered in 1846, it was named after the Roman god of the sea. HE MAJOR PLANETS AND THEIR SATELLIT. Neptune: PRINCIPAL ‘Neptune's orbital period is 164.8 Earth years. It has not completely circled the Sun since its discovery in 1846, so some refinements in its orbital size and shape are still expected. Voyager 2's encounter with Neptune in 1989 resulted in an upward revision of about 0.17 percent in its estimated mean distance from the Zia {file HCKEB/eb Kia i a7 Alternate Spelling If a search term is not found in the database during a | NewSearch | electricicy (Sesei| [Arties search, the hitlist will list terms that | Ea sound similar or is contain similar letters. (You may also get a list of Britannica CD contains 0 items relevant to this query. terms that are close |] . cosine as asaeaay to the term you input in the ‘Terms that sound similar to electricicy or contain similar letters: electricity electrodic electrocoat electro electricicy alphabetic index electricite electricus eletrical — electrocyclic electronically term list.) If one of electricitat electrics electroshock electricians electrodics electricidad electrical electra electriciens electncarc the alternate words ff electrician electronic elector electicites_ electronics is the one you wish electrically electric electre electricitatis to look up, Click ON} terms close to electrcicy inthe siphabetic index term ist the hotlinked word; ]} ctectivis clectorship electrically clecticite —electrifies there is no need to electons electra electicare electricities electrify elector electre electrician electrifying run a new search. electoral electress electricians elects electrique electorally electret electricidad electricus electrisation electorate electrets electniciens electnfication electro electorates electric electricitat electnifications electroacoustic electors electrical electvicitatis electrified electroacoustical 2a) [Doomert Done = = E a7 | Query Report At the bottom of the hitlist, click on Query Report for this Search. You will get a summary of how the search engine interpreted your query and how it searched. This may help you modify or rephrase your query for better results. PAGE 19 Eleipini Hints About Searching Case Sensitivity For more comprehensive search results, use lowercase letters in your queries. This will retrieve the words contained in the query regardless of whether they appear in lowercase or uppercase letters. Capital letters can be used to refine search results. This technique is recommended for retrieval of terms where case sensitivity makes a difference. Let's assume that you want to retrieve references to the acronym AIDS. A search using lowercase aids will locate references on "AIDS" but will also retrieve "economic and foreign aid". Retyping the query in uppercase will limit the search to AIDS. Case sensitivity can also be important in proper-name searches. Important note: Never use all capital letters in a query unless retrieving acronyms, such as UNESCO, or using a Boolean operator (ADJ, AND, OR, NOT). Wiild-Card Option If you want the search to cover a range of closely related words that differ only in their endings, you can use an asterisk in combination with other letters. For example, geolog* will yield articles on geology, geologist, geological, geologically, and so on. Searching for Dates The ADJ operator is a great way to search for dates in Britannica CD. If you want to see events occurring on a particular day in history, connect the month, day, and year with ADJ operators. For example, Dec. ADJ 7 ADJ 1941. Note: The Britannica search engine often gives higher weight to information ing in article titles and subheads. Date searches will therefore include s bi because birth and death dates appear at the beginning of articles. If you specify an additional search term (using the Boolean operator AND), the search engine is more likely to locate what you are looking for and place it near the top of the hitlist. PAGE 21 British Spellings Britannica CD is based on the text of Encyclopedia Britannica and uses some British spellings, such as "theatre" and "colour", like the printed text. Searches on American spellings may retrieve only a limited number of articles. The Hitlist from a search on an American spelling will include articles that contain the British variant of that word. However, the British variant within the text will not be displayed in bold. (You can still locate the word within the text by using Netscape's Find button.) If you cannot find the information you want, you may need to consult the online list of British Equivalents. ‘This is an instructional guide on the use of Britannica CD. For specific help, you can refer to the following sections, which address different facets of the database and as use. (You can also refer to your Owner's Manual: Using Your Britannica CD for futher information about the database. If you need further technical help, see our Britannica CD Technical Guide: Installation and Stgpport.) Frequently Asked Questions is a collection of questions and answers based on customer inquiries. Databases gives you an overview of the browsable and searchable databases included in Britannica cD. ‘The Home Page introduces you to the features and options available from the first screen that comes vp when you start Britannica CD. Navigating Through Britannica CD describes all the buttons that can be used to navigate Britannica CD and itemizes the features offered from article pages. ‘How to Search outines the search methods avaiable in Britannica CD -- including Natural Language ‘and Boolean ‘Searching the Index outlines the structure and options available in the searchable Index database. ‘Searching Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary gives instructions for looking up a word and a few explanatory notes on the structure of the dictionary. ‘The Search Tutorial guides you through a series of searches that highlight the features available in Britannica CD. PAGE 22 Stopwords and Punctuation An article search ignores stopwords such as "do", "in", "the", "who", etc. Punctuation marks such as question marks and periods are also ignored. Britannica CD then checks the remaining words against its list of searchable words. A list of stopwords appears in the online Help file. Note: Using a stopword in a Boolean search will result in no hits. a afterward along an anywhere about afterwards already and are above again also another around according against although any as accordingly all always anyhow at across almost among anyone be after alone amongst anything became Special Characters The use of diacritics, accent marks, and other special characters may cause your search to fail. For ease of retrieval, do not use such characters in your search; simply eliminate the accent marks and use the letters alone. Abbreviations Please note that Britannica CD uses abbreviations in text articles and the Index. If you cannot find the information you want, you may review the online list of Abbreviations. eacinn the Index Using Keywords To search the Index, use singular keywords rather than questions. A keyword search will retrieve all Index listings where the keyword appears. For example, if you want to look up the name of a bridge in a print index, you must know the actual name of the bridge. With the Index keyword search in Britannica CD, this is not necessary. When you do an Index search on bridge, you get all entries that include the word bridge in the title. PAGE 24 Similarly, if you search on wallaby, you get not only the main Index entry head for wallaby but also eight additional references, including rock wallaby and pretty-faced wallaby. Note: If your search is unsuce not used, so all words will be s considered part of the search. ul you may want to use more specific terms. When you search the Index, the stopword list is arched. If you do a search on a specific title such as “all's well that ends well", all words are In addition to searching keywords in entry heads, you can also conduct searches on identifiers. Identifiers categorize entry heads by topics and appear in parentheses after an entry head. Identifiers are usually abbreviations. You can use the online Help list of abbreviations used in the Index. For example, use identifier=chem to retrieve all entries identified with chemistry, chemical, or chemist. In the Index, there are more than 10,000 links to a variety of images. These links appear near the top of Index entries. The different types of images are indicated by different links: ILLUSTRATION, FLAG, DIAGRAM, TABLE, FIGURE, IMAGE, GRAPH, PERIODIC TABLE, PHOTOGRAPH, and STRUCTURAL FORMULA. If there is more than one of a particular type of image, they will be grouped under an umbrella (such as FIGURES or ILLUSTRATIONS). Search| [index a New Search: [ identifier = chen identifier = chem Britannica CD Index contains at least 10 items relevant to this query. Ifyou don't find what you're looking for below, you may with to expand your search (up to 100 hits). solution [Cross ref]; specific processes by name (e.g. fl); and specific properties by name (e.g. coalescence © absorptiometry (chem) © major ref. in Physical and Chemical Analysis and Measurement © sve also infrared spectrophotometry [Cross ref]; nuclear magnetic resonance [Cross ref] © absorption (chem) © companson to adsorption © dyes and pigments O petroleum refining O selective dissolution © see also induced absorption [Cross ref]; sorbent [Cross ref Passim to indicates that the discussion of a subject spans a number of paragraphs. Ref 1, Ref 2, and so on indicate that there is more than one reference being cited for a subentry or flag. For further information on Index searches, consult the tables on "Index Search" and “Comparison of Index and Articles” in your online Help files. Retinitis Your Searches Things to Consider Examples Occurrences | Explanation stopwords more 0 "more" is a stopword More 3,137 "More" is searchable case sensitivity: all lowercase ph 719 Use of lowercase will find "ph", "Ph", "pH", or "PH" capitalization Any capitalization will restrict search to first letter Ph 619 an exact match one letter pH 137 all letters PH 11 wildcard ophthal* 66 Use of * expands search to include variants: ophthalmic; ophthalmological; ophthalmology; ophthalmometer; etc. informative tags: Search Index identifier= 30 Use of "identifier=" restricts search to (Can AND Index entries that include "Can" and poet) "poet" in the identifier plural truncation: all lowercase williams 6,095 Truncates to "william" and searches for both forms capitalization of | William 5,252 Search restricted to exact matches; only any letter Williams 324 searches for one form PAGE 27 B rowsing Nations of the World You can use the Nations of the World to research information about specific countries. To access this database, click on Nations of the World from the Home Page. Then select the country you wish to view. Once you have selected your country, you will see the Individual Nation Screen. From here, you can search for specific information on the country you've chosen. From this screen you get a choice of the following types of information: >» the encyclopedia article for the country > the flag of the country > amap of the country > national statistics Nations of the World ITALY Flag F National Statistics PAGE 28 The National Statistics section covers a broad range of information: General Facts gives basic factual information such as the official language and monetary unit. Demography covers information on things like population density and ethnic composition. Vital statistics surveys birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy to name a few areas. Social Indicators looks at such areas as quality of work, access to services, leisure, and voting trends. National Economy highlights statistical information concerning gross national product, budget, public debt, and production statistics. Foreign Trade gives an overview of statistical information concerning imports and exports. Transportation and Communication enumerates cars, railroads, televisions, and newspapers among other things. Education and Health surveys literacy rates and the number of physicians and hospitals, as well as other health issues. Military delineates the number of active personnel in the military and military expenditures. To view national statistics or the flag or map of a country, simply click on the appropriate hypertext link and you will be taken to that information. Nations of the World: Statistics Italy Official name: Repubblica Italiana (Italian Republic). Form of government: republic with two legislative houses (Senate [326(1) ]; Chamber of Deputies (630). Chief of state: President. Head of government: Prime Minister. Capital: Rome Official language: Ttalian Official religion: none. Monetary unit: | lira (Lit, plural lre)=100 centesimi, valuation (Oct. 6, 1995) 1 U.S.$=Lit 1,617, 1 £=Lit 2,557. Demography Population (1995): 57,386,000. Density (1995): persons per sq mi 493.3, persons per sq km 190.5 PAGE 29 PAGE Search Tutorial Search 1 — Brazil Let's say you are writing an essay on Brazil and you need to do some research. You might want to start your research with Nations of the World. On the Britannica CD Home Page, select the Nations of the World button (located at the right of the page). Find and click on Brazil. This will take you to a menu for the country Brazil. You can choose from the main article, the flag, a map, or national statistics. > Click on Brazil. Now you are in the main article for Brazil. Country articles that are very long will include a || Table of Contents Contents icon on the Button Bar that | links to the article's Table of Contents. 5 as a a | —_ arsiisciion Click on this icon to get an outline of © Physical and bomen geography what the article covers. | w THE LAND | ® Relief ® Lowlands look for a section on the subject in @ The Great Escarpment. While skimming through the outline, @ The high! Is. | 212) [Docent Done eet | which you are interested. If you are interested in Cultural Life — The arts, click on this part of the outline and you will go to the part of the article that discusses the arts of Brazil. To see where Brazil is covered elsewhere in Britannica CD, return to the Table of Contents (either by clicking on the Button Bar icon or using your Back Button on the Toolbar). Go to the top of the Table of Contents and click on Brazil. You will be at the top of the article. Select the Index icon at the beginning of the article. This will take you to the Ped expanded Index entry for Brazil. In this case, because you accessed the Index via the hotlink in the article, you will only get those references for the entry Brazil. Type Brazil in the Query Box and select the Index database to get additional entries that include Brazil in the index entry title. These will include Brazil nut; Indo-Brazil; Brazil Current; Brazil, University of; Prendergast, Maurice Brazil. Scrolling back to the top, click on MICROPAEDIA®. From this you will get a shorter, or summarized, treatment of Brazil. BAHAMAS, THE / BAHRAIN / BANGLADESH / BARBADOS / BELARUS / BELGIUM / BELIZE / BENIN / BHUTAN / BOLIVIA / BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA / BOTSWANA / BRAZIL / BRUNEI/ BULGARIA / BURKINA FASO / BURUNDI Identifier Search By searching on an identifier, you can get even more entries than in the Index search described above. You have already retrieved all of the Index entry terms 4 with Brazil. With the informative tag search, you can now retrieve the Index entries that have identifiers with the word "Brazil" in them. The abbreviation for Brazil and Brazilian is Braz. Go to the Home Page and select the Index database and type identifier=Braz to get the Index entries that contain Braz. Change the search options and select 40 for the number of articles you want displayed. You will now get a large list of terms with Brazil or Brazilian in the identifier. Your list will include people, geographic features, and historical events. Most of these would not have appeared in previous searches because the term "Brazil" may not appear in the title of these entries. Searching the Articles Database You can also search the entire Britannica CD Articles database by typing your query in the Query Box. Select Articles from the database search option. Be careful about what terms to search in the text, since choosing a very general term (such as "river" or "United States") will yield a large hitlist. There are a couple of things you can do to limit your hitlist. One of the ways to vary your search is to add another term to the search. Maybe you're interested in coffee production in Brazil. Add coffee to your search by typing coffee brazil in the Query Box. Or if you are interested in soccer, type soccer Brazil. Another way to narrow your search is to narrow the concept. Perhaps you want to know about Rio de Janeiro or Rio Plata. In that case, type in the more specific term, and you will get more focused hits. Remember that a country's name will occur many times in an encyclopedia database the size and scope of Britannica CD. Articles on geography, natural history, finance, cultures, peoples, history, and languages appear throughout the encyclopedia. The Britannica search engine uses relevance ranking so that the first hits in the hitlist are likely to be the most pertinent. PAGE 32 Search 2 — Impressionism Now let's research Impressionism. Start by typing impressionism in the Query Box and select the Articles database. You will find information on impressionism, Neo-Impressionism, the history of western painting, European history and culture, and pointillism. Follow the first link to the article on Impressionism. After reading through it, you will find Related Propzdia Topics. Click on Impressionism, Postimpressionism, and Symbolism and you will get lists for the categories General Subjects and Biographies. The general subjects list gives you more than 15 related articles on schools of painting and related fields of art. The biographies list will give you a list of over 50 biographies of painters associated with Impressionism. Click on Biographies. Select Cézanne, Paul, and you’ll get his biography. If you follow the Index link at the top of the article, you will find his Index entry and an overview of coverage. If you click back to the Propzdia list of Biographies, you can select another biography from the list, such as Monet, Claude. . © Davbieny, Charies-Francois 22a) Dooment Done TEE Gy Britannica CDs Enter a word, phrase, or question, and select "search": | dinosaur Select reference to search: © Britannica CD atticles © The Index to Britannica CD © Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition Line rere: EEE] oz Search 3 — Dinosaur Your next topic to research is dinosaur. Type dinosaur in the Query Box, select the Britannica CD articles, and select 100 articles. You will see a series of articles, including an extensive bibliography. Follow the first hypertext link to dinosaur. This gives you a brief treatment of dinosaur. In the 2nd paragraph, there is a hypertext link that leads to more comprehensive treatment of the subject in another article. PAGE 34 At the end of the article you will find Related Propedia Topics. If you click on the first link to dinosaurs, you will be given a list of dinosaurs for which you can find coverage in Britannica CD. Simply click on the one that is of interest to you. By clicking on tyrannosaur you'll be brought to the specific article tyrannosaur. For further coverage of your topics, either dinosaur or tyrannosaur, select the Index as your search database to find more information within Britannica CD. The Index provides an overview of coverage and gives specific context through its hypertext-linked subentries. Simply click on these to bring up the article you choose, or type identifier=dinosaur in the Query Box. You will get over 100 listings for entries that are identified as dinosaur in the Index. On Now it's time to try some searches on your own. If you're having trouble thinking of a topic, here are Your Own some ideas. Since these are keywords, searches can be done in either the Articles or Index databases. Remember to use lowercase letters to find the greatest number of hits. alexanderthe great coffee grand canyon muscular robin hood anesthesia dead sea scrolls hieroglyph dystrophy st. francis of as: archaeology ebola virus hollywood new deal titanic avalanche eiffel tower io northern lights tornado aztec eightfold path kanji okapi tsunami batik flying squirrel kimono olympic games windmill belize fossil karma quilts: yucatan peninsula chernobyl ghost dance laser ramadan zeus ch’in tomb movement marco polo rasputin Trivia Test Your final practice is a pursuit of trivia. This time you are on your own; there will be no hints. How many of the following can you answer? how long is the great wall of china? what is aphasia? where would you find a stylite? what is petrified wood? what was the path of the oregon trail? what did the aztecs worship? what is the deepest trench in the ocean? what are cargo cults? how many patents did edison have? what is the tunguska event? why shouldn’t you eat the liver of a polar bear? ~—_ how do chimpanzees use sign language? when was the first television image transmitted? —_ how big is the blue whale? what’s the golden spike? how is beer made? where would you find a greek key? how does a fire extinguisher work? PAGE 36 N. avigating Through Britannica CD Articles are accessed when you click on a title in the hitlist, one of the Propdia sections, or a reference in the Index. You are brought to the article page. The title and subtitles appear in the Title Bar and near the top of the content area. The top line allows you to enter a New Search and choose the database for that search from a drop-down menu. Your Britannica CD has two sets of buttons to help you navigate: > The Netscape™ Toolbar Buttons > The Britannica Button Bar provided with Britannica CD can be can be found at the top and bottom of found at the top of each screen. each article page. Netscape Toolbar Buttons Navigating through Britannica CD is simple when you use the Netscape Toolbar Buttons provided with your Britannica CD. The Toolbar Buttons can be found at the top of each Britannica CD screen. Note: Britannica CD uses the Net functional if you do not have a se ape 2.0 Web Browser to view the data. Some of the Netscape Toolbar Buttons will not be te connection to the Internet. The Back button returns you to any previous searches you have conducted and viewed. f¢ =| The Forward button moves forward in your search string. You can use this button after S| you've returned to the Home Page or previously viewed article. % | The Home button returns you to the Britannica CD Home Page so you can begin a new = search without closing and reopening the program. & The Reload button brings up a fresh screen, removing any highlighting when cutting or pasting earlier information. (This button refers to your Netscape browser and will have little or no use in Britannica CD.) | The Images button lets you view illustrations such as chemical formulas, maps, or tables <1 that relate to the retrieved article, when they are available. (This button refers to your Netscape browser and will have little or no use in Britannica CD.) i] The Open button allows you to open the CD Source Files (*.htm) you have already <=! viewed in this session. You can also launch other application files from this menu item. (This button refers to your Netscape browser and will have little or no use in Britannica CD.) @)| The Print button displays the Print Box so you can print Britannica CD documents. Poe fm] «The Find button allows you to locate specific text strings in Britannica CD articles you Fi have retrieved. When you click on this button, a dialog box appears and you are prompted to type in the word or phrase you are looking for. 2 The Stop button terminates the loading of a large document or picture. PAGE 38 Britannica Button Bar At the top and bottom of each article page is a Button Bar, a set of buttons that allows quick navigation through Britannica CD. Not every page contains every button. For example, a short article that does not have a Table of Contents does not display that option; while an article that does not contain any links to the Index does not offer you the option to turn the Index on and off. In Index and Dictionary pages, the Button Bar is only at the top of the page with links to the Home Page and Help. If you click on this button, you return to the Home Page with its menu selections. An option for long articles, this button takes you to the Table of Contents for the article. This button brings up [J the Help menu, which provides tips for navigating through Britannica CD and offers detailed information on such topics as searching, databases, and features. This option allows you to turn the Index links on and off. This toggle switch indicates what function can be performed by clicking on it, rather than its current status. When you want the links turned off, click the "Turn Index Off" button. When you want the links on, click the "Turn Index On" button. An option for long articles, this button takes you to the Previous Section of the same article. An option for long articles, this button takes you to the Next Section of the same article. Using Links Articles in Britannica CD contain hundreds of thousands of hypertext links, providing you with "one-click" access to a variety of supporting material. Links are your primary means of movement throughout the databases. Hyperlinked (colored and underlined) words are links to other articles or locations. They can also link to illustrations or other graphic images such as tables or maps. Figures, Tables, and Other Illustrations References to illustrations and figures in the articles have been identified as hypertext links and clicking on the link opens a window showing the image. For your convenience, small versions of images — called thumbnails — are displayed within some articles. You may view a larger version of one of these images by clicking on the small version. In Nations of the World and in certain articles, special links such as [Image], [Map], [Flag], [Figure], and [Table] are used. In the Index, there are special links to provide quick access to images. Some of the maps, drawings, photographs, graphs, and charts that illustrate the text articles have accompanying captions. If necessary, use the horizontal and vertical scroll bars to view the entire illustration and to read the caption. When you are finished viewing the illustration, scroll to the bottom of the file and click on the Source article hypertext link or use the Back button in the Toolbar to return to the article. Cross-references Text cross-references have been identified to inform you of other Britannica CD articles containing material closely related to the subject. Cross-references are indicated by see, see also, compare, q.v., and qq.v. (quod vide and quae vide, Latin for "which see"). The article name or section appears as a hypertext link. Clicking on the link takes you directly to related information, without the need to return to the hitlist or go to the Index. For example, the article "digital computer" contains a brief discussion of supercomputers and a cross-reference pointing to that article, which you can access by clicking on the cross- reference link. Index Links A link to the Britannica CD Index, consisting of the Index icon, appears in the text wherever a word, phrase, or concept has been indexed. Following the link to the Index entry for that word, phrase, or concept brings to the screen a structured set of references to other text articles where it is also discussed. In addition, there will be links to illustrations, maps, or tables that occur in the database. The Button Bar allows you to activate these Index references by choosing "Turn Index On" or to hide the links by choosing "Turn Index Off". If you select "Turn Index On" and no links appear, it means there are no links to the Index in this section of the article. As an example, clicking on the first Index link in the article "New York City" takes you to a list of other places in the database where New York City is discussed, including descriptions of its arts, economics, finance, government, and many more fascinating subjects. PAGE 41 Propedia Links The Propedia, or Outline of Knowledge, is an outline of those aspects of human knowledge traditionally associated with scholarship in the broadest sense. Matters that are the subjects of scholarly or scientific research or of academic instruction have been broken down into their constituent topics, subtopics, and so on. You can use the outline to locate groups of related articles, which are displayed under the relevant topic and divided into general articles and biographies. A heading called Related Propeedia Topics is found at the end of most articles. The hypertext link(s) below it lead to the point(s) in the Propedia's Outline of Knowledge where the article has been classified. From that point you may use the hotlinked list of related articles to move directly to discussions of closely related topics, or you may navigate up or down the many levels of the outline to more general or more specific topics. Lists of related articles may occur at any level of the outline. For example, from the Propedia links found in the article "rose" you could study the role of the rose in the making of perfume, horticulture, or plant breeding. You could also link to its place in the taxonomy of flowering plants, where you would find a list of other related species. References to the Propedia are also cited in the Index under a particular Index entry head. If an Index entry has been tagged as having related information in the Propedia, a hypertext link will take you from the Index to the Propedia. By the Way "BTW" is net-talk for "by the way", meaning, as it does in ordinary conversation, "Here's some interesting additional information you might be interested in". The occurrence of a BTW button in a Britannica CD article signals that a linked document contains some additional (typically more detailed) information, or perhaps an anecdote, relating to the point being discussed but out of the line of discourse of the article itself. PAGE 42 B ibliographies Many Britannica CD articles include bibliographies of further readings on a subject. These bibliographies can be found at the ends of selected articles. For a long article, you can easily locate a bibliography by viewing the Table of Contents and clicking on the word "Bibliography" at the end. You can also locate a bibliography with a search for bibliography and the topic of your choice. (For example, a search for bibliography AND alcott puts the Louisa May Alcott bibliography at the top of the hitlist.) Netscape ES Location:file:///C:\EB/_4htm What'sNew | What's Cooll | Handbook | NetSeerch | NetDirectory | Sofware | [Britannica Search: bibliography AND alcott] Slele[s s oP, New Search :| bibliography AND alcott Seerch [articles >] bibliography AND alcott Britannica CD contains 3 items relevant to this query. @Alcott, Louisa May (©. Nov. 29, 1832, Germantown, Pa., U.S.--d. March 6, 1888, Boston), American author known for her children's books, especially Little Women. @Hawthome, Nathaniel (. July 4, 1804, Salem, Mass., U.S.--d. May 19, 1864, Plymouth, N-H.), mam American novelist and short-story ‘writer who was a master of the allegorical and symbolic tale. One of the greatest fiction writers in American literature, he is best-known for The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the... @Emerson, Ralph Waldo (©. meme May 25, 1803, Boston, Mass., U.S.--d. April 27, 1882, Concord, Mass.), American lecturer, poet, and essayist, the leading exponent of New England meee Transcendentalism. @ Query Report for this Search Copyright () 1996 Encydopastia Brtennica, Ic. All Rights Reserved Dal fe IICEB(eb tia avitier Uses of Britannica CD Returning to Pages There are two ways to quickly retrieve articles that you have previously viewed. >» You can use a history list from the Go menu. Scroll through the list to find an article you want to revisit and then click on it. >» Youcan flag any article, search hitlist, or index page with a bookmark. The bookmark marks the page, just as it does in a physical book, and lets you create your own reference system within Britannica CD To place a bookmark on a page on the screen, open the Bookmarks menu and choose Add Bookmark. Every page you mark is then added to the bookmark list. A bookmark list is similar to a history list in that it lets you go back to a page you've already seen. The difference is that you create this list yourself. To go to a bookmark, open the Bookmarks menu and choose the page from the bottom portion of the menu. You can also choose Bookmarks, View Bookmarks from the menu line. When you choose View Bookmarks, a window listing your bookmarks appears. Highlight the article and click Go To, or double-click on the article. The article page displays in the main window, but the View Bookmarks window remains open so that you may select another article. You can easily remove a bookmark when you no longer want it by using the Bookmarks menu. PAGE 44 Saving Pages You can save a Britannica CD page as a file on your computer either before or after you bring the page to your screen. To save the displayed page: Open the File menu and choose Save As. In the "Save File as Type" screen window, choose Source (*.htm) or Plain Text (*.txt) format. Note: A source file saved in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) retains its graphics and text formatting. A file saved in text format is presented as plain text. Specify a name and path for the file and click OK. To save a page to a disk instead of displaying it: Hold the cursor over a link to the document you want to save. Click the right mouse button to pop up a menu. Choose "Save this Link as" to display the Save As dialog box, and follow the steps above. To display a file that has been saved to disk, choose File, Open File, and select HTML or text. An HTML file appears in its proper format; a text file will appear as simple typewritten text. Copying from Pages Sometimes you may want to copy a phrase or a paragraph only, and not the whole page. To copy specific text: Select the text you want by using the mouse. Open the Edit menu and choose Copy, or press Ctrl + C. This copies the selection to your clipboard. You can now open another application and paste the selection using the Paste feature or Ctrl + V. Printing Pages To print the current page: Click the Print button on the toolbar. You can also open the File menu and select Print. A standard print dialog box appears. From the Print dialog box, you can print the entire article or a range of pages by clicking OK or by pressing Enter. This allows you to print the entire document, even the portion you would have to scroll to see on the screen. To preview the document before printing: Open the File menu and select Print Preview. A window displays the full page as it will print. The cursor appears as a magnifying glass. You can click on any portion of the page to zoom on the page contents. Zoom In and Zoom Out buttons are also provided at the top of the window. Next and Previous Page buttons allow you to go from page to page, if the print preview is more than one page long. Once you are ready to print, click the Print button on the Preview window. Click Close to return to your Britannica CD page. Citing Britannica CD The quoting of brief excerpts from Britannica CD is permitted as provided under U.S. copyright law. Whenever using material from Britannica CD, you should properly credit it as the source of your information, as you would credit printed material in a bibliography. Please use the following form: ignificant Article Heading and/or Subheadings." Britannica CD. Version 97. cyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1997. "China: Rise of the empress Wu-hou." Britannica CD. Version 97. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1997. "Rabin, Yitzhak." Britannica CD. Version 97. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1997. PAGE 46 | orate CD Frequently Asked Questions 1. Whom do I contact for help? Check your "Britannica CD Technical Guide: Installation and Support" for appropriate phone number, postal address, and e-mail address. 2. Are illustrations linked to text? Yes. There are currently a large number of linked illustrations. To sample an illustration, access the Britannica CD Random Image option from the Home Page. There are thousands of images. Some of these appear in-line and will download with the text in the form of thumbnails, while others are accessible via hypertext links within the text. Maps and flags can be accessed most easily via Nations of the World. Additionally, the Index contains links to most images and tables. 3. Why are there references in text to illustrations, tables, and figures that are not linked? Britannica CD contains thousands of linked images, though they may seem inconspicuous owing to the vast size of the database. Because Britannica CD is based on the print version of Encyclopedia Britannica, there are also references to images that are not yet linked. Some of these are being added; others are in articles scheduled for revision and will be replaced by new graphics based on revised text. In time, articles commissioned for Britannica CD (as opposed to print) will include supplemental graphic or audio material. 4. Does Britannica CD include multimedia? As mentioned above, Britannica CD contains thousands of images, including photos, illustrations, maps, flags, mathematical equations, chemical formulas, and other essential encyclopedic material to aid in your understanding of the subject matter. It does not yet include video or audio material, although future releases will contain multimedia features. 5. What does the Index icon mean in articles? The appearance of the Index icon indicates a link to the Index of Britannica CD. When you click on the icon, you will be taken to an index citation of related references in Britannica CD. 6. What is the difference between an underlined cross-reference and an Index link? An Index link, indicated by the Index icon, takes you to an entry in the Index to Britannica CD, where you can branch out to one or more references in the article database. An underlined cross- reference takes you directly to another article in Britannica CD. These article cross-references usually follow "see" or "see also", or they precede "(q.v.)" or "(qq.v.)". 7. Why don't Index references follow electronic conventions of underlining appropriate text? Britannica editors want users to know what type of link they are following, particularly in a structured data environment like Britannica CD. By differentiating between article-to-article cross-references and article-to-index links, we provide a way for you to know exactly what type of information you will be receiving before you follow a link. Another reason for the difference: Index references are not always easily summarized by a few words appearing in the text. Britannica CD often indexes general discussions of topics, which can stretch from phrases to sentences, to paragraphs, to multiple online documents. If you find the Index links are getting in your way, you can suppress them from the Button Bar on any article page. This option is ideal for printing or cutting-and-pasting articles. 8. What search options does Britannica CD support? Britannica CD supports natural-language searching as well as Boolean searching. Natural- language searching allows you to enter a question exactly as it comes to mind (e.g., "what is the riddle of the sphinx?"). Boolean searching uses uppercase operators such as AND, OR, NOT, and ADJ to link search terms together (e.g., "relativity AND Einstein"). Much of the ongoing development of Britannica CD involves the refinement of techniques for handling natural- language search queries. 9. Why are some articles in Britannica CD divided into many separate sections? Many articles in the Britannica CD database are very long. We have divided these long articles into smaller sections to aid in retrieval. 10. Can I look at an entire long article at once, so I can read it or print it as a single unit? Not in this version, but our engineers are working to develop this option. 11. Are tables of contents included in articles? Most long articles include tables of contents, which can be accessed by using the Button Bar at the top or bottom of each article page. All long articles are divided into smaller subsections for more accurate searching and faster downloading. These articles also have Previous Section and Next Section buttons on the Button Bar that connect the various sections. PAGE 48 12. How do I cite Britannica CD? Whenever using material from Britannica CD, you should properly credit it as the source of your information, as you would credit printed material in a bibliography. Please use the following form: "Significant Article Heading and/or Subheadings." Britannica CD. Version 97. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1997. For instance: "Angiosperms: Evolution." Britannica CD. Version 97. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1997. 13. Is Britannica CD the entire content of the print encyclopedia? The article database of Britannica CD is created from the same knowledge base as the New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition, but differs from the print set in a few significant ways. Title cross-references (such as "Clemens, Samuel Langhorne: see Twain, Mark."), which are useful to the print reader, are unnecessary in an electronic product that is accessed through full- text searching, so they have been eliminated. Because there are different space restrictions for a CD than for a print book, many articles in Britannica CD are longer and more detailed than their print counterparts. Related entries gathered together under broad titles in the print Macropeedia for ease in consultation (such as the print article Beverage Production) have been restructured into smaller articles (such as Beer, Wine, Coffee, Tea, Soft Drinks, and Distilled Spirits) for easier retrievability in Britannica CD. And, of course, Britannica CD contains more than 2,000 new articles not included in print. 14. I'd like to read more about a particular topic. Can Britannica CD help me locate additional resources? Many Britannica CD articles include bibliographies of further readings on a subject. These bibliographies can be found at the ends of selected articles. For a long article, you can easily locate a bibliography by viewing the Table of Contents and clicking on the hyperlink called Bibliography at the end. You can also locate a bibliography by conducting a search for bibliography and the topic of your choice. PAGE 49 Giiesery Boolean search A type of search that employs Boolean or logical operators. These operators can be manipulated to narrow search results. The operators available in Britannica CD are ADJ (adjacent), AND, NOT, and OR and must be entered in capital letters. Browser A client program (software loaded on your machine) that enables you to search through the information provided on a World Wide Web server. Netscape is a browser. Case sensitivity Concept that determines whether your query is entered using capital letters or lowercase letters. For best results, enter all search requests in lowercase letters unless you are looking for a specific acronym such as UNESCO or AIDS. Flag See Subentry. Hitlist The list of references, from the Index, text, or Dictionary, that is generated from your query. Home Page The first page accessed when you open Britannica CD and begin to conduct your searches. Hotlink See hypertext link. HTML See Hypertext Markup Language. Hypertext link, hyperlink, or hotlink Any colored, underlined word in Britannica CD. When selected the link leads the user to another screen. Hypertext Markup Language Language used to mark-up text files with styles and links for use with World Wide Web browsers such as Netscape. Abbreviated as HTML. Identifier Term used in the Index that categorizes the Index entry head. It appears in parentheses after the Index entry head and is searched through the informative tag "identifier=". Index entry head Term or phrase that is searchable in the Index search. All of these terms have been taken from the printed encyclopedia and are hypertext linked. Informative tag An operator that allows you to limit the search to a particular field. In text you will find "title=", and in the Index "identifier=" is used. "Title=" looks for titles only, and "identifier=" looks for identifiers in the Index database Keyword Any word that can be retrieved by the search engine. Natural-Language search Type of search that employs commonly used language, such as phrases and questions. It is not necessary for you to be familiar with specific search operators, like Boolean, to retrieve articles. Stopword Common words, such as “is,” “the,” and “why,” that the search engine ignores or drops out when it searches. Stopwords do not exist in the Index or Dictionary, only in Articles. A list of stopwords is available. Subentry or flag Word or phrase listed under an Index entry head that describes the specific context of the reference. Truncation Refers to the dropping of the final “s” or “es” in words during basic searches. This happens in text or Index searches when the search term is entered in lowercase. This allows both plural and singular forms of a word to be located in a search. URL Uniform Resource Locator. Specifies the location or address of documents on the World Wide Web. It allows for the retrieval of information. WAIS Wide Area Information Servers. Search engine characterized by its ability to do keyword searches and provide relevance feedback. World Wide Web A network of hypertext-linked documents or pages that also permit the display of graphics. | Abbreviation 23, 26, 32 Accent mark 23 Acronym 20 ADJ operator 12, 17, 21 Alternate spelling 19 AND operator 17 Article 9 abbreviations 23 Boolean searches 17 Button Bar 39 citation of 45, 48 conducting a search 15 Hitlist 18 Nations of the World 28 natural-language search 16 ating 37 printing 46, 48 Random Article 6, 7 returning to pages 44 saving pages 45 search options 8 search properties 56 search tutorial 32-36 searchable databases 5, 9-11 table of contents 10, 48 using links 40 Asterisk 21, 56 Back button 37, 40 Bibliography 43, 49 Biographi Bookmar! Boolean search 17 bibliographies 43 glossary 50 index 12 operators 14 case sensitivity 20 table of 17 search options 48 search properties 56 stopwords 23 Britannica Button Bar 37, 39, 41 British Spellings 22 Browser 50 BTW (By The Way) 42 Buttons: see Britannica Button Bar; Netscape Toolbar Buttons Capital letters: see Uppercase letters Caption 40 Case sensitivity 20, 27, 50, 56 Citation 45, 48 Compare 41 Connect to Britannica Online 7 Contents icon 30 Copying 46 Cross-reference 41, 48 Database 9 browsing 6 Nations of the World 28-29 Home Page 7 searching 5 articles 9-11 conducti dictionary 13 index 8 select reference 8 Default setting 8, 15 Di ic 23 ee Merriam- Webster’ s Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition Drop-down menu 13, 15 Expand your search 13, 18 Figure 40 Find button 38 Flag 28, 40 Forward button 38 General Subjects 33 Glossary 50-52 Help 7 Button Bar 39 who to contact 47 History list 44 Hitlist 18 alternate spellings 19 articles 32 British spellings 22 glossary 50 index identifiers 32 navigating articles 37 query report 19 Home button 38 Home Page 7 conducting a search 15 dictionary search 13 glossary 50 Home button 38 Hotlink: see Hypertext link How to Search 7 Hypertext link alternate spellings 19 bibliographies 43 By The Way 42 cross-references 41 glossary 50 Hitlist 18 Home Page 7 illustrations 40, 47 index 12, 41 indexed images 26 PAGE 53 Propedia 42 search tutorial 31-35 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) glossary 50 saving pages 45 Identifier 26, 27, 32, 51, 56 Illustration: see Image Image 12, 26, 40 Random Image 6, 7 text links 47 Images button 38 Index 12 abbreviations 23 alternate spellings 19 Boolean searches 17 Button Bar 39 conducting a search 15 entry head 41, 51 icon 47 identifiers 26, 27 keyword searches 24-26 links 41, 48, 49 natural-language searches 16 navigating articles 37 Propedia links 42 h properties 56 ible databases 5, 12 select reference to search 8 tutorial 32-35 Individual Nation Screen 28 Informative tag 27, 32, 51, 56 Keyword 51 index search 24-26 search properties 56 search tutorial 36 Limit results to____ articles 8, 13 Link: see Hypertext link Lowercase letters 20, 27 Main Menu: see Home Page Map 28, 40 Merriam-Webster’ s Collegiate , Tenth Edition 13 Boolean searches 17 sear sear Dictionar Button Bar 39 conducting a search 15 natural-language searches 16 searchable databases 5, 13 select reference to search 8 Multimedia 47 National Statistics 29 Nations of the World browsable databases 6, 28-29 Home Page 7 tutorial 30-31 Na search 14, 16, Navigating bibliographies 43 Button Bar 39 By The Way 42 copying pages 46 cross-references 41 illustrations 40 index 41 printing pages 46 Propadia 42 returning to pages 44 saving pages 45 Toolbar Buttons 37, 38 using links 40 Netscape Toolbar Buttons 37 New Search 15, 37 Next 46 Next Section 9, 39 NOT operator 17 Open button 38 Operator: see Boolean search OR operator 17 Outline of Knowledge 42 Passim to 26 Paste 46 Plural truncation 27, 51, 56 Previous Page 46 Previous Section 9, 39 Print encyclopedia 49 Print Preview 46 Printing 38, 46 Propedia Home Page 7 links 42 navigating articles 37 search tutorial 33, 35 Proper names 20 Punctuation 23 qq.v.4l Query Box 8 article search tutorial 32, 33 conducting a search 15 dictionary 13 Home Page 7 index 12 tutorial 31 Query Report for this Search 19 quoting Britannica CD 45, 48 qv. 4l Random Article 6, 7 Random Image 6, 7, 47 Related Propedia Topics 35, 42 Relevan king 18, 32 Reload button 38 Restrict your search 18, 32 Saving pages 45 Searchin; abbreviations 23 alternate spelling 19 articles 9-11 table of contents 10 tutorial 32-35 bibliographies 43 Boolean searches 14, 17 British spellings 22 case sensitivity 20 conducting a search 14, 15 databases 5 dates 21 dictionary 13 Hitlist 18 Home Page 7, 15 index 12 identifiers 26, 32 images 26 PAGE 54 keywords 24-26 methods 16-19 Nations of the World 30, 31 natural language 14, 16 options 8, 48 properties 56 punctuation 23 query report 19 your search 20-23, 27 special characters 23 stopwords 23 trivia test 36 truncation 51 tutorial 30-36 wild-card option 21 See 41 See also 41 Select reference to search 8, 13 Signpost 11 Source Files 38, 40 Special characters 23 Spelling alternate 19 British 22 Statistics, National: see National Statis Stop button 38 Stopword 16, 23 glossa keyword searche: refining your search 27 search properties 56 Subentry 51 Table 12, 40 Table of Contents articles 10 bibliographies 43, 49 Button Bar 39 manual 3 tutorial 30, 31 Text: see Article Thumbnail 40 Title Bar 37 Toolbar Buttons: see Netscape Toolbar Buttons Trivia test 36 Truncation 27, 51, 56 Turn Index On/Off 39, 41 Tutorial, Search 30-36 Uppercase letters Boolean searches 17 case sensitivity 20, 27 URL (Uniform Resource Locator) 52 WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers) 52 Wild-card option 21, 27 World Wide Web 51, 52 Zoom In 46 Zoom Out 46 uick Reference — Properties for Searching Britannica CD Asterisk: Wild card that can be used at the end of a search term to get all words that begin with the same letters up to the asterisk. Boolean operator: ADJ, AND, NOT, and OR can be used in Britannica CD searches. Case Sensitivity: To find all occurrences of a word, use lowercase letters. If you want words that are capitalized, such as proper nouns, include uppercase letters in your query. You will get only exact matches. For example, AIDS or Williams. Keywords: Simple terms used to search topics in index and text. Properties of Text Searches Properties of Index Searches All text is searched. Only entry heads are searched. Search can be in the form of a question, Search must be in the form of keywords. phrase, or keyword. All text and titles are searched. Index entry heads are the searched field. To search titles and subheads use the To search the identifier field, use the informative tag: title= informative tag identifier= Stopwords are ignored in searches. Every word in query is searched for; there are no stopwords. Plural endings in lowercase names are No words are truncated; singular forms of dropped. Final “s” or “es” is dropped. words are used in the Index. PAGE 56 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.