APPLE-l CASSETTE INTERFACE INTRODUCTION The Apple Cassette Interface (ACI) is a peripheral device for the Apple Computer which enables the user to store and retrieve information (data and programs) using a standard audio grade cassette recorder. The ACI attaches directly to the Apple Computer and jacks are provided on the ACI board to connect to the cassette recorder. The ACI reads and writes data at the rate of approximately 1500 baud (depending upon the data). All the ACI timing is done in software, resulting in extreme accuracy, no adjustments, and consistency between units. resulting in the inability to accurately read a tape that has been recorded on a different machine. However, if the same unit is used for both recording and reading, even the cheapest of cassette recorders will work reliably. Most tapes available in the $2-$4 category work well for data storage. You may experience an occasional tape which 'loses bits,' which is caused by severe oxide thickness variations on the tape and cannot be corrected. Special leaderless tapes need not be used as the ACI automatically transmits a ten second 'header' of all ones before transmitting the data, which insures that the leader will have passed. T APE RECORDERS & TAPE JUMPERS Almost any cassette recorder will work well with the ACI. As a recommendation, we have found the least expensive (under $40) Panasonic to be very reliable and of good quality, although it is not equipped with a tape counter, which is useful (though not essential) for locating files within a tape. (An alternative method of discerning files is to record a voice identification between files. ) Among the 'under $25' cassette recorders there may be variations in head alignment and internal electronics, For operation of the ACI, a permanent jumper must be placed between 'R' and 'C' in the block select area of the main board (B9,10). This jumper from 'R,' which is connected to enable the ACI, to 'C' selects the ACI when the 12th 4K block eC') is addressed. Also, for running Apple Basic in the 2nd 4K bank of on-board memory, it is necessary to break the solder jumper between 'w' and '1' and then jumper 'w' to 'E.' This moves the 2nd 4K bank from the 'I' block to the 'E' block, which is where Apple Basic resides. INST ALLATION Install the ACI board into the connector on the main board with the components on the ACI board facing away from the main board (the jacks to the edge of the main board). SEE FIGURE 1. The system power should be OFF whenever installing or removing the ACI board. Install cables from the ACI jack marked "TO TAPE" to the recorder microphone input and from the ACI jack marked "FROM TAPE" to the recorder earphone output. One cable can be appropriately switched between the two paths if necessary. INSTALLATION DIAGRAM USING THE ACI The Cassette program is contained in two PROMS on the ACI board and runs at ClO~. When entered, the program should echo an "*." The format for specifying the memory address ra…

PRELIMINARY APPLE BASIC USERS MANUAL OCTOBER 1976 Apple Computer Company ° 770 Welch Rd., Palo Alto, CA 94304 « (415) 326-4248 This is a PRELIMINARY manual. It will, most likley, contain errors, incorrect wordings, etc. Your effort in noting these areas of improvement will be greatly appreciated. If you find an error or can suggest an improvement, please write: APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY 770 WELCH RD. SUITE 154 PALO ALTO, CA 94304 (415) 326-4248 LOADING APPLE BASIC Apple BASIC is provided on a cassette tape which can be read into the "E" block of memory in about 30 seconds. To load BASIC from the tape do the following: Hit the "CLEAR SCREEN" button which will clear the screen and display only the cursor (a flashing @ sign) in the upper left corner of the screen. Hit the "RESET" button which will cause the computer to print a backslash (\) and move the cursor down a line. Place the BASIC cassette into the recorder, rewinding it if necessary. NOTE*** The symbol + means hit the "RETURN" key on the keyboard. The symbol + will not, of course, be printed on the screen. 1. ‘Type C1PGR + 2. Type _EGQP.EFFFR (don't hit + yet!) 3. Start the tape 4, Hit + 5. When BASIC is loaded (about 30 seconds) the computer will print a backslash (\). To enter BASIC type E@@PR+. The computer will print a few charac- ters, then, on the next line, print the prompt character >. This prompt character (>) is used throughout BASIC to signify that the BASIC is ready for additional commands or statements. To exit BASIC hit the "RESET" button. This will return control to the monitor. To re-enter BASIC from the monitor without losing the previous program, enter BASIC at E2B3+, instead of E@@fr. This is extremely useful when you have unintentionally hit the "RESET" button while in BASIC. Normally, you should enter BASIC at E@9P+, which clears any previous programs. It is advisable to make a duplicate copy of Apple BASIC on another cassette. Exit BASIC as described and: 1. Type C19GR+ 2. Type E@QO.EFFFW (don't hit + yet!) 3. Start the tape (Recording) 4. Hit +. 5. The computer will print a backslash (\) when finished. READING AND WRITING BASIC PROGRAMS ON TAPE It is possible to store and retrieve BASIC programs on/from a cassette tape. To write a BASIC program onto a tape: 1. Exit BASIC as described above. 2. ‘Type C1PPBRY 3. Type 4A. QOFFW8G0.FFFW (don't hit + yet!) 4. Start the tape (Recording) : Se Hit +. 6. . The computer will print a backslash (\) when completed. 7. §Enter BASIC at E2B3. To read a BASIC program from a tape, the same procedure is used except an R (for READ) is substituted for each W in line 3 above and the tape unit is playing instead of recording. Loading a BASIC program in this manner can be done either prior to loading BASIC or any time thereafter by first exiting BASIC, loading the program, and re-entering BASIC at E2B3. PROGRAM EXECUTION To review all of the program statements, the LIST command is used. To execute the progr…

APPLE -1 OPERATION MANUAL APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY 770 Welch Road Palo Alto, Calif. 94304 SPECIFICATIONS MIC ROPROCESSOR: Microprocessor Clock Frequency: Effective Cycle Frequency: (Including Refresh Waits) VIDEO OUTPUT: Line Rate: Frame Rate: Format: Display Memory: Character Matrix: RAM MEMORY: On-board RAM Capacity: POWER SUPPLIES: Input Power Requirements: Recommended Transformers: MOS TECHNOLOGY 6502 1.023 MHz 0.960 MHz Composite positive video, 75 ohms, level adjustable between zero and +5Vpp. 15734 Hz 60.05 Hz 40 characters/line, 24 lines; with automatic scrolling Dynamic shift registers (1K x 7) 5x7 16-pin, 4K Dynamic, type 4096 (2104) 8K bytes (4K supplied) +5 Volts @ 3 amps, +/- 12 Volts @0.5 amps, and -5 Volts @ 0.5 amps 8 to 10 Volts AC (RMS) @ 3 amps, 26 to 28 Volts AC (RMS) Center-Tapped, 1A. Stancor # P-8380 or Triad F31-X Stancor # P-8667 or Triad F40-X APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY 770 Welch Road, Suite 154 Palo Alto, California 94304 Phone: (415) 326-4248 [ INTRODUCTION ) The Apple Computer is a complete micro- processor system, consisting of a Mos Technology 6502 microprocessor and support hardware, tegral videodisplay electronics, dynamic memory and refresh hardware, and fully regulated power supplies. It contains resident system monitor software, enabling the user, via the keyboard and display, to write, examine, debug, and run programs efficiently; thus being an educational tool for the learning of microprocessor program- ming, and an aid in the development of software, in- The integral video display section and the keyboard interface renders unnecessary the need for an external teletype. The display section con- tains its ownmemory, leaving all of RAM for user programs, and the outputformat is 40 characters/ line, 24 lines/page, with auto scrolling, Almost any ASCII encoded keyboard will interface directly with the Apple system. The board has sockets for upto 8K bytes of the 16 pin, 4K type, RAM, and the system is fully expandable to 65K via the edge connector. The system uses dynamic memory (4K bytes sup- plied), although static memory may also be used. All refreshing of dynamic memory, including all 'off-board'' expansion memory, is done auto- matically. The entire system timing, including the microprocessor clock and all video signals, originates in a single crystal oscillator. Further, the printed circuit board contains a "breadboard area", in which the user can add additional ''on-board'! hardware (for example, extra PIA's, ACIA's, EROM's, and so on), This manual is divided into three Sections: Section GETTING THE SYSTEM RUNNING. SectionII USING THE SYSTEM MONITOR. (listing included) Section III EXPANDING THE SYSTEM, Please readSectionI thoroughly, before at- tempting to 'power-up'' your system, and study Section III carefully before attempting to expand your system. In addition to this manual, Apple "Tech Notes" are available which contain exam~ ples of expansion hardware and techniques…