X Plane 8 Handbook

FAA Effect and Use of Controls 4 General Controls 12 First Flight 20 Intro to X-Plane 24 X-Plane Menus Primary Instruments Navigation Instruments Flight from San Bernardino to Riverside Municipal CONTENTS Flying Helicopters Flying to Carriers Flying in Space Flying the Space Shuttle Flying on Mars Intro to Plane-Maker 74 Plane-Maker Menus Intro to World-Maker 96 World-Maker Menus World-Maker Terrain World-Maker Objects World-Maker Airports World-Maker NAVAIDs Intro to Airfoil-Maker 112 Airfoil-Maker Menus Airfoils Weather Briefer 126 Hacking X-Plane 130 References 138 Index 142 FAA EFFECT AND USE OF CONTROLS 4 FAA EFFECT AND USE OF CONTROLS An excerpt from The U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Flight Standards Service Copyright 1980 THE EFFECT AND USE OF CONTROLS This chapter briefly discusses the devices with which the pilot operates the airplane in the air and on the ground, and how those devices are to be used effectively. To maneuver an airplane, the pilot must control its movement around its lateral, longitudinal, and vertical axes. This is accomplished by the use of the light controls—elevators, ailerons, and rudder—which can be deflected from their neutral position into the flow of air as the airplane moves forward through the air. During flight, the flight controls have a natural “live pressure” due to the force of the airflow around them. With this in mind, the pilot should think not of moving the flight controls, but of exerting force on them against this live pressure or resistance. ELEVATORS The elevators control the movements of the airplane about its lateral axis. They form the rear part of the horizontal stabilizer, and are free to be moved up and down by the pilot, and are connected to a control stick or wheel in the cockpit by means of cables or rods. Applying forward pressure on the control causes the elevator surfaces to move downward. The flow of air striking the deflected elevator surfaces exerts an upward force, pushing the airplane’s tail upwa…