X (all versions) will print to a Laserwriter printer on Appletalk, so long as Appletalk is enabled in X. It should be seamless - assuming the printer is on your ethernet network, via AAUI and all that.
What sort of cable was the drive connected to the logic board with? I have the 68030 + 68882 cousin of the 16/600, a Laserwriter Pro 630, but am unsure how to get a hard drive installed in it. Is it a 68k powerbook cable, by any chance, or something else?

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Once I looked more carefully at the Apple Printer Utility it was no problem setting the printer IP address. Then it was simply a matter of setting the parameters in the Tiger printer setup utility and it works great from Tiger over the Ethernet LAN.

The HD is a Quantum Go disk, some of which are IDE but the manual says it's an SCSI interface for both the internal and external disks. The internal connector is a 40 pin ribbon connector about 1 3/4 inches long. Never having any contact with Powerbooks, I don't know if that's the same cable.