l( ti® Apple® AppleShare@ PC Developer's Guide Apple Confidential Final Draft 7/15/88 I t ti APPLE COMPUTER, INC. This manual is copyrighted, with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or part, without written consent of Apple. Under the law, copying includes translating into another language or format. ©Apple Computer, Inc., 1988 20525 Mariani Ave. Cupertino, California 95014 USA 1-(408) 996-1010 Apple, the Apple logo, AppleTalk, ImageWriter, LaserWriter, and Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. AppleShare, A/UX, and LocalTalk are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Microsoft and MS-DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. IBM is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation. Postscript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Lotus and 1-2-3 are registered trademarks of Lotus Development Corporation. Epson is a registered trademark of Seiko Epson Corporation. AppleShare PC developer's guide - Apple Confidential Final draft • Contents Figures and tables xii Pref ace What you need to know ix Related documents x Organization xi Chapter 1 AppleShare PC Overview Requirements 3 Chapter 2 Access Privileges 5 How access privileges work 6 How privilege violations appear to DOS programs 7 How to work with access privileges 8 Chapter 3 Network Awareness & Multi-User Considerations 9 Atomicity 10 Opening files 11 Sharing modes 11 Compatibility mode 12 Overlays 13 Byte range locking 14 Temporary files 14 Open file categories 15 iii AppleShare PC developer's guide - Apple Ccntldentlal Final draft • lv Contents Chapter 4 Directory Enumeration 17 Alphabetically ordered directories 18 Enumeration guidelines 19 Enumeration lifetime 19 Reappearing directory entries 20 Backing up 22 Chapter 5 DOS Enhancements 23 Large volumes 24 Moving directories 24 Enhanced file and directory information 25 Lowercase names 25 Modified bit 26 Checking access privileges 26 Chapter 6 Integration with Macintosh Applications 29 Common file formats 30 ASCII text 30 File extension mapping 33 Adding mappings 34 Saving files 35 Chapter 7 Print Access 37 BIOS-level support 38 DOS-level support 40 Printer calls 41 Printer critical errors 41 Epson mode 41 PostScript mode 42 AppleShare PC developer's guide - Apple Confidential Final draft Appendix A Programming Examples 43 Standard start-up sequence 43 DOS version check 43 Checking for SHARE 44 Checking for AppleShare PC 45 Installing a critical error handler 47 Character handling 49 End-of-line delimiters 49 International uppercase routine 51 Multi-User I/0 53 Extending a file 53 File extension mapping 55 Appendix B Network and Mulfl·User Errors 57 Contents v AppleShare PC developar's guide - Apple Confldentlal Flnal draft • vi Contents AppleShare PC developer's guide - Apple Confldentlal Final draft "( Figures and tables Chapter 1 AppleShare PC Overview 2 Figure 1-1 Chapter 3 Network Aw…

Copland I/O Architecture Preliminary Developer Press © Apple Computer, Inc. 1992–1995 ð Apple Computer, Inc.  1992–1995 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Apple Computer, Inc., except to make a backup copy of any documentation provided on CD-ROM. The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws. No licenses, express or implied, are granted with respect to any of the technology described in this book. Apple retains all intellectual property rights associated with the technology described in this book. This book is intended to assist application developers to develop applications only for Apple-labeled or Apple-licensed computers. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate. Apple is not responsible for typographical errors. Apple Computer, Inc. 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014 408-996-1010 Apple, the Apple logo, AppleLink, AppleScript, AppleShare, AppleTalk, GeoPort, HyperCard, ImageWriter, LocalTalk, Macintosh, MacTCP, OpenDoc, PowerBook, Power Macintosh, PowerTalk, QuickTime, TrueType, and WorldScript are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. Balloon Help, Chicago, Finder, Geneva, Mac, and QuickDraw are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. MacPaint and MacWrite are registered trademarks, and Clarisworks is a trademark, of Claris Corporation. NuBus is a trademark of Texas Instruments. PowerPC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, used under license therefrom. UNIX is a registered trademark of Novell, Inc. in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company, Ltd. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of implied warranties or liability for incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.. Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada. Even though Apple has reviewed this manual, APPLE MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THIS MANUAL, ITS QUALITY, ACCURACY, MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A RESULT, THIS MANUAL IS SOLD “AS IS,” AND YOU, THE PURCHASER, ARE ASSUMING THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITY AND ACCURACY. IN NO EVENT WILL APPLE BE LIABLE FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM A…

MacintoshTM Building A/UX® Device Drivers C Apple Computer, Inc. 1988 c .n , I '· .:" ( ( (~ Copyright are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. This material contains trade secrets and proprietary information of Apple Computer Inc., and Unisoft Corporation. Use_ of this copyright notice is precautionary only and does not imply publication. Motorola is a trademark of Motorola, Inc. Copyright C 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, Apple Computer Inc., and Unisoft Corporation. All rights resei:ved Portions of this document have been previously copyrighted by AT&:T Information Systems, the Regents of the University of California, Adobe Systems, Inc., and Sun Microsystems, Inc., and are reproduced with permission. Under the copyright laws, this manual or the software may not be copied, in whole or in part, without written CX>nsent of Apple or Unisoft, except in the normal use of the software or to make a backup CX>py of the software. The same proprietary and copyright notices must be aft1x:ed to any permitted copies as were afftxed to the original. This exception does not allow copies to be made for others, whether or not sold, but all of the material purchased (with all backup a>pies) may be sold, given, or loaned to another person. Under the law, copying includes translating into another language or format You may use the software on any computer owned by you, but extra copies cannon be made for this purpose. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&:T Information Systems. C Apple Computer, Inc., 1988 20525 Mariani Avenue Cupertino, CA 95014 (408) 996-1010 (" Apple, the Apple logo, A/UX, LaserWriter, and Macintosh NuBus is a trademark of Texas Instruments. Apple Desktop Bus and Erher'I'alk are a trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. B-NET is a trademark ofUnisoft Corporation. Ethernet is a registered trademark of Xerox Corporation. ITC Avant Garde Gothic, ITC Garamond, and ITC Zapf Dingbats are registered trademarks of International Typeface Corporation. Microsoft is a registered trademark of Miaosoft Corporation. POSTSCRIPT is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Varityper is a registered trademark, and vr6oo is a trademark, of AM International, Inc. Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada. Preface About This Manual Inside this manual (_' •. This manual explains how to build Apple® A/UX® device drivers for the Apple Macintosh ® II computer. The manual is designed to be both a 9how-to• guide 'and a reference manual for someone writing device drivers. A/UX is Apple's version of the UNIX® operating system. To use this manual effectively, you should have a working knowledge of the C programming language and written device drivers in the past. You need some knowledge of the A/UX operating system, including the major parts of A/UX, although detailed knowledge of the kernel is not required. If you need to learn more about the A/UX operating system, see the bibliography in the back of this manual. You also …

Filename: Heap.TEXT Modification History type> ]) Abor·· t =:: f he Gp pr i n t... UJ /bc~c:kspc:tc:e HT works w/heap mask 24-Sep-84 11-Cc:t-H4 8-Dec-84 Cf-u::u-;ged heclp d i sp i CU;J i i ne f orm(l t_ t·k~de B i oc~:J10 1•.Je NOT t4se sG=..Jed r·c;!J t i r1e GGtJress . it Tu ! E::~ ! zeCI .- : : .-.. . : •MBadHeap-MText DO 1 t·iE i !;;ht A2,DO Pr8 t·JOt.JE. L R1.:DO B8H BSR Prff::;HX the tuJo b ! oc:k Gd.dresses H then spGces #-i-' DO Chec:kHeGp point to current heap ! SUB He:::ip[h:;rtc~ ( R4 ) .: A 1 BufPtr.:RO R2.iA2 t·10t.JE. L AND.L t·ict::kBC ·" DO !""'!-.: l...c.n t·iOUE .L ptr to first block point to top of usGble memon::i previous block ptr ContHec~p BLT LSH t..l~=;iBC (A i ) .: 00 DO~: AO tnJdHeGp #1_,00 see b:.JdHeap toi;tBC ( R 1) DO #T n~;it·iask .: DO ; 4 RND.L BEQ.S Btu1 I . ::~ FreeBiock BHA.S Ne::{tChk free b~oc:k FreeBioe:k BBA.S r·!Ot.JE. L LSB H;:::1nd i e(A 1) .~DO #i_.DO BCS b::~dHeGp tnn --r- H1::1nd i e (A 1 >; DO MOUE.L 0 <A'4.: DO . L >.: DO m::.13 t~r poi n ·ter CMP.L BLT DO .. RO see i f pcis t mem1)rt:J make sure handle iS right t c•p bc~~jHeap SUBO~L ~8.,DO Ct·1P .L DO.iH1 BNE badHe::.:p NextChk ViOUE.L r·iOi...iE. L t- .""'!.-:!'.:'!-. ::..• w 1 ~ AMD.L ADD.L r·11:-iskBC .-: D1 ~-1...p::!£...h_. ~•• ii n i ! .! ••~ ..:. !....: ! block size in DO ca!c ptr to next b!ock Cr-!P'.L Dl.:RO BLT badHei:.:;p bkL i m( A4 ) .: R 1 BNE 9et s i ze/tc~q see if Gt end ContHel~P f'!Oi..JEQ FlTS ·=========================================================================== ·=========================================================================== po ~ n t to he*:4P A4,D7 C:LH.L A~ I oc:Ptr·(A4) LEA D1, D:::; get size t·1GskBC .: D 1 9et.. p1_r to second bi os::k calc ptr to second block ADD.L BEQ D7.=A4 bkL i m( R4 ) .= A i Ad i osc:r-·c~m AND.L D2.=D4 t·ic:lskBC .= LC:: AMD.L BEQ #T c1:r~t·ic=isk .= D:3 Lef tFree see if ;:At end get size 2 isolated iso!c:1t.ed BPL AMD.L BEQ BPL #T1:J1;,Jt·1ct::k} D4 F: i gh ff ree Ne).;:tOne H:::rnd I e(AD) .: A:3 TCT i \ ._i ! . i... 0(A:3;D7 . L) Bt·i I Ne>~:tOne ~~~ if 1st is locked ~-=.:~~~- fuh]r~d j e(A 1 :::.~ A.:3 O<A:3 ~t D?. L > Me::-::tOne see if 2nd is locked see if master is negative ADD.L D2~~ D5 add right length to left lenqth "T'·r·= 1 decrement bi:J 1 toor·d as word count( left length) pre dee:remer? t for DBF SUBQ.L Set for rotc1te r i ';iht Gs if A1 RDDQ.L t·10l)E. L ~·10t}E. L #2_.R1 RO_:A2 :-.u-i A2 poi nt..s :-:. ..-: f.JO t ef t or~e A:::; po~ nts to r- i i~ht one n:J .in...:: RDD.L Ct·1P . L = AO + 2 po ~ tit to ne;-:: t !.O i as t toord BLE . S D1 .=D2 fiotLoop see tuh i ch ctsst.HT!p t ~ on i s tr·ue r· i i;fh t ~ s b i ;;Iger EXG AO.:A1 f:.}... L: A2.~ .83 SuJ i tc:h c~ I ~ the pcd riters for. Ctf..her d i rec t.. i Ot'"i ri . ;;-1i.......iC' 1 !-.. .. :_ D1_:D4 Gc1c • rotates(right length) ASR.L # 1.: D4 ..·.-. :--- …

THUE FALSE .EQU, sizeCmds .EOU .EQU $0000 .EOU _: s ~ ze of screen ful lsize/noterm/withdis) .EQU 70 .EQU n bi:J tes ~ oop i•.Ja i tJe of h i t t i t""u;I ~:.e§:JbC!ard ! oop 1..)::A i ue for tt.h:A it i n9 fc:r· ke1~bocird AO_, -(Sf') .~F .ELSE ,-., 0 i :-·L...Z a. t.... .ENDC .EQU dtu~He;:Jd S\.tSTACK (SP)+ .:AO .; res tore AO onL i sci Tri. .ie $410900 :t;4 i iOOO _; s t;:Jr t_ .;~auk (1 ttum f debu!;J;;ler .: :;1rom do1JJn :.Jboi.}E! dr- i !....:er 9 ~ ob(.~ ~ s .: ~: be i ouJ the d i spG t..c:h tab ! e _; number of b?::I tes f c!r d f sp i i:l!J .EQU ;add some slop so eight bytes .: ~ mmed i Cf te i !;J j:u::is t end of screer-~ y=:: !_ - - ..l, dGf fset ;offset bytes for display .: The f o I ~ coJ i niJ equ:J r..es 1Ar·e used i::J commun i c:ci te iJJ ~ tn r_ne L t sci h;:4rduJGre i f'¥ r.er r Gee . .: The techn ! que is !..::= use the TRAPTO rrtc::]c:r·o uJ i th c:ne of the fo i i CdJ.i i riq equ:::1tes .~ l::i f ter set_ ti t""1!~ t~p the (~ppri:1pr·. ~?:Ate re9 ! s ters . Ai registers without exp! icit .: r·e +JJrn '. )G i ues c~r·e preser:.}ed . .:NOTE .,11 . EQU J<ei;:!fk1p _J<e1::JbdE }en t i .. C"ni j .. ;,_;-:;-.:; 58 .EQU .EQU 140 i .•.-. P'tL .EQU ~EQU 170 r:r.1nc- _; ( kili~:. ) _; +_1.!.im • ~i n..:i_.. . iF dSp:~e:e ~EQU dOf fset screenA for 128K) .EQU . EQU -:: Sc:rr-iS i ze ::- +2-dSpc1ce $FA700 nf - . -h!iti=a·::: ::: --_;offset b!Jtes for di sp i Cild .; base address t:J f screen ( for 5 12K .: ~.uraps .EQU ~EQU .ENDC sc:reenA ;stack grows down .~ (kiJ.tk) - toJm on\·J•J•::c: True _; f_l.i.i!T! .: rH.~mber of bi:J tes for d ~ sp I G~:J .EOU dlines*S*(LineLen> <ScrnSize>+2-dSpace .EQU ::;z::reer-!L1:!a.u ..Ji•:·:."""' .r...: .. ..."'"! ..- ••-~ .EQU dOf fset :=:c:reenA _:f-~r_.;i_:: psuedo-absolute for Yacc .EQU OispatchTab-$800 dbgHer1d .. i::rn ;....,·-:·-·! SVSTACK D ~ spc~ tch Tc;b-:t50 ;offset bytes for display .: bc~se :Jddres:s c1 f screen ;hardwired global area ;stack grows down skip DeepShit .ENDC on68000=0 HTr·opFmt tr~Jp ' 1010 · . Ef·1DC .EQU HEGPC saved value of user's PC S!::!=...::ed :.)(~ i t~e HEGPC+4 HEGS ~EQU HEGSH+4 .EQU .EQU BEGFMT+2 of user : s BtG tus t=~e=~ ~ s ter . EL:3E e::{cep t i or; f ormc£ t 1.}Cl i ue S•J=.}ed t};:). ~ tjes C; f t~::::er s (iG tG reid, ~ s ters t .EQU ABEGS registers <AO-A4) USEHR5 ~EQU REGAfi .EQU REGA? . C"nii . EQU FiEGA7+4 DDBG1 . EQU F!EGUS+4 DDBG2 . EQU .EQU DDEG1+4 DDBG2+4 :......~-::_: AHEGS+20 ABEGS+24 AHEGS+28 sG~ied 1.}::A l t4e of tJ.ser ~ s A6 r·eg si::fa.}ed !...JG ; t~e of user ~ s R7 re:d DDBG ~=~8i:;it·l::l i t ke~~Rc; i f c:r one l Ctt""1?; temp _; Gno ther debL~!di~ i n!;J the debt.11;i9er temp ke1:Jtn::=:lr-·d e:c:ns tan t ( UJ('l i t ~ fi:~ for +..o~:.er-; ) ke~JbO(Jrd c:::ns tGn f.. (de i G!J c:r· re: ~ i o!..)er .~ spn:.1ce . EQU t_ ~me) ~ c.lstCmd f (JstCmd .EQU .ELSE .EQU .rnoc BEGUS+4 BPADO i=rn ! .. ;;....·-:·-· iGstCmd+2 BPTiL…

A/UX Reference Summary and Index Release 3.0 LIMITED WARRAN1Y ON MEDIA AND REPLACEMENT If you disco\'er physical defects in the manuals distributed with an Apple product or in the media on which a software product is distributed, Apple will replace the media or manuals at no charge to you, provided you return tlw item to he replaced with proof of purchase to Apple or an authorized Apple cbder during tlw 90-day period after you purcl1ased the software. In addition, Apple will replace damaged software media and manuals for as long as the software product is included in Apple's Media Exchange Program. While not an upgrade or update method, this program offers additional protection for up to two years or more from the date of your original purchase. See your authorized Apple dealer for program coverage and details. In some countries the replacement period may be different: check with your authorized Apple dealer. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES ON THE MEDIA AND MANUALS, INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILI1Y AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICUIAR PURPOSE, ARE LIMITED IN DURATION TO NINE1Y (90) DAYS FROM THE DATE OF THE ORIGINAL RETAIL PURCHASE OF THIS PRODUCT. Even though Apple has tested the software and reviewed the documentation, APPLE MAKES NO WARRAN1Y OR REPRESENTATION, EITHER EXPRESS, OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO SOFTWARE, ITS QUALI1Y, PERFORMANCE, MERCHANTABILI1Y, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICUIAR PURPOSE. AS A RESULT, THIS SOFTWARE IS SOLD "AS IS," AND YOU, THE PURCHASER, ARE ASSUMING THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALI1Y AND PERFORMANCE. IN NO EVENT WILL APPLE BE LIABLE FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE SOFTWARE OR ITS DOCUMENTATION, even if ach ised of the possibility of such damages. In particular, Apple shall have no liability for any programs or data stored in or used with Apple products, including the costs of recovering such programs or data. THE WARRAN1Y AND REMEDIES SET FORTH ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHERS, ORAL OR WRITTEN, EXPRESS, OR IMPLIED. No Apple dealer, agent, or employee is authorized to make any modification, extension, or addition to this \varranty. Some states do not allo\\' the exclusion or limitation of implied warranties or liability for incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also ha\e other rights which \ary from state to state. S Apple Computer, Inc. © 1992, Apple Computer, Inc., and UniSoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Portions of this document have been previously copyrighted by AT&T Information Systems and the Regents of the University of California, and are reproduced with permission. Under the copyright laws, thi~ manual may not be copied, in whole or part, without the written consent of Apple or UniSoft. The same proprietary and copyright notices must be affixed to any permitted copies as were affixed to the original. Under …

... Block Diagram -- LJaffy SONY Compo•ite out CXAI 14SM RGB to Compo•ite Video i~L~: I Encodu PAL/NTSC• oelect (from glue logic) ... 17.73447S Mhz Mhz Coe Ooc ...... Floppy Conn 20pin ~ ........~\:...............................................................................~,... divide ;=~~ ~'.;.:"" by 4 14.318180 SWIM -,;- t•~+i:::-1 Config ROM A[18:2] ICD2062 ~-.,~~~~~,,.•,3~''''''''''~'~ Clock Gen Flash 128K x 8 PBDuoPDS 152 in Romcs...,rd*,wrt' MA[31:24] & A[23:0] ECL Pixe!Clks MuxPD[31:0] RGBout AC842 RAMDAC Pix Data Muxes Bank_se~ load• Buss Transceivers 68030 D[31:0] Qty 2 74FCT16245• Qty 8 74FCT399s (68030 DSACKa•, TS•, newa.iz, PAL/NTSC•oek<:t, ROMca•,acsird•,scsiwr•, A[31:0] Audio channel TDA1308 Audio from Duo Amp BD[31:0] rdn 7 /15/93 ' /' REV. ZONE APPD DATE""' PRODUCTfON RELEASE A ' REVISION ECN# .- ) NOT~: MANUFACTIJRERS RECEIVING APPLE APPROVED VENDOR STATUS FOR THEIR PRODUCT UNDER THIS PART NUMBER PLEASE NOTE: You must not change your part design, materials or manufacturing process from those used for the original samples submitted to and approved by Apple without written approval of Apple. Proposed changes determined by Apple to be significant, will require the manufacturer to submit new samples and/or d-:::ta for review and approval prior to product ~hipments to Apple. (Refer to burn-in specification 344$0128) r ti® Apple Computer, Inc. METRIC DIMENSIONS ARE IN MllilMEICRS. DIMENSIONS IN BRACXETS ( I ARE IN INOffiS. TOLERANCES x.x ± J.3 [.01] X.XX± 0.13 [.005) X.YXX ± O.Q3 [.001} (0 B.T. NOTICEOFPROPRIETARYPROPERTY ------+MFG--'APl'D..__..._.....,..... (I) TO MA!NfAIN TillS D00JMENT IN CONFIDENCE ENm:'G APl'D \ /,; , / // (II) NOTTO REPRODUCE OR COPY IT I\ I (Ill) NOT TO REVEAL OR PUBLISH IT IN WHOU! OR PART "l (IV) AILRIGHTSRBSERVED i..; TITLE DESIGNER // RELEASE // // ' IC, ASIC, CMOS, OAFS II, (Direct Access Frame Buffer Controller II), SCALE: ANGLEs± O_.I_ _ DO NOT SCALE DRAWING }Q 7'4(.1 y::} J.-1, . '2'. L., lHEINFORMATIONCONTAINEDHEREINISlHEPROPRIETARYPROPERlY t / ~ ;:J / '.JJ.. OF APPLE COMPIJIBR, INC. 1ltE POSSESSOR AGREES TO TIIE RX.LOWING: QAAPPD or as noted DBSIGNCK J NONE MATERIALJFINISH Sl2li NOTED AS APPLICABLE A 160-PIN PQFP ORA WING NUMBER 34380128-A 1.0 SCOPE: This specifies the parametric requirements for the DAFB II ("Direct Access Frame Buffer Controller II") LC., which is designed to control a video frame buffer and interface it to a 68040 system bus. The part was originally designed using the VTI VGT300-046 gate array, a 1µ CMOS process. This device is packaged in a 160-pin PQFP. 2ffiffl~IB~~~~~g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Mg~re~~~~~~N ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ VAO VA1 vss VA2 VSSI VA3 VA4 VA5 VDD VA6 VA? VAf3 vss RESET VDDI Rm VSSI TT1 TS SIZEO SIZE1 l~ A29 A28··· VSSI A27 A26 VDDI A25 A24 vss TBI TA TEA VDD XCVREN VAN/ BOO 801 SCLK1 SCLKO VDD LO SYNCACTIVE 120 119 118 117 116 115 114…

( C++ Technical Notes-Number 1 H. Kanner Development Systems Group 29 February 1988 This is the first of a series of technical notes on the C++ language. Because there is as yet only one book on the language, TM C++ Programming Language by Bjarne Stroustrup, and many sections of the book have been written in a difficult to follow style, I felt that it might be of use to write some notes on various aspects of the language with which I initially had difficulty. By the way, the cited book will be refeITed to here and henceforth as The Book. It has often been said that the ultimate definition of a programming language is the official compiler. That is, the semantics of a piece of source code is really understood by inspecting the output of the compiler. In the case of the AT&T C++ compiler, this task is made easier by the fact that this output is C code. I cannot too strongly recommend to readers that they try to clear up linguistic obscurities by consttucting the simplest possible test cases, running them through cfront, and looking at the output. One warning: do not try this with an inliM function. This fust note deals with references. I anticipate a minimum of two more notes, to be published when I feel I understand the subjects sufticiendy. They will respectively cover constructors and destn1etors, with emphasis on their storage management aspects, and overloaded opezators, with emphasis on the distinction between defining them as TMmbers or friends. I had a little difficulty understanding why references had been introduced into C++. They are an exception to the symmetry of the terrible C notation for declarations, in which one can at least say that operators such as •, Q,_311d Dhave the same meaning when used in a declaration as when used in an expression. That is, char *s; char* t; char c • *t; all use the * to denote dereferencing a pointer. The first of the above three lines should literally be read: "If you were to dereferences, you would get a char." It is ttue that the compiler does not care where the white space is, and Bjame prefers the style of the second line, which he likes to state as "t is a pointer to char," as if char* represented the type "pointer to char." This is very informal. In fact he cautions that if you wril8 ._ chait"* s,t,u; only the first~ dlele will be a poinrer to char; the second two will be declared as char. A reference uses the & symbol. But int& means reference to int, &x means address of x, and neither of int& x; int &x; can be interpreted as "If you were to take the address of x,. you would get an int." ,./ 2 I now whet the reader's interest by making a promise. By the end of this note, I will have illustrated that references make it possible for the following to be perfectly legal C++: int i; f(i) - 10; I introduce references by exploring to the point of tediousness what we really mean when we say int i. The symbol i is regarded as a synonym for the address, to be determined at some fuwre time, of a…

• A/UX Command Reference Section 1(A-F) Release 3.0 LIMITED WARRAN1Y ON MEDIA AND REPLACEMENT If you discover physical defects in the manuals distributed with an Apple product or in the media on which a software product is distributed, Apple will replace the media or manuals at no charge to you, provided you return the item to be replaced with proof of purchase to Apple or an authorized Apple dealer during the 90-day period after you purchased the software. In addition, Apple will replace damaged software media and manuals for as long as the software product is included in Apple's Media Exchange Program. While not an upgrade or update method, this program offers additional protection for up to two years or more from the date of your original purchase. See your authorized Apple dealer for program coverage and details. In some countries the replacement period may be different; check with your authorized Apple dealer. All IMPLIED WARRANTIES ON THE MEDIA AND MANUAIS, INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABIU'IY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICUIAR PURPOSE, ARE LIMITED IN DURATION TO NINE'IY (90) DAYS FROM THE DATE OF THE ORIGINAL RETAIL PURCHASE OF TIIIS PRODUCT. Even though Apple has tested the software and reviewed the documentation, APPLE MAKES NO WARRAN'IY OR REPRESENTATION, EffilER EXPRESS, OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO SOFTWARE, ITS QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, MERCHANTABIU1Y, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A RESULT, TIIIS SOFTWARE IS SOLD "AS IS," AND YOU, THE PURCHASER, ARE ASSUMING THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE. IN NO EVENT WILL APPLE BE LIABLE FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE SOFTWARE OR ITS DOCUMENTATION, even if advised of the possibility of such damages. In particular, Apple shall have no liability for any programs or data stored in or used with Apple products, including the costs of recovering such programs or data. THE WARRAN'IY AND REMEDIES SET FORTH ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF All OTHERS, ORAL OR WRITTEN, EXPRESS, OR IMPLIED. No Apple dealer, agent, or employee is authorized to make any modification, extension, or addition to this warranty. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of implied warranties or liability for incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. ti Apple Computer, Inc. © 1992, Apple Computer, Inc., and UniSoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Portions of this document have been previously copyrighted by AT&T Information Systems and the Regents of the University of California, and are reproduced with permission. Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or part, without the written consent of Apple or UniSoft. The same proprietary and copyright notices must be affixed to any permitted copies as were affixed to the original…

DBugEqu.Text Thu, Mar FILENAME: 16, 1989 11 :03 PM DBUGEQU LmaJ Memory ( i e $400 -- $600) !----------------------! I RTNADDR !----------------------! is as f o11 ows: <-- $400 <-- GLOBSTRT Assembly Language Globals i !----------------------! i I I I I <-- GLOBEND Pascal Gi obal Variables !----------------------! i Free 1----------------------i Debuggers <-- GLOBEND+PGLOBSZ <-- $600 data. area below the screen !----------------------! <-- HEAPPTF: Debuggers Heap I I l----------------1-----i I I I l I <-- SYMBEG Users Symbol Table i----------------------1 <-- SYMEND I Free j 1------·---------------- ! <-- A7 Debuggers Stack ; DATASIZ . . !----------------------! (-- ($110) EQU size of debuggers 4096 ' ; Assemb I y Language ; Globals RTNADDR EQU $0400 TRAPSR SYMBBEG SYMBEND EQU EQU EQU RTNADDR+4 TRAPSR+2 SYMBBEG+4 .' ; Assembly Language Globals Initialized data area bei ow the screen by STARTUP return address for taik value to set into SR on next trap ptr to symbol tab1 e begin ptr to symbol table end Zeroed by STARTUP, Initialized ; GLOBSTF:T EQU RUNFLAG EQU SYMBEND+4 GLOBSiHT g1oba 1 area start running the user boolean by INITDBUG OBugEqu.Text G02DBUG NOTALK DBGMODE USERREGS TRAPNUMB FCODE ACCADDR INSTR USERA5 NEWCPU NEW IO MEMOFS VIA2PTR IXAREA IXPTR SETV IDL OLDSETT MSBASE UNUSED .JUMP3PTR .JUMP2PTR .JUMP 1PTR MAINPC MAINSP EQU EQU EQU EG!U EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EG!U EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EG!U EQU EG!U EQU EQU EQU RUNFLAG+2 G02DBUG+2 NOTAU<+l DBGMODE+l USEF:REGS+80 TRAPNUMB+2 FCODE+2 ACCADDR+4 INSTR+2 USERA5+4 NEWCPU+l NEWI0+1 MEMOFS+4 VIA2PTR+4 IXAREA+10 IXPTR+4 SETVIDL+l OLDSETT+1 MSBASE+4 UNUSED+4 JUMP3PTR+4 mu .JUMP2Prn+4 EQU MAINPC+4 MAINSP+4 MAINA6+4 COPSFLAG+l COPSFLAG+2 TWGDONE+2 BPTINIT+4 BPTCREAT+4 BPTSET+4 BPTCLEAR+4 ADDRDCT+4 ADDRBPT+4 HEAPPTF:+4 TENTRY+4 EQU EQU COPSFLAG EQU COPSBYTE EG!U TWGDONE EQU BPTINIT EQU BPTCREAT EQU BPTSET rnu BPTCLEAR EQU ADDRDCT EQU ADDRBPT EQU HEAPPTR EQU TENTF\Y EQU TEX IT mu PHBASE EG!U OLDATRAP EQU ATRACEON mu ATRACESE EQU BLKMOVE EQU GLOBEND EQU MAINA6 BPTCOUNT BPTTABLE PPTCOUNT PPTTABLE RTNCOUNT RTNSTACK Thu, Mar .JUMP1PTR+4 TEXIT+4 PRBASE+4 OLDAiRAP+4 ATF:ACEON+2 ATRACESE+2 BLKMOVE+4 EQU 0 EQU BPTCOUNT+2 BPTTABLE+160 PPTCOUNT+2 PPTTABLE+56 RTt~COUNT +2 RTNSTACK+32 16, 1989 , 11:03 PM 2 indicates we trapped in user indicates no talk program (since $120 was 0) (normal ,tracing,ixtracing,assembling,heapfault> save area for user registers the short address passed a1ong to the user the function code the access address the instruct ion User A5 register recorded by the Loader Feb82 CPU board Feb82 IiO board offset to start of memory contains @VIA2, note: @vial is at $134 5 word save area for IX command pointer to Pc-10 for IX command boo! ean, video page i atch needs to be set o1 d screen setting, O=primary, 1=alternate four bytes of screen contra 1 ptr to jump table for Lisabug3.obj ptr to jump table for Lisabug2.…